共享:: m" ^; p2 `2 f% U
Integrated operation of embedded generation and distribution networks - UK study& x# s# ]* H7 B; V/ T
% E( p7 \3 d0 i$ D9 |/ Z. {+ K8 W目录, L# r( k B5 h8 B% g- S- l h/ I
4 p, z2 T [" w3 M; V- i% ?" D
Executive summary.......................................................................................................4; ~. ]* S! l" B- ]2 L; k
1. Control Strategies for Close Integration of Embedded Generation and Distribution Networks..................................................................................................9 1 O v" O, \, J9 v# s& g1.1. Background..............................................................................................................9 # ]- V( w) x8 ^1.2. From Passive to Active Distribution Networks.....................................................11: H& L6 ^+ E" k/ ~8 k
1.3. Active Management of Voltage Rise Effect in Rural Areas..................................16 7 B: `! m$ R2 V& m1.4. Qualitative Analysis of Options for Control of Voltage Rise Effect.....................18 + g! p6 S. b0 v: F1.4.1 Worst Case Scenario (Minimum Load Maximum Generation) Approach...19$ }7 x/ Q. W) o) p `
1.4.2 Managing the voltage rise effect by generation curtailment.........................204 I0 C2 S0 J/ O, C7 T$ {
1.4.3 Managing the voltage rise effect by reactive compensation.........................212 g- e: r7 i# m+ s& U
1.4.4 Managing the voltage rise effect using coordinated voltage control............21 8 I6 @0 u8 G' ~! z1.5. Application to a characteristic situation.................................................................22 3 K% R4 O1 ]( h3 B' T0 h/ G2. Distribution Management System for Close Integration of Embedded Generation and Distribution Networks.....................................................................274 ~/ J4 D9 g! ~ J; _5 k9 N
2.1. Introduction............................................................................................................27 $ p4 `4 ?8 t2 W8 O/ T. @4 G2.2. Design of a Distribution Management System Controller.....................................281 q4 Z! ?9 N5 {4 s% D7 j- g. ^
2.2.1 Outline of Operation.....................................................................................28" K8 } H U& X7 [2 F9 q, u
2.2.2 Network.........................................................................................................29# w3 d: r" x, }; x6 ?
2.2.3 Hardware Configurations..............................................................................314 c. p z {& X1 Y ^7 ~: i
2.2.4 Communications...........................................................................................35 ; R) c9 y6 Z/ k% |2 i1 e2.2.5 Software........................................................................................................36- p; c5 U4 `- u# w4 D
2.3. State Estimation.....................................................................................................38 ! t+ S" U+ ?" X# @4 G2.3.1 Background - Transmission State Estimation...............................................38 v! U$ _- s5 ]4 O
2.3.2 Distribution State Estimation........................................................................398 \8 r8 A9 m# T5 n" _
2.3.3 A Distribution State Estimator......................................................................40 4 T7 m1 ^% X& n2.4. Control Scheduling................................................................................................44 8 _) E% s: _- A& a1 y# S. ~2.4.1 Priority List...................................................................................................443 K& H( m _" m! e6 p
2.4.2 Optimal Power Flow.....................................................................................46 " H3 d8 m0 b I7 R3 ]: _( B2.5. Implementation......................................................................................................49 , i0 E- w% d) w5 m2 x' h3. Quantifying the Benefits of Active Management of Distribution Networks..........532 M% y; D# m' S4 I K: D S Z& ]
3.1. Introduction............................................................................................................53 ) S* J4 {% d; P- g p/ W3.2. Case Studies...........................................................................................................55 + _5 J- g) D2 F% {* C" s" I1 o3.2.1 Description of the System.............................................................................55( G0 q" j! f& I) Q- s$ D5 g- b! `
3.2.2 Base Case Scenarios.....................................................................................57 + O( m/ Q! e ?2 q; z3.2.3 Tool for Modelling the Operation of an Active Distribution System...........57 K& u/ h g D; N
3.2.4 Generation Curtailment.................................................................................59' N- \1 K) o3 m& m0 W. v/ R2 z7 N
3.2.5 Reactive Compensation and Voltage Control...............................................64 - q* Q; v* |6 ~" G* I3 X3.2.6 Area Based Voltage Control by OLTC.........................................................65 5 a3 A2 ^3 s2 w( l3.2.7 Area Based Voltage Control by OLTC and Voltage Regulator...................67 0 l' t; J3 }. P3.2.8 Impact of Voltage Controls on Losses..........................................................69; J( F7 l/ ]5 J1 {8 {: T
4. Commercial Arrangements to Support Active Management.................................72( b4 l8 |& x' x7 y: k+ b
4.1. Background............................................................................................................72& q+ j) c% G8 X# F6 P) f( e7 v
4.2. Voltage Rise Effect and Connection Costs............................................................73' K7 c" Z9 D$ K X& e% z
4.3. Problems with Present Arrangements....................................................................74% Z" a6 M- u, u# v5 `
4.4. Cost Benefit Analysis of Implementing Active Management of Distribution Networks............................................................................................77, ? V! ?8 \3 Y+ n, M
4.5. Commercial Arrangements for Active Distribution Networks..............................813 ~6 ~& _4 A& t1 V" n
4.6. Unbundling of Distribution Network Services......................................................82 t* ~$ v5 B- |5. Conclusions..................................................................................................................88" u% G, r8 r" h! `
6. References....................................................................................................................92. G# }. Z w0 e, P1 e/ p
' P( h; C' h& z: }; p) ]! R
[ 本帖最后由 Jinlong 于 2007-12-24 10:20 编辑 ]