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Integrated operation of embedded generation and distribution networks - UK study- R. W' ]" r3 g/ d# z$ ^- z
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" S* E% W( ?" T0 h- ~, sExecutive summary.......................................................................................................48 e) X* G% f& ~( A7 h; A
1. Control Strategies for Close Integration of Embedded Generation and Distribution Networks..................................................................................................9) A9 F+ B2 C1 x6 q" N2 s T$ L" K
1.1. Background..............................................................................................................9% q6 ~8 N0 J" f1 L
1.2. From Passive to Active Distribution Networks.....................................................11, E( B* M. V6 t
1.3. Active Management of Voltage Rise Effect in Rural Areas..................................16 9 F0 t: ~+ u3 N2 e4 b* K1.4. Qualitative Analysis of Options for Control of Voltage Rise Effect.....................18 ' f' n- v0 A7 u8 w* ~8 k$ x1.4.1 Worst Case Scenario (Minimum Load Maximum Generation) Approach...19& z0 a! F8 B& b( ?5 p
1.4.2 Managing the voltage rise effect by generation curtailment.........................20" I% X2 V6 I3 \0 [+ R+ Y3 h
1.4.3 Managing the voltage rise effect by reactive compensation.........................21 0 `# `- \" b3 E. ]' i1 ?) ]1.4.4 Managing the voltage rise effect using coordinated voltage control............21" Q: k3 _; h! s) {+ T3 w
1.5. Application to a characteristic situation.................................................................22 ( z( f9 f4 ], {+ y$ i2. Distribution Management System for Close Integration of Embedded Generation and Distribution Networks.....................................................................27 0 \ h- w' C$ L+ w; f2.1. Introduction............................................................................................................27 0 Q/ j, H( _ N+ D. `2 j% |2.2. Design of a Distribution Management System Controller.....................................28 ( O! E8 I; `0 o2.2.1 Outline of Operation.....................................................................................28 6 U2 G9 a) {/ P2.2.2 Network.........................................................................................................29 # d) x& [) p: D# `3 I2 c D) a2.2.3 Hardware Configurations..............................................................................31) i$ o5 p3 T( x5 W/ ^, o; s
2.2.4 Communications...........................................................................................35 O2 J% M3 U0 X/ r5 _6 P2.2.5 Software........................................................................................................36 / Z( J! M. ? Z8 W( Y2.3. State Estimation.....................................................................................................38 # u3 f% J5 E0 V) |; W2.3.1 Background - Transmission State Estimation...............................................384 e t! H s& Z3 w e/ G
2.3.2 Distribution State Estimation........................................................................39 7 ] f7 V- j4 c; P: C2.3.3 A Distribution State Estimator......................................................................40 . f; Q& N3 J5 P2 l8 ^2.4. Control Scheduling................................................................................................44 1 Q, ^5 F2 D& h" F+ Q( N2.4.1 Priority List...................................................................................................44 $ l" \$ m0 \% V" I5 n% N6 h2.4.2 Optimal Power Flow.....................................................................................46 " {; n* U* i* i" j0 Q% s$ {# p. B2.5. Implementation......................................................................................................49 $ r8 m+ q( L. t% v' G5 L3. Quantifying the Benefits of Active Management of Distribution Networks..........53/ v; ?4 ?, x2 h/ q
3.1. Introduction............................................................................................................53* c7 ?' \0 k- L9 x E {3 Z; j
3.2. Case Studies...........................................................................................................55# l- V$ h- ^ \% Z5 I8 K
3.2.1 Description of the System.............................................................................55# g+ X7 A& H' x6 p: P/ I! ?
3.2.2 Base Case Scenarios.....................................................................................57 0 X# m4 r7 K6 Z# \ W3.2.3 Tool for Modelling the Operation of an Active Distribution System...........57' C2 p( a, b m+ u" N/ R
3.2.4 Generation Curtailment.................................................................................59 , X5 ]% w$ X: J$ r4 {( v% X3.2.5 Reactive Compensation and Voltage Control...............................................64 , f* n% E% |6 P, T! l2 K5 M3.2.6 Area Based Voltage Control by OLTC.........................................................65 1 c+ i# c( l d/ h! A- o3.2.7 Area Based Voltage Control by OLTC and Voltage Regulator...................67 7 R0 |# B, c/ H8 I# i Z3.2.8 Impact of Voltage Controls on Losses..........................................................69 # g' E% z3 l: E% H2 u4. Commercial Arrangements to Support Active Management.................................72 . H0 ]4 Q' V9 f; r0 `* w0 u4.1. Background............................................................................................................72 : L! s6 `8 S+ H, k* H9 n4.2. Voltage Rise Effect and Connection Costs............................................................73* _) A. f( T3 w! w9 t
4.3. Problems with Present Arrangements....................................................................74# y( T; q0 K+ t; J) \- T3 p
4.4. Cost Benefit Analysis of Implementing Active Management of Distribution Networks............................................................................................77+ K4 Z, P) l: N& I1 R% P
4.5. Commercial Arrangements for Active Distribution Networks..............................811 p3 Q( g# G( H/ J
4.6. Unbundling of Distribution Network Services......................................................828 x+ h, f) m1 I1 B, l9 P
5. Conclusions..................................................................................................................88 + N; z4 k5 q; x+ L$ g- K6. References....................................................................................................................92 0 c L5 ]2 H% s1 \: d 4 L3 b b3 t" V' r r[ 本帖最后由 Jinlong 于 2007-12-24 10:20 编辑 ]