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电子图书
电子图书名:
Design_of_Direct-driven_Permanent-magnet_Generators
编者:
Göteborg, Sweden.
内容简介:
This thesis presents an investigation of how a direct-driven wind turbine
generator should be designed and how small and efficient such a
generator will be. Advantages and disadvantages of various types of
direct-driven wind turbine generators are discussed, and a radial-flux
permanent-magnet generator connected to a forced-commutated rectifier
is chosen for a detailed theoretical investigation. Further, a design
method is developed for the electromagnetic part of the chosen generator
type. The generator is optimized with a simplified cost function which,
besides including the cost of the active generator parts and the cost of the
structure, also includes the cost of the average losses. Therefore, a method
to calculate the average losses is derived. The design method is used to
investigate the optimization of a 500 kW generator, and the size, efficiency
and active weight of optimized generators from 30 kW to 3 MW are
presented. A result of the investigation is that the outer diameters of the
direct-driven generators are only slightly larger than the width of
conventional wind energy converter nacelles. A comparison of average
efficiency shows that direct-driven generators, including the losses in the
frequency converters, are more efficient than conventional wind energy
converter drive trains. Compared with other direct-driven generators, the
proposed generator type is small, mainly because of the forced-
commutated rectifier and because the generator is not required to produce
a pull-out torque higher than the rated torque.
所属专业方向:
电机
出版社:
Department of Electric Power Engineering
来源:
网络
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本帖最后由 amfk2006 于 2010-6-23 20:01 编辑 & ~# D; Z7 f5 w1 h! W/ G+ L
5 o% \2 Q, v) K( S Table of Contents- {4 e1 l( c* b, b3 l9 c1 {- \
Abstract 3
* y0 g R: ?+ j( p4 ~ Preface 3
) x/ N5 g& B) _$ d9 V. ^5 W4 q. N Table of Contents 4
# Y$ p; H- f Q! g$ Y8 P7 N+ G List of Symbols 6
9 ]! d2 v( h: F3 q1 h2 \/ @ 1 Introduction 11
- r" v4 |; W2 Y a q 1.1 Why Use Direct-driven Wind-turbine Generators 11
* O' ]: {, f2 J6 r* g& P 1.2 Differences Compared with Conventional Generators 12
- g9 m: f) x: }+ e" L$ t) ^3 u 1.3 Proposed Generator Types 12 Q a( O( B' G
1.3.1 Sector Induction Generator 123 S D/ @; q1 z4 T
1.3.2 Electrically Excited Synchronous Generator 13
( w) O$ N, A% ~8 w( ?, X+ C( p 1.3.3 Switched Reluctance Generator 14$ Y1 a3 t, I' U7 m: ^/ G
1.3.4 Permanent-magnet Radial-flux Synchronous Generator 14( {- H7 C& J6 [
1.3.5 Axial-flux Generators 16, z" h+ D# y: F- ~, L; F4 a
1.3.6 Transversal-flux Variable-speed Generator 17
. V9 m, ]1 d% g 1.4 Discussion of Earlier Research 19
. R( N7 b; t: ]1 Q9 T 1.5 Goal and Outline of the Thesis 19
6 ]% i6 Y, V0 ~9 r3 D8 }# M! W' b 2 Generator Specification and Cost Function 21
5 b4 ?1 C* v0 N- V9 o/ o 2.1 Specification 21. b! ^& L$ x( m2 k' l8 B
2.2 Generator Cost Function 23' O( Z0 a- g2 R* F0 M, [2 k
2.2.1 Cost of Active Parts 24
- @2 p! u$ O) b& o2 V 2.2.2 Cost of Structure 24
! Z! r$ W7 ^8 z 2.2.3 Cost of Average Losses 24. X- ]7 P4 d) n! l! \
2.2.4 Total Cost Function 26
! \9 i5 t, q# g3 d. e% R$ J 3 Calculation Method for the Average Losses 27
- J3 Z. q! k+ ^' P2 _( \ 3.1 Average Losses 27; J: Z5 e( A2 r# C: k
3.2 Average Efficiency and Average Power 29
+ i3 r7 D& g" @& s U9 h2 W+ y 3.3 Determining Average Loss Factors 30
: ~# s! W" n) i8 A U( i 4 Generator Types 37
. i! C* W0 Z" w9 _! A- T) T. v 4.1 Electrical Excitation or Permanent Magnets 37- x7 N- J5 Z/ y" w" u: w: W. h7 N6 P% U
4.2 Direct Grid Connection or Frequency Converter 39* j. P5 N& N3 }' R
4.3 Surface Magnets or Flux Concentration 40+ j, p9 z+ Z$ T% X
4.4 Slot Winding or Air Gap Winding 41: ~. z+ r1 }8 m' q
4.5 Radial-, Axial- and Transversal-flux Machines 42# |5 \7 O2 Y9 _; | x
4.6 Forced-commutated Rectifier or Diode Rectifier 44
' ^( k# x) F0 g; V8 y 4.6.1 Generator Model 45
8 V" ?- O8 u) O6 L1 b; x0 ~5 ] 4.6.2 Diode Rectifier 45) l n* h1 W) \" U) t, l4 ?9 E) E4 o
4.6.3 Forced-commutated Rectifier 465 B# W& ~- U" p& e$ I' @+ I# B/ B/ Z
4.6.4 Rectifier Comparison 483 Z1 D) y$ ?6 ~; K
4.7 Chosen Generator Type 51: G/ a7 D4 O" I" l Q1 M$ @
4.7.1 Basic Generator Concept 51% H: Z( j- I/ O- u
4.7.2 Details of the Chosen Generator 51# c; n) G+ z$ w6 r _+ l w1 r) }) _
4.7.3 Materials 52
. ^8 f' W! D: C+ s2 V6 c/ D 5 Design Method for a Permanent-magnet Generator 55
I. P" S( n! L% K8 r! v* a 5.1 Design Variables 55: ]- U q* d1 s
5.2 Design Equations 58
) ^2 ` O! X% n1 A( t 5.2.1 General Definitions 58
" ~" r* Q$ j9 w4 o1 l- m" S$ E 5.2.2 Magnetic Circuit 60: k" x/ ^4 m7 Q$ ^3 R: Y- k0 i
5.2.3 Stator Inductance and Resistance 615 n' Q9 ~( R3 G. v" M5 X# u* S% U
5.2.4 Material Volume and Weight 638 M9 j) E/ H9 P/ D
5.2.5 Losses 64" o8 O* |( K9 m# q; p2 S' O3 h
5.2.6 Voltage, Power and Efficiency 67" @9 R, ^6 j) ~: \/ i4 `' T% K' z
5.2.7 Thermal Model and Temperature Rise 68
' T$ U5 N3 L4 b7 N5 R$ o9 j 5.2.8 Irreversible Demagnetization 69
& T( E$ h2 Q( A# Y 5.3 Calculation Procedure 71, Q1 ]% Y, s1 u U. t8 r1 x
5.4 Test of the Design Method 725 ^0 T( [. e+ F' r2 D2 P
5.4.1 Comparison with Finite Element Calculations 72
" J2 x+ Q x5 O3 J5 u$ Y; }0 Q) I' Z 5.4.2 Test of Thermal Model 73- C' f/ [, F1 Y$ C% R
6 Generator Optimization 77' |3 p# g. d% Y+ e
6.1 Optimum 500 kW Generators 77* y9 i+ v7 B' W5 T# j8 B ^0 I8 c3 v1 X) \
6.1.1 Optimized Reference Generator 77; w5 S& n; d4 d0 Q6 w( F0 z( u
6.1.2 Optimized Generators for 50 Hz and 200 % Peak Power 80% v! \/ g- x) l, C
6.1.3 Optimization Using the Losses at Rated Load 82+ l& G9 S& I8 r; e6 t
6.2 Sensitivity to Variable Changes 84
# [( c/ E( ^8 K2 F: S# a 6.3 Sensitivity to Cost Function Changes 86 O9 x; \! A+ E+ q3 D4 |
6.3.1 Cost of Losses 86
n0 @7 ^" U5 f1 S! o- e- f 6.3.2 Cost of Iron and Copper 87$ A/ }7 A1 F# Q0 F, A* |: ?
6.3.3 Cost of Permanent Magnets 88
8 Q- q# _" j a [9 D+ R/ Y! x; B 6.3.4 Cost of the Structure 89
7 V7 w9 Y/ R, X" Y 6.4 Optimum Generator Diameter 90: T/ a6 y4 A, U0 L5 J/ J n
6.5 Typical 500 kW Permanent-magnet Generator 92
/ a3 O; d5 z7 b- F2 w! i 7 Design and Comparison 95
; G4 j* s0 m' ^. _4 v. t9 ^ 7.1 Generators from 30 kW to 3 MW 95
, @: A$ U6 q- g* s) o 7.1.1 Generator Data 95
7 Q" T$ e) H, K7 P! ~& e+ i9 n& i 7.1.2 Optimum Variables and Parameter Values 97$ r: w+ T- }: t9 k* ~
7.1.3 Power Limits For the Direct-driven Generators 100
3 k( A) S1 M( t! x 7.2 Comparisons 102/ P* d4 R6 u! D& ]8 ~+ S: U
7.2.1 Comparison with Conventional Generators and Gears 102" L/ `+ R" e4 {4 r
7.2.2 Comparison with Other Direct-driven Generators 104# w+ q7 W# [+ y5 }
8 Conclusions 107
- q0 O4 V& @; R+ @& ]' @ 8.1 Different Generator Types 107
* n5 }: m/ y# m3 R 8.2 Generator Design and Optimization 1085 c1 C3 t- x# V3 |5 \2 V8 N
8.3 Designed Generators and Comparison with Other Generators 108
' O. x/ l3 J& F/ j 8.4 Further Work 109; f% R/ [4 O" ^# T
References 111( U% E0 F3 \5 A' W9 d
Appendix A Magnetizing Inductance 115
: Q, q( H" X; A6 Q6 A( s. Z9 l1 K Appendix B Thermal Model of the Generator 1192 K9 c4 p) r4 u) a$ v. Q$ T0 y
Appendix C Average Efficiencies 131
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