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Integrated operation of embedded generation and distribution networks - UK study 5 f7 g) g6 U) Z8 h$ `- N7 I+ p. x! S
目录 . Q+ `% J! N! I" {$ I! S/ L7 l " e2 ?4 l: t0 g% H2 vExecutive summary.......................................................................................................4 ; D r6 D$ U1 o. ?: C3 o+ N) o% d6 V1. Control Strategies for Close Integration of Embedded Generation and Distribution Networks..................................................................................................9 U n( Z6 S7 ~8 P
1.1. Background..............................................................................................................9 / |' v9 R+ `: v. N( N* o2 `1.2. From Passive to Active Distribution Networks.....................................................115 ~* e, b; ^2 [, K, K2 }0 |
1.3. Active Management of Voltage Rise Effect in Rural Areas..................................16 8 K2 ]0 j* a& J1.4. Qualitative Analysis of Options for Control of Voltage Rise Effect.....................188 B' E3 r( H6 S& j
1.4.1 Worst Case Scenario (Minimum Load Maximum Generation) Approach...19 4 K6 F% S; ~, }1.4.2 Managing the voltage rise effect by generation curtailment.........................20 9 \/ p' }+ _5 s. x6 F0 i& T1.4.3 Managing the voltage rise effect by reactive compensation.........................21 r; O [) X( a/ ^
1.4.4 Managing the voltage rise effect using coordinated voltage control............21 0 X. {( G* L3 d; J# U1 D0 J1.5. Application to a characteristic situation.................................................................22% f) m! M' O3 [1 v/ n
2. Distribution Management System for Close Integration of Embedded Generation and Distribution Networks.....................................................................27 4 p5 U" A( L- d2.1. Introduction............................................................................................................27 ! n/ W7 Z6 m5 x: S& ?2 ]2.2. Design of a Distribution Management System Controller.....................................28 5 Z2 _6 H; Y' W1 N( [9 j2.2.1 Outline of Operation.....................................................................................28. a, }. F' g: D, v
2.2.2 Network.........................................................................................................296 r w5 n$ k9 Y; g
2.2.3 Hardware Configurations..............................................................................31& X' g. E! R" n- Q& y& X$ S
2.2.4 Communications...........................................................................................350 u3 b; N) {# }' D- a8 k
2.2.5 Software........................................................................................................36$ ~2 w' w5 r# s) V
2.3. State Estimation.....................................................................................................38 0 ^ [; F" u2 s. l2.3.1 Background - Transmission State Estimation...............................................38/ t" Q3 M3 H1 t& g
2.3.2 Distribution State Estimation........................................................................39 1 ^. R( v3 H! T( o) v, L2.3.3 A Distribution State Estimator......................................................................405 r/ M) C) `8 v( |; p8 R
2.4. Control Scheduling................................................................................................446 p7 z+ ?; a t3 e
2.4.1 Priority List...................................................................................................44$ z5 z7 \2 u7 Y1 j5 l5 f7 ?# {
2.4.2 Optimal Power Flow.....................................................................................46 - U! [- ?; Q% y& I3 s) r' ?, k2.5. Implementation......................................................................................................490 h8 b+ H# f/ j/ P D
3. Quantifying the Benefits of Active Management of Distribution Networks..........534 W% |1 t% z8 C8 Q
3.1. Introduction............................................................................................................534 p: c8 I; ^! e2 f$ e1 q1 k* V- C- E
3.2. Case Studies...........................................................................................................55 $ f+ K- R5 o/ p* F: D3.2.1 Description of the System.............................................................................55 . j) ?$ J2 L, s8 D9 ]0 K9 B1 V3.2.2 Base Case Scenarios.....................................................................................57; H4 R& v) @$ ~8 r1 B# i
3.2.3 Tool for Modelling the Operation of an Active Distribution System...........57 * X4 c$ j* Y& Z% c2 b- ]$ C R; T3.2.4 Generation Curtailment.................................................................................59 2 P: R* s1 W/ _" K3.2.5 Reactive Compensation and Voltage Control...............................................645 }" r: x! M: S8 M8 e0 y& I$ s
3.2.6 Area Based Voltage Control by OLTC.........................................................65 ( K7 m9 T8 r. ]' R I% ^3.2.7 Area Based Voltage Control by OLTC and Voltage Regulator...................67 2 p' {! ^. E- e! m' Y3.2.8 Impact of Voltage Controls on Losses..........................................................69 ! l) o/ F9 u1 h4. Commercial Arrangements to Support Active Management.................................72 & u6 l- F- F" Q s& Q. P' c4 p4.1. Background............................................................................................................72; U; {1 m! U) E) E# s
4.2. Voltage Rise Effect and Connection Costs............................................................73 2 @5 G# W4 ~% k# {+ c4.3. Problems with Present Arrangements....................................................................74 + c3 F4 j( ^2 c* y8 n4.4. Cost Benefit Analysis of Implementing Active Management of Distribution Networks............................................................................................77 7 d) }* O+ `9 L- B) j4.5. Commercial Arrangements for Active Distribution Networks..............................81) m. h! y+ O5 s5 t5 N
4.6. Unbundling of Distribution Network Services......................................................82 9 Q' S% O! s& o" M$ c5. Conclusions..................................................................................................................88 8 |+ s* G/ d' t; L# d# m' q5 W4 J; r0 t/ F6. References....................................................................................................................92 4 J" J! _8 c7 O$ X9 a1 U, i+ \. B - o* K7 g7 ]* O% u4 P* w- s[ 本帖最后由 Jinlong 于 2007-12-24 10:20 编辑 ]
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