共享： 0 \9 e& H1 k4 \5 }5 ^) P% A3 t/ aIntegrated operation of embedded generation and distribution networks - UK study7 V' H2 b- P& P' p, N( P0 n
5 F9 x+ R. x8 G+ [; Y目录 * ?, ^; M( K( K+ _0 j9 v- x" X/ [3 }1 ?% i
Executive summary.......................................................................................................4+ ?/ N; {% I8 @2 Z
1. Control Strategies for Close Integration of Embedded Generation and Distribution Networks..................................................................................................9 * k I; m. a7 A# J1.1. Background..............................................................................................................9 3 Z' z* u( r% W; s0 p( w1.2. From Passive to Active Distribution Networks.....................................................11 8 ]- I2 c) x9 C( D5 g, B1.3. Active Management of Voltage Rise Effect in Rural Areas..................................16$ g( A0 h- C. X6 H: J6 E& r1 g6 C$ V
1.4. Qualitative Analysis of Options for Control of Voltage Rise Effect.....................18# G' T! Z0 u9 i0 ~0 G6 o) k
1.4.1 Worst Case Scenario (Minimum Load Maximum Generation) Approach...19$ f6 l7 r8 D8 X) r$ V
1.4.2 Managing the voltage rise effect by generation curtailment.........................20 " Y- h6 w4 a t) D& S. O1.4.3 Managing the voltage rise effect by reactive compensation.........................21 7 g) q' {. g8 @# L2 a1.4.4 Managing the voltage rise effect using coordinated voltage control............21 % E2 a0 ]+ r. m! K1 v1 l1.5. Application to a characteristic situation.................................................................22 * _( D6 C% @9 H2 Z& ~! b# K8 A9 q9 D6 [2. Distribution Management System for Close Integration of Embedded Generation and Distribution Networks.....................................................................27 , T/ i- |; ^- F$ u, x8 Y" f6 Y1 h2.1. Introduction............................................................................................................27 . X% T; s8 J5 x; X$ @! v2.2. Design of a Distribution Management System Controller.....................................28$ G+ y- T) P6 U7 {
2.2.1 Outline of Operation.....................................................................................285 D" W K c7 o @
2.2.2 Network.........................................................................................................29! h5 J* Q. W3 ^" a0 B) a
2.2.3 Hardware Configurations..............................................................................31 - o6 Q3 N. N/ g, g2.2.4 Communications...........................................................................................35+ v. _; J1 R- |
2.2.5 Software........................................................................................................36- O3 F( ~2 X( h" e
2.3. State Estimation.....................................................................................................38 8 p! b; t; r a1 |2.3.1 Background - Transmission State Estimation...............................................38 ! v2 k2 ~# {0 ]5 s) K2.3.2 Distribution State Estimation........................................................................39 ! e3 l1 r. Q4 r' t! M2.3.3 A Distribution State Estimator......................................................................40 6 u) |2 K* J/ g( }8 V& U% t9 M# L4 T- g! N2.4. Control Scheduling................................................................................................44) g6 L( X/ J2 h3 l" k" ]/ f% D3 u
2.4.1 Priority List...................................................................................................44 3 |2 H0 s' \8 I2 I5 s2 l; R) ^8 m3 k2.4.2 Optimal Power Flow.....................................................................................46 " d9 K* ?% r. P4 F5 |9 X! |) H2.5. Implementation......................................................................................................49. S* h. s ~/ c* y0 L
3. Quantifying the Benefits of Active Management of Distribution Networks..........53* U$ c0 |" F, t
3.1. Introduction............................................................................................................53 5 n1 @' F5 V; H6 Y" y6 m+ ]3.2. Case Studies...........................................................................................................55! ]; K) ^* {; d* f* G
3.2.1 Description of the System.............................................................................55 % X5 J' _; y7 \, x* B3.2.2 Base Case Scenarios.....................................................................................57- L1 f8 ?. t( |
3.2.3 Tool for Modelling the Operation of an Active Distribution System...........57; D" B- Y% z3 v* C y5 v5 l8 c& \* Z
3.2.4 Generation Curtailment.................................................................................59 # M$ \1 o' {- E3.2.5 Reactive Compensation and Voltage Control...............................................649 z5 h3 k+ n% s3 i6 ~
3.2.6 Area Based Voltage Control by OLTC.........................................................655 s, j9 _6 C7 M k8 `8 ]- l4 w
3.2.7 Area Based Voltage Control by OLTC and Voltage Regulator...................67 " r- T, ]# t; j$ Z3.2.8 Impact of Voltage Controls on Losses..........................................................69$ o; D k4 ?2 }1 k2 g7 j0 G
4. Commercial Arrangements to Support Active Management.................................72: O; _7 J; T0 y( t: k7 N. l
4.1. Background............................................................................................................72) M" b4 v) R; x4 N
4.2. Voltage Rise Effect and Connection Costs............................................................735 P1 ^% [) T" V
4.3. Problems with Present Arrangements....................................................................74# ^5 H- W; \" m3 @, q5 [
4.4. Cost Benefit Analysis of Implementing Active Management of Distribution Networks............................................................................................776 m$ H( B' Y' Y R
4.5. Commercial Arrangements for Active Distribution Networks..............................81 : _( [; e$ K7 u4.6. Unbundling of Distribution Network Services......................................................82 . v+ `8 Y& B! Y/ G' z& `5. Conclusions..................................................................................................................88* `' V2 U l. Z1 ^
6. References....................................................................................................................922 R5 l( n1 S% I' e& z
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