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电子图书
电子图书名:
Design_of_Direct-driven_Permanent-magnet_Generators
编者:
Göteborg, Sweden.
内容简介:
This thesis presents an investigation of how a direct-driven wind turbine
generator should be designed and how small and efficient such a
generator will be. Advantages and disadvantages of various types of
direct-driven wind turbine generators are discussed, and a radial-flux
permanent-magnet generator connected to a forced-commutated rectifier
is chosen for a detailed theoretical investigation. Further, a design
method is developed for the electromagnetic part of the chosen generator
type. The generator is optimized with a simplified cost function which,
besides including the cost of the active generator parts and the cost of the
structure, also includes the cost of the average losses. Therefore, a method
to calculate the average losses is derived. The design method is used to
investigate the optimization of a 500 kW generator, and the size, efficiency
and active weight of optimized generators from 30 kW to 3 MW are
presented. A result of the investigation is that the outer diameters of the
direct-driven generators are only slightly larger than the width of
conventional wind energy converter nacelles. A comparison of average
efficiency shows that direct-driven generators, including the losses in the
frequency converters, are more efficient than conventional wind energy
converter drive trains. Compared with other direct-driven generators, the
proposed generator type is small, mainly because of the forced-
commutated rectifier and because the generator is not required to produce
a pull-out torque higher than the rated torque.
所属专业方向:
电机
出版社:
Department of Electric Power Engineering
来源:
网络
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Table of Contents
% Q3 \7 ?* B# l Abstract 3
: D7 c, H/ P9 D Preface 3
/ y1 u j& \7 W2 g" D! [+ i Table of Contents 43 \ m: m- C$ b$ R6 _3 j
List of Symbols 6
- s7 @9 u" c) t 1 Introduction 11
4 x/ B1 O" k# y: v8 |2 W" K# j" b 1.1 Why Use Direct-driven Wind-turbine Generators 11
1 Q) Q5 x) i9 v6 F 1.2 Differences Compared with Conventional Generators 122 C4 Q, s( ^' p8 x. C0 T
1.3 Proposed Generator Types 12
8 |( M, R1 O) D+ S E+ e 1.3.1 Sector Induction Generator 12
& h) q s; a$ ] 1.3.2 Electrically Excited Synchronous Generator 13
$ w8 _ d; M" N 1.3.3 Switched Reluctance Generator 14
6 B t/ h0 Q4 |. q0 f0 ~9 r) _ 1.3.4 Permanent-magnet Radial-flux Synchronous Generator 148 s$ N& i: a% x
1.3.5 Axial-flux Generators 16
# b3 B. y2 \( i% Z( B 1.3.6 Transversal-flux Variable-speed Generator 17* E9 x, y8 }# b, o+ i
1.4 Discussion of Earlier Research 19& l1 Q- f6 s2 m
1.5 Goal and Outline of the Thesis 194 c3 |3 f* R9 S
2 Generator Specification and Cost Function 214 M% Y) T4 \0 P: l: v4 S" q
2.1 Specification 21
) e0 l" v* I& j5 p, X: }. u" ?7 \2 U# g 2.2 Generator Cost Function 23
4 D+ [7 F% ?; P! O- C1 o 2.2.1 Cost of Active Parts 245 ^- Z+ d7 g0 J8 z( K
2.2.2 Cost of Structure 24' v$ ^/ U G+ ?+ C
2.2.3 Cost of Average Losses 24
$ Q- I& x9 Q0 J2 I! N9 E 2.2.4 Total Cost Function 26
" L H; {! t8 b7 Z8 u" h: G 3 Calculation Method for the Average Losses 27$ v0 o, z. _0 o8 u5 n' {
3.1 Average Losses 27
2 [& s+ c- z$ D" W 3.2 Average Efficiency and Average Power 29
3 E3 R1 A3 N- v7 C 3.3 Determining Average Loss Factors 30
! P9 s" G' ?8 Q- I+ F 4 Generator Types 37! c% m( R2 @2 N- J5 g2 W
4.1 Electrical Excitation or Permanent Magnets 37
4 X) f# M; m$ g% M8 ` 4.2 Direct Grid Connection or Frequency Converter 39
% S* [$ P$ o. o6 l8 r 4.3 Surface Magnets or Flux Concentration 40
$ a" a3 z4 I3 \3 B6 f4 e+ K 4.4 Slot Winding or Air Gap Winding 41* R0 t7 n* d( c# w t
4.5 Radial-, Axial- and Transversal-flux Machines 42% I9 w8 G5 F6 s
4.6 Forced-commutated Rectifier or Diode Rectifier 444 n7 ]+ t, p1 b2 H
4.6.1 Generator Model 45# s" c1 j C4 h
4.6.2 Diode Rectifier 45
9 A* v# M* r- b3 p' c4 `& } 4.6.3 Forced-commutated Rectifier 46
; n2 M1 y7 `3 _7 [! `: a% E Z# M9 N 4.6.4 Rectifier Comparison 48
' J3 {3 q* w% H1 E, Q' U! o 4.7 Chosen Generator Type 51
# N3 R! j( r* E4 m 4.7.1 Basic Generator Concept 51) p/ z' g3 L0 U+ W' J
4.7.2 Details of the Chosen Generator 51
& v$ a" b* m! ` T4 P 4.7.3 Materials 52; u! v, i# \3 L6 D
5 Design Method for a Permanent-magnet Generator 552 p- y$ f4 s8 b
5.1 Design Variables 55 l' |2 H2 X. K% @# W
5.2 Design Equations 587 e7 F+ {& O: i! Z v( t4 t, t9 C
5.2.1 General Definitions 58
7 J' c7 d0 A. @/ W' C 5.2.2 Magnetic Circuit 600 L0 H, i5 T- ]* E9 \" |7 M; D
5.2.3 Stator Inductance and Resistance 61
! j$ K, f4 _* A4 ?% E1 b, `% P 5.2.4 Material Volume and Weight 63
, |% K* T7 F* n5 d" O 5.2.5 Losses 64, ]; }, E' O: ]( H2 X
5.2.6 Voltage, Power and Efficiency 67# x- L/ F x7 y! q+ `' D4 ]
5.2.7 Thermal Model and Temperature Rise 68
) C. D3 r) q6 {* U* e, `! n 5.2.8 Irreversible Demagnetization 69
$ C2 z( J) e& |* x. K. B# I 5.3 Calculation Procedure 71
) x* ~ w% p4 N3 L6 ^$ \ 5.4 Test of the Design Method 72
' Y' x8 s4 ~8 l 5.4.1 Comparison with Finite Element Calculations 72
5 P! [, _2 W8 Q* ^6 Z m/ s9 T 5.4.2 Test of Thermal Model 737 E; }7 f; m, ^5 U5 r% M) O* o
6 Generator Optimization 774 e+ b/ f) S$ c. D0 i) J! f
6.1 Optimum 500 kW Generators 77
0 W) w( x, O& `. R/ S 6.1.1 Optimized Reference Generator 77
; C% k8 d R* m. U 6.1.2 Optimized Generators for 50 Hz and 200 % Peak Power 80
% s3 ~2 y' D' O% i. M! m* w3 M) M0 ~ 6.1.3 Optimization Using the Losses at Rated Load 82
3 D* v; @) p; @7 Q* [' y. J 6.2 Sensitivity to Variable Changes 84
* |8 T* q; [0 o8 }8 j0 v9 T2 e7 P/ x 6.3 Sensitivity to Cost Function Changes 86' k: @7 _7 i: z! |9 K
6.3.1 Cost of Losses 86
* S0 a4 d# r* R 6.3.2 Cost of Iron and Copper 87
# B8 T! j% |8 o+ n; C 6.3.3 Cost of Permanent Magnets 88
# `4 o n7 x9 W5 ]5 p* B 6.3.4 Cost of the Structure 89) ~$ D8 v n* e0 L: ]& s
6.4 Optimum Generator Diameter 903 L" x# Q8 J# e" C# q% q4 Y9 m7 }' E
6.5 Typical 500 kW Permanent-magnet Generator 92/ {7 l' j1 f( I4 Y* R0 M
7 Design and Comparison 95
3 N4 X( e, C4 z, T 7.1 Generators from 30 kW to 3 MW 95
+ \* D1 \! h- \# c: D$ N 7.1.1 Generator Data 958 ^ x- |; \) x. A0 w
7.1.2 Optimum Variables and Parameter Values 978 Q0 X/ W6 x1 H x" {- H
7.1.3 Power Limits For the Direct-driven Generators 100# x, |! x4 c& x; z, C# i9 `/ q
7.2 Comparisons 102& c( z ~: H9 Z8 ~
7.2.1 Comparison with Conventional Generators and Gears 102
3 e; P/ ^ Q. t/ W 7.2.2 Comparison with Other Direct-driven Generators 104 q/ {2 _! R. n3 z) t* r) l8 o: n
8 Conclusions 107
; W5 v) y w* S 8.1 Different Generator Types 107: r5 K+ R9 ^5 E( Q4 W
8.2 Generator Design and Optimization 108
; y2 Q- G3 |! l. ^) e, g 8.3 Designed Generators and Comparison with Other Generators 1086 H3 ^+ b. Q0 X' j2 t4 x5 R: t
8.4 Further Work 109
# E" p5 `# V2 X! x( N References 111
( y4 \0 B2 I# K3 W/ h# a Appendix A Magnetizing Inductance 115
6 W/ W# x/ L3 J$ \$ F Appendix B Thermal Model of the Generator 119+ S9 l2 I% p7 i# N
Appendix C Average Efficiencies 131
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