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Electric Power Quality

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    2019-12-22 22:50
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    [LV.3]偶尔看看II

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    连续签到:1 天
    发表于 2012-5-27 16:06:04 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
    电子图书
    电子图书名: Electric Power Quality
    编者: Surajit Chattopadhyay Madhuchhanda Mitra Samarjit Sengupta
    内容简介: Electrical Power has become the life line of our civilization. It is considered as an
    indicator of the stage of development of a country. The quantitative and qualitative
    development of the sources of electricity is the most important requirement for the
    power utility. Various technologies have been developed in case of conventional
    power generation e.g. thermal, hydel or nuclear.Again some non-conventional energy
    sources like wind power, solar power or mini-micro hydel power are also contributing
    to the total power bank. Presently the electricity grid is receiving power from multiple
    sources, both conventional and non-conventional. This hybrid system requires tight
    quality control particularly using improved measuring techniques of power quality
    parameters for this power mix. The energy engineers and technologists are striving
    hard to 滻搀 out ways and means to solve the problems related to power systems,
    due to the mixing of power from various sources. Researchers are carrying out their
    studies on different aspects of the problem utilizing modern electronic devices, smart
    sensors and state-of-the-art control protocols.
    The present book written by my students, is the result of their prolonged research
    work in the area of power quality issues. This is a timely publication and will be
    much appreciated by both undergraduate and postgraduate students. It will also serve
    as a reference book for the researchers carrying out researches in the relevant areas.
    It is felt that the content of the book is well organized and innovative.
    I must heartily congratulate the authors for the publication of the book. It is hoped
    that this book will satisfy the requirements of those for whom it has been written.
    所属专业方向: 电能质量
    出版社: Spinger
    来源:

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    1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
    # h/ r, o6 [1 B6 w1.1 De滻椀琀椀漀渀 of Electric Power Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 V- M7 `( ], O4 o1 m# I
    1.2 Sources for Electric Power Quality Deterioration in a
    ( h* G& N0 n: c. x9 B3 H$ ^Power System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1& x$ h  P" D2 W5 ~* F* b0 J
    1.3 Need for Assessment of Electric Power Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
    " S, z3 ?7 }2 \, t) B6 m4 D1.4 Book at a Glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
    ' C2 l$ c: @  T4 z: J0 ^. {! \8 }4 F2 Electric Power Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
    ' p1 s1 E2 T! P" d% E& D, Q2 S2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5# g9 K- }: _1 @4 Z( ~# S
    2.2 Electric Power Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 J0 I: J! T, X+ T! F' J
    2.3 Classi揻愀琀椀漀渀 of Power System Disturbances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7& b! m8 t& ~6 {3 r; p6 m# _2 F+ ~
    2.4 Power Quality Standards and Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
    % b9 `2 {+ o& W! f8 O' |3 |References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 c7 m, j7 F% E
    3 Unbalance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
    ) B! S) |8 S0 `- {1 t3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 |) S$ ?4 ]9 p: P* p
    3.2 Unbalance in Three Phase Power System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13  ?9 j' D6 A. h, E$ w7 p: J
    3.3 Sources of Unbalance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
    ; F. G3 A  ]* a2 m. o3.4 Effect of Unbalance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 r5 o. Y+ s1 c' _6 Z6 h
    References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
    " z9 k2 m2 I3 W) p. A* u4 Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 ~; x' h) @  |
    4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
    ) Z) [: b% u2 {: l( u' E. @4.2 Fundamental Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
    * N+ d* a$ R8 l! E$ `7 Q7 l5 L4.3 Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18  m0 U% @3 K/ {/ t# g2 m
    4.4 Sources of Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
      l+ r" D  B' \4.4.1 Magnetization Nonlinearities of Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
    " ^2 r$ E  ?' c5 ]7 ^4.4.2 Rotating Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 C- Y. q+ D2 Z" Q' d7 u
    4.4.3 Distortion Caused by Arcing Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 J7 M, q7 o% P' ]
    4.4.4 Power Supplies with Semiconductor Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
    + f0 {' m0 Z2 Y/ z9 J$ h$ K4.4.5 Inverter Fed AC drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
    4 Y. b" w; L$ V/ O) Q% x1 w- l" V" I4.4.6 Thyristor Controlled Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
    3 z# p% i6 O/ F" V1 zixx Contents2 k; \7 ?2 f9 ~, B: T" Q! ]' _
    4.4.7 Phase Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 s  A" x0 g5 T
    4.4.8 AC Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
    7 p3 K" I; E+ y6 a% z0 w( x1 `4.5 Effects of Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
    : H/ ^5 c" z5 Q( q8 |* W4.5.1 Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26! G8 p) m' q6 ?5 C9 h
    4.5.2 Poor Damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
    & c8 H6 d7 l9 o6 Y1 K* t4.5.3 Effects of Harmonics on Rotating Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26' `6 R: e+ C' p' g: S/ Z+ y5 `
    4.5.4 Effects of Harmonics on Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
    8 B  J" s! L( }$ @  X- F, S4.5.5 Effects of Harmonics on Transmission System . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
    1 ~2 z, X+ {) h9 \$ I4.5.6 Effects of Harmonics on Measuring Instruments . . . . . . . . . . 28& E' |! M3 x- c1 D
    4.5.7 Harmonic Interference with Power System Protection . . . . . . 29
    6 n1 p- ]- ~# N4 ]* t4.5.8 Effects of Harmonics on Capacitor Banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 A' c8 G% g6 s$ ]& c7 k
    4.5.9 Effects of Harmonics on Consumer Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . 29
      K4 ^6 h0 X: c0 r6 k  ^: a  N6 l) S7 \4.5.10 Summary of Effects of Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
    . A+ x4 B3 A/ t$ }6 u4.6 Harmonic Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 o9 V% c! @( @
    4.6.1 The IEC Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
    ! f# E5 [: y: u. y4.6.2 IEEE 519-1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
    : X3 d- e/ R0 D5 ^4.6.3 General Harmonic Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
    ' K( t) |) a- L6 q9 h" iReferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33+ {6 G7 ], h* |9 M% J& O; ?
    5 Transients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35( ^' d, G: @3 z7 w! U5 {
    5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
    1 ?* h! M6 o  x( _  ^5.2 Power System Transients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
    . A. A6 ^+ A  m$ C  K5 H5.3 Causes of Power System Transients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36* u/ u$ c) n# v: J! V& e7 |" e
    5.3.1 Impulsive Transients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
    + \. F5 e9 O4 z5 C( W5.3.2 Oscillatory Transients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
    " e- d/ [4 E' ?- G8 `% k) O5.3.3 Multiple Transients with a Single Cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
    % F: z0 O+ }- L1 g7 R. Z5.4 Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
    , S: J: w- |& z4 U+ |( g7 L7 JReferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
    , {' T) n/ M; m0 U6 Sag, Swell, Interruption, Undervoltage and Overvoltage . . . . . . . . . . . . 39+ n' l6 w) D: ]0 l1 m- Z% S
    6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
    # f" O8 L0 b8 s+ ?% J6.2 Sag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
    5 ^" f% I5 f6 W* n0 U6 u6.3 Swell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40- D$ u# x, d+ j, e' O* p
    6.4 Interruption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
    - h4 e/ Z2 K# I2 r6.5 Sustained Interruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
    8 \) K: c) _- P: d1 k# ~- @1 ^+ [6.6 Undervoltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41& X) y4 M5 b' h& w5 k& l& F
    6.7 Overvoltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
    - E* o% K, G: ]8 C6.8 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42. C. _: q! i1 S1 Q/ O& m. x( y0 ~
    References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
    & [- |( c. b" r$ k7 DC Offset, Electric Noise, Voltage Fluctuation, Flicker and Power. F8 R. t' W9 R; D( u  {4 F9 Z
    Frequency Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
    & F1 O7 W: m- |7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
    + _1 h4 ^1 ~( f7.2 DC Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
    % \! u0 m" d) H3 c5 d7.3 Electric Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Contents xi4 Y2 e5 ~( s0 W9 }
    7.4 Voltage Fluctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44: m8 ]2 U% g$ b0 i7 A6 w+ A
    7.5 Flicker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
    " J3 m- \$ d8 k$ T( |8 a7 q7.6 Power Frequency Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45# a; J* c8 S- a% k8 q# T5 j, N% _
    7.7 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45- j/ k, r. P* q/ h
    References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 S8 f+ s9 H8 |0 w% o
    8 Unbalance Assessment Using Sequence Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
    + c8 f8 {, ~) s* ^8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, h! c( `) h4 @8 n4 R' l% {, `; D
    8.2 Sequence Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, c+ j8 j7 S- }$ |+ T% \
    8.2.1 Positive Sequence Current and Voltage Components . . . . . . . 48
    ' v- i0 l% E; w, |! O% Z8.2.2 Negative Sequence Current and Voltage Components . . . . . . 49
    4 p/ E/ v  @) t- X# ~% i; V0 b8.2.3 Zero Sequence Current and Voltage Components . . . . . . . . . . 50; J6 E4 ?' J! F6 D" r* |+ p
    8.3 Phase Currents and Voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
    : V4 _( A2 ~( \8.3.1 Balanced System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
    ) f# J; \; K2 Y* G8.3.2 Unbalanced System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 L# j  N/ u0 {
    8.4 ‘a’ Operator and Angle Representation in Complex Plane . . . . . . . . . 52
    0 J. p6 @& P5 x. r/ R& E8.5 Currents and Voltages in Terms of Sequence Components with1 J' z' B* G% B- |5 I% p" B1 H1 a
    ‘a’ Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
    7 K8 Y% l! Z( w% B) j8.6 Case Study on Unbalance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 t# s/ R$ h- E0 d- R4 B# i
    8.6.1 Single Phasing in Induction Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 s; s: L/ P- h& K
    8.6.2 Line Currents during Single Phasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
    / w5 b7 J7 Q( I: P: i8.6.3 Sequence Components in Single Phasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55, p+ H. a* X: N6 q% U9 H& U* N; ^$ V
    8.6.4 Line Currents and Sequence Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59; l4 u" d3 y3 d  B; f# Q* l
    8.7 De滻椀琀椀漀渀 of Unbalance: An Alternate Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61* T7 r- S" O/ n
    References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62) D/ v# R( }6 X
    9 Unbalance Assessment Using Feature Pattern Extraction Method. . . . 63
    ; W( g; A8 a1 X7 o9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
    $ y- c% Y# n0 j+ ~% `% V9.2 Feature Pattern Extraction Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
    2 x+ O/ h, |% o$ x% {7 w9.3 Unbalance and FPEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 k2 w! o* K4 \9 [) F# [
    9.4 CMS Rule Set for Unbalance Assessment by FPEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67  B' B/ u" h3 v2 c4 r" F7 u
    9.5 Algorithm for Unbalance Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
    1 e6 S$ x$ c! \9 R3 J' T9.6 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
    9 G) G) [% ~& V# F* D( ~References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742 y3 c: {6 w5 b2 h$ W8 Q
    10 Useful Tools for Harmonic Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
    9 k+ D) i' K) n/ }2 t$ w/ z* V! i10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
    ( Y( w% N- N% |3 f2 _+ Z10.2 Fourier Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780 n4 p* R4 I$ U, F0 v( b0 x
    10.3 Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79! _7 Q" c7 v2 X# `% e
    10.4 Discrete Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80. b1 _( W* m7 g  y7 F8 l$ y% W7 F
    10.5 Fast Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80  l4 Y8 V" O* X
    10.6 Hartley Transform and Discrete Hartley Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819 x( L% p6 E" \8 Z( }) f; H
    10.7 Wavelet Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819 |( y0 b/ I! ?: B  @+ \  J
    10.8 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
    , F4 C) _% z# [6 c+ l/ y  ~2 @6 TReferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82xii Contents
    $ o; A6 `: S) d. W8 t( A% `) g+ F11 Harmonic Assessment using FPEM in V-V and I-I Planes . . . . . . . . . . . 83
    7 S( W( t! l+ A. c: |' X- q11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
    ( O" g  J! J9 x0 R% q11.2 Harmonic Assessment by FPEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83: g! r5 K3 M- q; H+ s6 Y
    11.3 Patterns in V-V Planes in Presence of Harmonic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84) V% k$ Q/ ]" c5 q- M
    11.4 CMS Rule for Determination of Highest order of Dominating
    ) _, r3 m1 J3 v3 o7 u; b! C- `Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86) a' M# x/ r6 q; s. A) A* o7 s( e
    11.5 Limitation of FPEM for Harmonic Assessment in V-V and
    # M, T' U8 q# w' R* D, l, pI-I Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87) z3 _3 W6 P0 x5 I  F( T
    11.6 Algorithm for Real Power System Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870 Z% t: \, D! @: u
    11.7 Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
    : o# C0 x1 X( pReferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88, Z! _1 P! p- ~0 s( d
    12 Clarke and Park Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
    0 E8 m. r8 P" e. K1 C' W; l: J12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898 k+ B9 n6 ~4 ^  C8 s* m
    12.2 Current Space Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89$ I! w. u& n# G3 `& o" Y
    12.3 Stationary Reference Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
    7 v4 C4 B, `) W12.4 General Rotating Reference Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92" y  @+ b+ [& N$ v
    12.5 d-q Rotating Reference Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
    1 w2 |/ p6 P" s# u12.6 Transformation Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
    1 A; F/ @3 E( M4 N5 g12.7 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965 W, ^; T: A5 B6 W9 D& l& J, ?8 w" j
    References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
    / |/ c$ t: X1 b. C3 G: l4 ~13 Harmonics Assessment by FPEM in Clarke and Park Planes . . . . . . . . 97
      k  ^3 l: k% b: L" w13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
    & x" e% Z8 W; q7 d& j& Q13.2 Harmonic Analysis in Clarke Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985 n- Y8 a/ k$ a* F, l+ m1 }
    13.3 Harmonic Analysis in Park Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
    " w1 c$ {8 Y& V! U2 O/ B- n13.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
    ) [6 N+ Q# y% w1 v, wReferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
    ; o! y2 }6 M% H" S  ^4 \14 Harmonic Assessment by Area Based Technique in V–V and
    $ D% b5 E% b% q# l, q5 ZI–I Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
    / U6 g3 e3 P5 \6 x4 x- I14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1072 u4 P/ k) y  R7 X7 K) A8 S- l
    14.2 Area Based Technique (ABT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074 g3 |" f* v( {2 Y) I: R
    14.2.1 Area and Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
    1 t) T  g7 i' J# S% Y6 E# x14.2.2 Fundamental Frequency and Reference Signal
    4 ~. N) G, H9 t: Q! ^. k$ d) kfor Assessment of Fundamental Component . . . . . . . . . . . . 109" Y/ i6 a$ b6 Q3 l
    14.2.3 Reference Signal for Assessment
    2 {( _  @; k6 y# fof Harmonic Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
    & x8 Z2 H- S  x& o14.2.4 Contribution of Fundamental Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
    2 z/ D5 J- v1 r- m14.2.5 Contribution of Harmonic Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
    # [8 Z3 T9 N2 g& N! u$ x14.2.6 CMS Equations for Total Harmonic Distortion) i" G% i* E; P% z
    Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1138 E! g2 T+ c- D
    14.3 Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
    1 S# h6 S" N: G; B5 \6 ^' D3 b14.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
    * d1 V  j) M9 x" WReferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Contents xiii
    , a: W# T+ v" @  p6 C/ U15 Harmonic Assessment by Area Based Technique in Clarke
    . v' Z, S6 q+ s7 pand Park Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115- b. q# ]0 }! E8 C  X
    15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115; w  U" u- `" ~: K7 r3 z% s
    15.2 Voltage and Current in Clarke (α  β) Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116& ]2 w6 A  z7 K8 x+ c2 c
    15.3 Reference Signal for Assessment of Fundamental Component . . . 117
    : R9 M' v0 g3 t6 B15.4 Fundamental Components in Clarke Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172 n8 v& U) n1 H, F0 r4 e; F# K9 u, p
    15.5 Harmonic Components in Clarke Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
    : h2 J0 [! A- }& M! X  {15.6 CMS Equations for Total Harmonic Distortion in Clarke2 t$ i  x" d9 d5 k! ]! t
    Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121* b8 E( K$ s0 a$ J; w
    15.7 Voltages and Currents in Park (d–q) Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
    0 L0 w- Z. H: e1 ?9 C9 {( j( a15.8 Reference Signal in Park Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1238 }! d- B, V4 u& @# \4 v, R
    15.9 Fundamental Components in Park Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
    0 k! [# p( E& P, x' f& p6 o3 E  K9 ^15.10 Harmonic Components in Park Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
    ! \. i. d3 a$ E; d. p15.11 CMS Equations for Total Harmonic Distortion Factors . . . . . . . . . 1285 |9 L; a0 p+ G
    15.12 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
    $ ^; e0 B) \$ S/ K- rReferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129/ I. M* s7 A; Q8 J- Z& w5 z1 n3 s  p
    16 Assessment of Power Components by FPEM and ABT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
    $ f/ \" \. j/ h16.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
    / z! A; S- ]/ ]7 k0 P+ \, g16.2 Power Components by FPEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315 r: P$ D$ q! B1 i9 N
    16.3 CMS Rule Set for Power Components by FPEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136' m8 T" z4 L$ I3 [$ z% Y3 |$ c
    16.4 Limitations of CMS Rule Set for Power Components5 v5 ~0 z/ f$ Q- ?. n
    by FPEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
    9 G% _3 [. k  o: f" G# ~% Z7 O16.5 Power Component Assessment by Area Based Technique . . . . . . . 1376 L) P4 I; R- }2 j% b, J& n
    16.6 Power Components of R, Y and B Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1384 _6 B/ C* f2 U4 B4 E) m: L( V
    16.6.1 Contribution of Fundamental Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
    ! A+ B% _" E% z8 {16.6.2 Contribution of Harmonic Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1394 w' d1 S4 O: Z2 m9 F
    16.7 Power Components in Clarke Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
    ' }) |8 @# ^0 f- |3 x% p16.7.1 Contribution of Fundamental Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
    5 J9 w7 ^" B# H16.7.2 Contribution of Harmonic Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142" d6 G- r. V) S- ]' V' H
    16.8 Power Components in Park Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1453 f4 X/ p% Z3 Z! T* _) k
    16.8.1 Contribution of Fundamental Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . 145  F" I! t/ Z4 G5 t
    16.8.2 Contribution of Harmonic Components, v7 l/ h, b& C3 V8 @* q- C
    in Park Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147: q6 O3 c! D0 A/ q  P
    16.9 CMS Equations for Power Distortion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
    * ^& p0 q! g& ?$ `% m16.9.1 Active Power Distortion Factor in Phase R. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1497 R' w$ O0 B* }. d1 m2 M
    16.9.2 Reactive Power Distortion Factor in Phase R . . . . . . . . . . . 149( c0 J* o; l) d1 F& _
    16.9.3 Apparent Power Distortion Factor in Phase R . . . . . . . . . . 149
    2 P, R% a! @7 g/ d- l& d* r16.9.4 Active Power Distortion Factor in Clarke Plane. . . . . . . . . 150
    / A4 }7 x! T; W; ?& \% T16.9.5 Reactive Power Distortion Factor in Clarke Plane . . . . . . . 1506 ^2 b( c8 e* ?/ D
    16.9.6 Active Power Distortion Factor in Park Plane . . . . . . . . . . 150: G2 H: ]6 d/ N+ [3 V
    16.9.7 Reactive Power Distortion Factor in Park Plane . . . . . . . . 1509 ^! e5 B  q: P% }7 Z6 ?
    16.10 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151) n! V8 A6 }5 O; Q8 S/ ^4 w! {" E
    References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151xiv Contents
    2 n: Z  D! \; s17 Transients Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153* u" T9 k# Y7 \6 z. f! b, z
    17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
    % M* T' F, b0 |17.2 Sub-band Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153+ u' ]# [2 h& n# M! N
    17.3 Model Based Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
    / {, R2 G6 u% L- E% c4 ?17.4 ESPRIT Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
    0 z+ X7 R8 H' _( l" f17.5 Suitability of ESPRIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1558 D# g' q/ t3 z) r( }  G8 P
    17.6 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
    , `) M) e4 v2 ?+ dReferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156" l/ [8 b6 d. f. l) I6 ^
    18 Passivity and Activity Based Models of Polyphase System . . . . . . . . . . . 159
    5 C0 G4 @# l" ]; y2 D4 i18.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1596 d2 l1 r8 b: W/ \2 t9 k' {
    18.2 Passivity Based Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
    1 [: d( J# n8 }( f: [) l18.2.1 Mathematical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159' e3 p! j5 L, w& X
    18.2.2 Equivalent Circuit of Passive Model of a Polyphase. F# d$ V( K9 V: \
    System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
    $ y( F% q! K4 W* u6 b; Y* s0 l18.2.3 Layer Based Representation of Passive Impedances . . . . . 162- ]+ i; }0 U, j$ m
    18.2.4 Limitation of Passive Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163: K/ F4 U6 J; e/ [: G# g
    18.3 CMS Activity Based Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
    1 u/ S# c! k8 P. e& t; K18.3.1 Mathematical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
    " h9 U4 h1 [+ a; R7 n18.3.2 Equivalent Circuit of Active Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
    1 M) {7 q* O7 e18.3.3 Layer Based Representation of Active Model . . . . . . . . . . 165
    6 Y. D" Q5 Y5 O2 g18.4 Mutual Interaction of Voltage and Current of Different
    * d* J4 ]% M6 X; E- m7 ?% L2 \Frequencies in Park Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167; @  }: I1 }7 {( T3 o
    18.5 Active Model of a System having Harmonics up to Third Order:, b' ]; Y1 `& ^) F+ d5 X
    A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1671 Q& g3 E1 w7 O0 R0 k9 S, o3 O
    18.6 Nature of Active Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
    1 u3 V7 J8 g0 u2 s% Y18.7 Case Study of Active Model on Poly-phase Induction Machine . . 170+ H# f0 y6 N8 H" i% d
    18.8 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1756 R8 u0 q8 k( F& p" |+ G
    References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
    2 e$ u  _. {' C$ B$ J: A) nIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
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