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Integrated operation of embedded generation and distribution networks - UK study, G& J }5 d w. p8 [3 y- `5 V
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目录 3 L* i* A. ?1 O S8 X8 T, F ; [5 z A9 J( ?; E" t; gExecutive summary.......................................................................................................4 4 [; ?' j, v9 [% B+ g9 g7 ]9 a1. Control Strategies for Close Integration of Embedded Generation and Distribution Networks..................................................................................................96 j; o- N1 O' q& M* p0 ` F. _$ B
1.1. Background..............................................................................................................9; l8 b- Y9 m3 c$ i6 D- j
1.2. From Passive to Active Distribution Networks.....................................................118 x8 _1 y* F2 m* E a% |
1.3. Active Management of Voltage Rise Effect in Rural Areas..................................168 o3 p# R3 O h6 f1 [% `/ `; A
1.4. Qualitative Analysis of Options for Control of Voltage Rise Effect.....................18 7 M O! [+ `$ v! z1.4.1 Worst Case Scenario (Minimum Load Maximum Generation) Approach...19 0 j- I, C. T; \6 c1.4.2 Managing the voltage rise effect by generation curtailment.........................20 5 c( `: ]) H$ v8 [1.4.3 Managing the voltage rise effect by reactive compensation.........................21' D0 X) S9 r: C! D5 t- G7 P
1.4.4 Managing the voltage rise effect using coordinated voltage control............21 3 X. g' O3 ~5 d8 s1.5. Application to a characteristic situation.................................................................22' t& c5 G8 \' ?* g# E2 F' a: q' {
2. Distribution Management System for Close Integration of Embedded Generation and Distribution Networks.....................................................................27, V. d; |/ M# e; r8 K" c* g+ i
2.1. Introduction............................................................................................................275 v9 s$ Q" x( {$ n3 ]! f% q8 H
2.2. Design of a Distribution Management System Controller.....................................28 6 d! u6 z) A( H+ [! |% i. b; P2.2.1 Outline of Operation.....................................................................................28 . `4 Z8 y8 P* H* M. B2.2.2 Network.........................................................................................................29 7 X! ?$ i! R h, F- a5 B& }2.2.3 Hardware Configurations..............................................................................31 ! L) O! o9 A& n, M) u2.2.4 Communications...........................................................................................35 6 B3 q% l- R3 Y' ~" _" N% n2.2.5 Software........................................................................................................36 . Q5 D9 ^8 r) Y1 G% a: p$ E2.3. State Estimation.....................................................................................................389 C2 t8 ~7 o H% U n- c2 M+ ]
2.3.1 Background - Transmission State Estimation...............................................38 # R- |/ z4 }$ U2 }3 j2.3.2 Distribution State Estimation........................................................................39 " M8 U9 o& \- M0 O- u. W$ g2.3.3 A Distribution State Estimator......................................................................40 * ?0 S# \7 ~+ p' t9 R, G0 {3 R2.4. Control Scheduling................................................................................................44* {! W: Q2 {% Y6 w
2.4.1 Priority List...................................................................................................44 + A( n, a6 V! U' L2.4.2 Optimal Power Flow.....................................................................................46' Z: Q, y% F4 K. ^4 n
2.5. Implementation......................................................................................................49& t( F; ~- g7 c5 H0 s: r/ N
3. Quantifying the Benefits of Active Management of Distribution Networks..........539 Q {7 m8 L0 f% O9 a' s
3.1. Introduction............................................................................................................53 ! i, w0 q1 {& ~+ Q3.2. Case Studies...........................................................................................................55* B; ~& `1 q3 O/ z3 D: W
3.2.1 Description of the System.............................................................................55 + Q6 j7 D( e0 l+ @2 X Z3.2.2 Base Case Scenarios.....................................................................................572 A4 `# p( ]% U& r' u( h# l
3.2.3 Tool for Modelling the Operation of an Active Distribution System...........57# m; y; ~2 o" ?; H& s
3.2.4 Generation Curtailment.................................................................................594 L4 M+ V& p p, _: I, Z
3.2.5 Reactive Compensation and Voltage Control...............................................648 ^! {) z) Q, V/ `- A
3.2.6 Area Based Voltage Control by OLTC.........................................................65/ O* v9 y! y3 k( |% F2 L8 P7 ?) \; }
3.2.7 Area Based Voltage Control by OLTC and Voltage Regulator...................67 4 @$ A( v) ^+ \- }. C8 o3.2.8 Impact of Voltage Controls on Losses..........................................................69 ?" d: `9 x$ t3 ?9 ^9 g( M
4. Commercial Arrangements to Support Active Management.................................72: _5 E8 w7 @% v a- U7 p
4.1. Background............................................................................................................72 ( j# ~* m( ]0 x% l4.2. Voltage Rise Effect and Connection Costs............................................................73 $ E r" `% j9 z' [# j% Q* p4.3. Problems with Present Arrangements....................................................................745 z0 v2 c( Y" Z
4.4. Cost Benefit Analysis of Implementing Active Management of Distribution Networks............................................................................................77 " P2 y" l) w/ ]; H& w4 `" W4.5. Commercial Arrangements for Active Distribution Networks..............................81 ) ]0 W/ O/ l& n# h2 x5 {4.6. Unbundling of Distribution Network Services......................................................822 J) h4 l( m) k4 Q; C
5. Conclusions..................................................................................................................88 , v% @# m% o: I9 a6. References....................................................................................................................92, c3 V( `. b7 ~* H