共享: 7 p6 i. ^+ D( I; sIntegrated operation of embedded generation and distribution networks - UK study0 x0 H8 \( N" h% e) }: M+ B
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目录 5 t# T( k7 p, |: N5 u 8 R/ |0 ^8 F1 M! E1 _" u( j, i* S: OExecutive summary.......................................................................................................4: F' Z- b4 a. U" u; J
1. Control Strategies for Close Integration of Embedded Generation and Distribution Networks..................................................................................................9 - I- Q+ L9 x: H& b1.1. Background..............................................................................................................9 / U9 V& F) k! H' `, M1.2. From Passive to Active Distribution Networks.....................................................11 5 g/ s1 T0 w, a: z" E6 @% i0 q- V, A1.3. Active Management of Voltage Rise Effect in Rural Areas..................................16 / z4 K, r" _* E1.4. Qualitative Analysis of Options for Control of Voltage Rise Effect.....................185 m2 O) r% W! |7 Z. u: {* v2 z
1.4.1 Worst Case Scenario (Minimum Load Maximum Generation) Approach...19$ l* p+ a$ H8 P1 |
1.4.2 Managing the voltage rise effect by generation curtailment.........................205 J9 \6 y# F4 W/ {1 ?# H, @5 o
1.4.3 Managing the voltage rise effect by reactive compensation.........................21 " ^, T' e# q5 B* M/ h1 a1.4.4 Managing the voltage rise effect using coordinated voltage control............21, }" d, ?; c1 D% Z1 {- X' F8 s
1.5. Application to a characteristic situation.................................................................226 i0 r* _9 \' L7 R9 q$ b
2. Distribution Management System for Close Integration of Embedded Generation and Distribution Networks.....................................................................27 * J6 N+ q3 Z3 ?& |! a: T' g2.1. Introduction............................................................................................................27$ [2 |! q b! t
2.2. Design of a Distribution Management System Controller.....................................28 * R1 q2 J3 a; B: M4 \: b. K4 F2.2.1 Outline of Operation.....................................................................................28 # w& a# x" w6 _! \$ o2 I: S7 H/ q2.2.2 Network.........................................................................................................29 7 X% J8 p3 ]; Q% ?7 Q2.2.3 Hardware Configurations..............................................................................31 - ]: q9 N+ X* U2.2.4 Communications...........................................................................................35& [- Z0 K) S: C
2.2.5 Software........................................................................................................36& z z6 \9 c9 ^8 P9 i1 x: Y
2.3. State Estimation.....................................................................................................385 f1 M$ l+ I1 j+ e. x0 T
2.3.1 Background - Transmission State Estimation...............................................38 ' E7 F4 ^2 I" k, e2.3.2 Distribution State Estimation........................................................................39* M' d g3 @3 D+ O( i
2.3.3 A Distribution State Estimator......................................................................407 Q( E1 D# K2 q; q7 Z
2.4. Control Scheduling................................................................................................44 ( ?; Q- L+ q5 F o# q2.4.1 Priority List...................................................................................................44 0 y2 Y0 a& @+ n. N/ U2.4.2 Optimal Power Flow.....................................................................................46 9 e: J4 [; v% t3 |2.5. Implementation......................................................................................................49& \/ z7 q& X z" O2 q* {
3. Quantifying the Benefits of Active Management of Distribution Networks..........53 & {$ d& k& x z# ?% I3 O3.1. Introduction............................................................................................................53 ; O6 V+ w. r* u" Q- q9 ^" k3 J3.2. Case Studies...........................................................................................................55" ^, A8 x+ n1 W- H5 F
3.2.1 Description of the System.............................................................................55 + C' U3 q1 [# l5 k/ ~0 B3 C# l3.2.2 Base Case Scenarios.....................................................................................57) b$ d( `' _1 i/ {5 e _* V4 X
3.2.3 Tool for Modelling the Operation of an Active Distribution System...........57 : h: Q( W$ r( O5 [ z( ]% s" n3.2.4 Generation Curtailment.................................................................................59 % l+ ^3 L' |$ N- t3.2.5 Reactive Compensation and Voltage Control...............................................64& q, ^$ a5 K1 u/ |7 [& _ z% y
3.2.6 Area Based Voltage Control by OLTC.........................................................65 , _ G$ Q% \/ _- b, k/ e9 V3.2.7 Area Based Voltage Control by OLTC and Voltage Regulator...................67 4 q7 p; L: Y' V ]3.2.8 Impact of Voltage Controls on Losses..........................................................69 $ O$ }) J) e! i+ z4. Commercial Arrangements to Support Active Management.................................72/ \, T4 L: \; n
4.1. Background............................................................................................................72 + q3 Z7 q- a0 Y+ E3 A0 A4 t/ Y4.2. Voltage Rise Effect and Connection Costs............................................................737 [) ]9 H- W }
4.3. Problems with Present Arrangements....................................................................74- m) `) ]' z' u _' {2 Q( Q( S, ^
4.4. Cost Benefit Analysis of Implementing Active Management of Distribution Networks............................................................................................77! V1 z' }* Y g5 V* g
4.5. Commercial Arrangements for Active Distribution Networks..............................81 , L+ Z" U& R3 C$ u4.6. Unbundling of Distribution Network Services......................................................82# C G0 k! _5 ]$ Q {$ G8 ?
5. Conclusions..................................................................................................................88& w e0 O+ u) S
6. References....................................................................................................................92 0 c* s# w) x0 T6 [: C; e! K9 }( Y, C2 S8 ?0 [+ v
[ 本帖最后由 Jinlong 于 2007-12-24 10:20 编辑 ]