共享： 1 f* k* |9 f7 e2 o4 \/ rIntegrated operation of embedded generation and distribution networks - UK study$ `7 k7 m& `/ l- c
' I7 R- c# ^1 ~' L- Z2 B目录$ z) E' H2 }2 j5 E1 k
4 C3 T! U! D$ f8 OExecutive summary.......................................................................................................4: N( x3 v4 k( Y2 T1 w4 Y. O' N
1. Control Strategies for Close Integration of Embedded Generation and Distribution Networks..................................................................................................9 & e6 l7 `. I5 U; j8 B9 X8 m0 U1.1. Background..............................................................................................................9* r, n+ h% d8 J$ B! \' r/ k6 M: @
1.2. From Passive to Active Distribution Networks.....................................................11. |+ Z0 s( P$ v
1.3. Active Management of Voltage Rise Effect in Rural Areas..................................16; `3 b' s) w) x0 P& u5 ?
1.4. Qualitative Analysis of Options for Control of Voltage Rise Effect.....................18 # g" J7 e$ Y9 O: A1.4.1 Worst Case Scenario (Minimum Load Maximum Generation) Approach...19 ) I6 F. o& {( Q( \. _8 |1.4.2 Managing the voltage rise effect by generation curtailment.........................20 " d6 a0 c# p/ |* U9 M' ?% `, r1.4.3 Managing the voltage rise effect by reactive compensation.........................21 . f4 K7 \ }& v1.4.4 Managing the voltage rise effect using coordinated voltage control............21* y; f9 [# t& p( X T( q7 n
1.5. Application to a characteristic situation.................................................................22- m$ L: }# I. s% W& O
2. Distribution Management System for Close Integration of Embedded Generation and Distribution Networks.....................................................................27 , D7 G2 J' D% }+ ` ^0 ]9 n5 C2.1. Introduction............................................................................................................27 + P* k6 ^7 \7 r+ N4 ^2.2. Design of a Distribution Management System Controller.....................................28/ f% L/ ^$ X, d) b5 o7 i* X$ V
2.2.1 Outline of Operation.....................................................................................28. t9 z9 a/ t7 i' m! E
2.2.2 Network.........................................................................................................29! H; z$ L* I+ V- p( k- \; b! `! h
2.2.3 Hardware Configurations..............................................................................31 : n2 `# f7 @9 [) g2.2.4 Communications...........................................................................................35! R5 r1 |& D' r
2.2.5 Software........................................................................................................36 W n2 j8 D# t
2.3. State Estimation.....................................................................................................38 8 K0 S- ?( B5 _. X! \( X0 `9 A2.3.1 Background - Transmission State Estimation...............................................385 _/ e( H$ r B
2.3.2 Distribution State Estimation........................................................................39 ) S0 t1 \ h/ O2.3.3 A Distribution State Estimator......................................................................40 1 l" c% M; U1 v( X( N' G% `2.4. Control Scheduling................................................................................................44 8 B6 p$ B. X' q$ N$ p! Y3 R p- ]' R2.4.1 Priority List...................................................................................................44 $ e3 T( N/ O6 \1 W. B2 O) F9 \2.4.2 Optimal Power Flow.....................................................................................46* Q1 w& t: L, \/ M/ s# ?( o; l
2.5. Implementation......................................................................................................49 - b% b! F! B& F8 S5 w% ^. `+ P3. Quantifying the Benefits of Active Management of Distribution Networks..........536 k4 {* t8 x/ U( q
3.1. Introduction............................................................................................................53 N! o/ ?/ ~- a5 n3.2. Case Studies...........................................................................................................55 ) ^2 c8 Y3 b7 S1 e3.2.1 Description of the System.............................................................................55 $ w& \5 ^% Q* m3 p3.2.2 Base Case Scenarios.....................................................................................57 1 e* n0 j9 W. L, j( R/ ]$ B3.2.3 Tool for Modelling the Operation of an Active Distribution System...........57 " c: |1 d y }. w7 V3.2.4 Generation Curtailment.................................................................................59- u- t9 R* p. K. D# A
3.2.5 Reactive Compensation and Voltage Control...............................................64 0 u$ s7 N+ @3 s7 q: B( w3.2.6 Area Based Voltage Control by OLTC.........................................................65 . [- e" p7 b0 _; ]) c3.2.7 Area Based Voltage Control by OLTC and Voltage Regulator...................67 . a X) \9 v- F3.2.8 Impact of Voltage Controls on Losses..........................................................69; z8 A. M$ ]! u: m+ n1 D
4. Commercial Arrangements to Support Active Management.................................72 " |6 Y5 X; r6 ~. _* Z; q' Z. I4.1. Background............................................................................................................72 + F4 C; g% v1 W" u( R4.2. Voltage Rise Effect and Connection Costs............................................................73# q/ j, h* L% F8 S
4.3. Problems with Present Arrangements....................................................................74 8 B, B \/ D% R, Y- D" v4.4. Cost Benefit Analysis of Implementing Active Management of Distribution Networks............................................................................................77 ( I2 r1 B/ e( F% k+ }4 [ |4.5. Commercial Arrangements for Active Distribution Networks..............................81 7 [9 k5 M# c" C P7 [0 F& c# T4.6. Unbundling of Distribution Network Services......................................................82+ {1 T/ x" o: n+ z
5. Conclusions..................................................................................................................88 ! h* `8 X* w& \) v# C6. References....................................................................................................................92# t5 \2 q; P8 c* F2 Y; ?
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