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电子图书
电子图书名:
Design_of_Direct-driven_Permanent-magnet_Generators
编者:
Göteborg, Sweden.
所属专业方向:
电机
内容简介:
This thesis presents an investigation of how a direct-driven wind turbine
generator should be designed and how small and efficient such a
generator will be. Advantages and disadvantages of various types of
direct-driven wind turbine generators are discussed, and a radial-flux
permanent-magnet generator connected to a forced-commutated rectifier
is chosen for a detailed theoretical investigation. Further, a design
method is developed for the electromagnetic part of the chosen generator
type. The generator is optimized with a simplified cost function which,
besides including the cost of the active generator parts and the cost of the
structure, also includes the cost of the average losses. Therefore, a method
to calculate the average losses is derived. The design method is used to
investigate the optimization of a 500 kW generator, and the size, efficiency
and active weight of optimized generators from 30 kW to 3 MW are
presented. A result of the investigation is that the outer diameters of the
direct-driven generators are only slightly larger than the width of
conventional wind energy converter nacelles. A comparison of average
efficiency shows that direct-driven generators, including the losses in the
frequency converters, are more efficient than conventional wind energy
converter drive trains. Compared with other direct-driven generators, the
proposed generator type is small, mainly because of the forced-
commutated rectifier and because the generator is not required to produce
a pull-out torque higher than the rated torque.
出版社:
Department of Electric Power Engineering
来源:
网络
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Table of Contents" J7 y4 f( b" S0 G- k
Abstract 3
( t( G5 m' r$ _+ z% a( z% b Preface 3* L) l8 s6 ]( H9 A) S/ k
Table of Contents 4
$ ~* J5 E# e7 ]% X# @! b List of Symbols 6
/ T9 a7 V# Q2 s4 H) f2 [. @ 1 Introduction 11% s W4 ^7 g$ c E# l. s
1.1 Why Use Direct-driven Wind-turbine Generators 11
; n2 N5 y- ]; j5 g' n" A/ t 1.2 Differences Compared with Conventional Generators 12
! K0 O$ _3 E# f* a- z- [" n 1.3 Proposed Generator Types 12
4 y$ a/ [# D- S$ I+ g' [4 S 1.3.1 Sector Induction Generator 12. k' {5 M4 _2 W \! }: s
1.3.2 Electrically Excited Synchronous Generator 13
4 x3 W6 i( b; m 1.3.3 Switched Reluctance Generator 14
. L( f6 v7 f9 I' Z4 U$ ?) F$ c0 q$ o 1.3.4 Permanent-magnet Radial-flux Synchronous Generator 14
, \8 o& s* v( } 1.3.5 Axial-flux Generators 16
; }) |4 A+ W5 C B$ T 1.3.6 Transversal-flux Variable-speed Generator 17( W' R, |2 }/ v4 z
1.4 Discussion of Earlier Research 19
' L) e/ R- I& d; a. J 1.5 Goal and Outline of the Thesis 19
. y3 o- [* T( X: j" w 2 Generator Specification and Cost Function 21
) y" X9 u2 u) C0 M% T( Z. X 2.1 Specification 21
7 ?1 e0 C+ T* A/ }+ M6 b 2.2 Generator Cost Function 23. Z, _' H) _5 o9 Y: a
2.2.1 Cost of Active Parts 24
3 x' P0 _8 [# W7 @# M1 L' l Y 2.2.2 Cost of Structure 24
" U# e, \' N3 ?3 G 2.2.3 Cost of Average Losses 24
5 o, z+ U; \3 Y. H N$ v! M+ ^ 2.2.4 Total Cost Function 26
1 e$ l, u! h8 N/ q& ~& D 3 Calculation Method for the Average Losses 27
# E7 V! ]1 Z5 s. O! P 3.1 Average Losses 27
* `$ }6 x; {6 o8 z 3.2 Average Efficiency and Average Power 29, d1 X' Y$ T- l/ f+ t; \2 m
3.3 Determining Average Loss Factors 30
( h7 T2 K0 y* Q% Q; ^* h 4 Generator Types 37
- c* w/ J9 k3 D* T 4.1 Electrical Excitation or Permanent Magnets 371 N9 m6 F5 A$ x" E9 p1 {
4.2 Direct Grid Connection or Frequency Converter 39
( [, ~; A' O9 B% d- {5 \ 4.3 Surface Magnets or Flux Concentration 40
8 G& c" m* e+ f$ Q% L 4.4 Slot Winding or Air Gap Winding 41
2 {) z3 F8 Z; R 4.5 Radial-, Axial- and Transversal-flux Machines 42
6 ~, C7 ?5 j6 i 4.6 Forced-commutated Rectifier or Diode Rectifier 44) _- [0 n7 w$ m* q. G
4.6.1 Generator Model 45$ D4 W0 D. T9 O A$ B5 j
4.6.2 Diode Rectifier 45* y! b d6 V* C/ Y
4.6.3 Forced-commutated Rectifier 466 ~8 L# H) K8 _
4.6.4 Rectifier Comparison 482 M n0 ]2 s* w7 f& e
4.7 Chosen Generator Type 51
9 t3 T' N( T" S9 B% B 4.7.1 Basic Generator Concept 518 }4 L C0 \4 Y x# s7 ~
4.7.2 Details of the Chosen Generator 51
B# w: l: l; o0 V \ 4.7.3 Materials 52
8 ?9 X5 d2 |- {. h 5 Design Method for a Permanent-magnet Generator 55$ I8 [) E8 N" S8 ~7 E% G
5.1 Design Variables 558 H' O6 V* w p( n w7 Q
5.2 Design Equations 58 \$ K' e/ ^, o" }1 u9 L' t* v
5.2.1 General Definitions 58
/ v: `* ^5 h1 i4 m9 A7 }1 Z7 C3 q 5.2.2 Magnetic Circuit 60- F* |1 V/ X# @% P9 w5 A# b7 B
5.2.3 Stator Inductance and Resistance 61' B; I2 f, a( Q4 n
5.2.4 Material Volume and Weight 63
6 i; }* g; ~( p, q: W8 R 5.2.5 Losses 64
" t0 J9 i) {' P, V( k 5.2.6 Voltage, Power and Efficiency 67
( k1 W1 q8 s) b* I3 Z0 ^* o' ` 5.2.7 Thermal Model and Temperature Rise 68# \6 ^! ~ _/ O3 Z4 p- y
5.2.8 Irreversible Demagnetization 69
. }1 I3 R" W$ p/ Y- n5 f 5.3 Calculation Procedure 71 f( O: M4 t% J o; _7 D; ?/ }
5.4 Test of the Design Method 72
9 O3 W0 q- N7 ?! k/ h, ?1 e 5.4.1 Comparison with Finite Element Calculations 727 W$ R! f$ E. F9 U/ j
5.4.2 Test of Thermal Model 73
7 ~5 l+ A& p) E9 `, Y% @ i 6 Generator Optimization 77# u W3 o1 @1 @; I$ C
6.1 Optimum 500 kW Generators 77: W% P0 y6 g- I4 b
6.1.1 Optimized Reference Generator 77
1 g: x, e* G, E 6.1.2 Optimized Generators for 50 Hz and 200 % Peak Power 804 G, y1 i4 k' j+ V% m$ o& c
6.1.3 Optimization Using the Losses at Rated Load 82
+ S, a) B/ _1 L3 r4 [& K 6.2 Sensitivity to Variable Changes 849 b) O; h. Z5 M/ J( p
6.3 Sensitivity to Cost Function Changes 86
; A8 M' I- `: j 6.3.1 Cost of Losses 86' x9 k, u, ]# k
6.3.2 Cost of Iron and Copper 87
. Y/ l7 j- T# J6 J+ h" Q' r 6.3.3 Cost of Permanent Magnets 88
8 m+ W, @5 l( G* N" k {: W 6.3.4 Cost of the Structure 89
: q( b% u4 ?% S+ c/ A( {& _ A4 w 6.4 Optimum Generator Diameter 904 ^6 b! B5 ?* A
6.5 Typical 500 kW Permanent-magnet Generator 92
. i" u" @+ T' T# x! n' Y; F/ e) _% p( i 7 Design and Comparison 95
9 d6 G6 b8 ?; @) a; r7 ]" @ 7.1 Generators from 30 kW to 3 MW 95
9 S4 `8 Q8 _! O- J. C; C" C 7.1.1 Generator Data 95: N" J- D0 R2 ?
7.1.2 Optimum Variables and Parameter Values 97- e+ c- ~) m7 ~
7.1.3 Power Limits For the Direct-driven Generators 100! G o: h( @( R9 ^( l& Z" d
7.2 Comparisons 102
# [5 d$ {; Z0 o3 e* S7 `7 R' r2 ?& c 7.2.1 Comparison with Conventional Generators and Gears 102
; y8 t" u- [3 N7 O5 ]. y/ { 7.2.2 Comparison with Other Direct-driven Generators 1042 d6 i! C% r$ ^% P/ ]' _
8 Conclusions 107 _9 ]% ~3 L0 G. B. i4 `- l
8.1 Different Generator Types 107
' p6 T& G4 O) N* E! M! } 8.2 Generator Design and Optimization 108. Z3 B& `/ L% Y j& d) u( |$ D8 X
8.3 Designed Generators and Comparison with Other Generators 108& o; c9 D: r. j \$ |& J1 e: T
8.4 Further Work 109 C0 U$ ^7 e j5 }, u0 E4 n
References 111
* ]1 {: t% ]7 l! E Appendix A Magnetizing Inductance 115) ^- Q. \' l5 N, T! U9 U
Appendix B Thermal Model of the Generator 119
6 I6 m; V# c; T# T6 h6 } Appendix C Average Efficiencies 131
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