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发表于 2008-1-19 12:33:35
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论文摘要
4.2 ADDITIONAL POWER SWING DETECTION METHODS
+ E& F4 [3 m! b# g( K8 s4.2.1 Continuous Impedance Calculation
" }! ]1 l7 F0 I# V9 x2 f, U" O. sThis method determines a power swing condition based on a continuous impedance calculation.0 ~, R9 n- v! }5 U
Continuous here means, for example, that for each 5 ms step an impedance calculation is
" h+ ]0 b# u& A Iperformed and compared with the impedance calculation of the previous 5 ms. As soon as there is
: I" b9 v" N- ua deviation, an out-of-step situation is assumed but not proven yet. The next impedance that) s, G6 i5 b8 T9 c% A+ n( U
should be calculated 5 ms later is predicted based on the impedance difference of the previous
9 I4 {5 b; U& L7 o1 emeasured impedances. If the prediction is correct, then it is proven that this is traveling impedance.5 Q# u; T$ f3 W0 C: k& [: Y
In this situation a power swing condition is detected. For security reasons additional predictive0 l' J3 A8 ?$ b* I; n" s; P
calculations may be required." R: s6 o4 K6 R
A delta impedance setting is not required anymore, because the algorithm automatically considers
. |/ S9 E) b! K0 kany delta impedance that is measured between two consecutive calculations and sets the delta
, f+ b: X" C/ L0 H. B0 O2 s0 x) Dimpedance for the next calculation automatically in relation to the previous calculation. This leads3 l6 @: M( q0 b# m, j
to a dynamic calculation of the delta impedance and an automatic adaptation to the change of the: h% x9 c; G9 c
power swing impedance. Also the delta time setting is not required anymore because it is
3 p9 H3 Z; p# q7 r( K; h9 \3 T" Y( ndetermined by the calculation cycles of the algorithm.% }9 y9 f2 H$ u1 D/ @6 i
R
4 e v( e) R! G- zX
" }' ?; R$ x9 ^! v8 R0 y' jStable power swing
% y; w; r& e* ?5 ~' d- @impedance trajectory; V% P9 ?3 }5 ]
DZ1 DZ2 DZ3
1 v( K& t0 v+ N0 o% j0 M8 qLoad
X4 u$ i, P! l9 v- g+ M2 v2 oFigure 7 Power swing detection with continuous impedance calculation
4 R' L; M0 n% @As long as the changing impedance vector is not approaching a tripping zone faster than the relay3 F; l4 t8 {, h% g" W
can confirm the out-of-step condition (at least 3 calculations 10 ms) the detection will be successful.1 c* J2 N& l: }
POWER SWING AND OUT-OF-STEP CONSIDERATIONS ON TRANSMISSION LINES
; [( c+ }+ A; h1 r" q9 s; YIEEE PSRC WG D6, g3 M$ u) D, V9 S; e) q; g
17 / 59 2005-07-196 B l" ]; o7 y6 N0 {4 N' i( K
4.2.2 Swing-Center Voltage and its Rate of Change# C6 Q- o2 B' a7 y5 K5 p7 h
Swing-center voltage (SCV) is defined as the voltage at the location of a two-source equivalent" [3 s# l) j* x! r; l8 @9 W
system where the voltage value is zero when the angles between the two sources are 180 degrees, _; X1 g1 h$ A* N8 O
apart. When a two-source system loses stability and goes into an OOS situation after some
# u* V/ r8 F- T }% Jdisturbance, the angle difference of the two sources, d(t), will increase as a function of time. Figure
. B2 ` d/ G8 s& K8 p* D8 illustrates the voltage phasor diagram of a general two-source system, with the SCV shown as
7 {' w' v' m" t, kthe phasor from origin o to the point o'.
% ~1 u9 p0 b( n c2 \o'
5 ?0 f; f; _3 H' U7 {! c2 P/ u V/ j- Co0 |; ^6 \* I1 K7 ]! V0 H+ R
o"
; F; g* E1 J) jZ1S•I Z1L•I* w2 C2 \5 T4 P! g# a; j" J
VS) Z& t; w; k5 z. Q$ i
j ER8 G6 t' W' a5 h4 P0 K( b2 c$ d$ q
d
7 ~$ f5 J2 [- j% w% G! p, B0 SSCV+ p% q% t9 x$ z/ ]: a
Z1R•I
% M4 n/ a1 @, Y4 W4 Q9 Q0 Z( W' @q
$ X3 K8 {- |* t! mI
6 \2 z/ d6 a6 ~, m0 |- l! FES1 P: M2 b! c7 T/ N# b; g0 T& M, k2 `
VR
3 N5 R; A6 ^& z0 s6 A# z# k3 MFigure 8 Voltage Phasor Diagram of a Two-Source System! T; K* R8 |- U/ q, Y& B
An approximation of the SCV can be obtained through the use of locally available quantities as! W+ b2 a- p# k
follows:
1 k7 K% | f( s+ z. l9 a5 m( ]SCV »| V | ×cosj S (6)
3 ~* m7 U# r) a! tWhere |VS| is the magnitude of locally measured voltage, and j is the angle difference between VS7 Q: H# e. i0 [; m6 Y
and the local current as shown in Figure 9. In Figure 9, we can see that Vcosj is a projection of VS, ?: i \8 ]2 C/ z* i
onto the axis of the current, I. For a homogeneous system with the system impedance angle, q,. l2 @0 o* K% C' N4 u
close to 90 degrees, Vcosj approximates well the magnitude of the swing-center voltage. For the
, M& y6 S8 o* M; zpurpose of power-swing detection, it is the rate of change of the SCV that provides the main2 \( I9 f8 p/ V
information of system swings. Therefore, some differences in magnitude between the system SCV0 k0 u+ K2 y% f* ?) r
and its local estimate have little impact in detecting power swings. Ilar [6] first introduced the
0 J L, v& k3 `2 @# h+ {quantity of Vcosj for power swing detection. |
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