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Design_of_Direct-driven_Permanent-magnet_Generators

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    发表于 2010-6-24 01:44:01 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
    电子图书
    电子图书名: Design_of_Direct-driven_Permanent-magnet_Generators
    编者: Göteborg, Sweden.
    内容简介: This thesis presents an investigation of how a direct-driven wind turbine
    generator should be designed and how small and efficient such a
    generator will be. Advantages and disadvantages of various types of
    direct-driven wind turbine generators are discussed, and a radial-flux
    permanent-magnet generator connected to a forced-commutated rectifier
    is chosen for a detailed theoretical investigation. Further, a design
    method is developed for the electromagnetic part of the chosen generator
    type. The generator is optimized with a simplified cost function which,
    besides including the cost of the active generator parts and the cost of the
    structure, also includes the cost of the average losses. Therefore, a method
    to calculate the average losses is derived. The design method is used to
    investigate the optimization of a 500 kW generator, and the size, efficiency
    and active weight of optimized generators from 30 kW to 3 MW are
    presented. A result of the investigation is that the outer diameters of the
    direct-driven generators are only slightly larger than the width of
    conventional wind energy converter nacelles. A comparison of average
    efficiency shows that direct-driven generators, including the losses in the
    frequency converters, are more efficient than conventional wind energy
    converter drive trains. Compared with other direct-driven generators, the
    proposed generator type is small, mainly because of the forced-
    commutated rectifier and because the generator is not required to produce
    a pull-out torque higher than the rated torque.
    所属专业方向: 电机
    出版社: Department of Electric Power Engineering
    来源: 网络

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    Table of Contents% i' R) x: ?. |) U* w
    Abstract 3+ m5 `9 I/ U( [
    Preface 39 k- V  R$ b' R& E2 k4 @( q
    Table of Contents 48 ?. T( H, M7 i. X* X
    List of Symbols 6
    ) G8 B, T) U( S1 Introduction 11) f! l& H. T6 X9 B" d
    1.1 Why Use Direct-driven Wind-turbine Generators 11
    0 B: [1 M% H1 E7 f1.2 Differences Compared with Conventional Generators 12' R0 O2 S( m- C$ _: f( R
    1.3 Proposed Generator Types 12
    ! [7 F4 s4 v8 ~* o/ u1.3.1 Sector Induction Generator 12
    8 Y* ], t( m( a) i8 A1.3.2 Electrically Excited Synchronous Generator 13
    9 F0 [+ y1 M+ _) Z) e& |: l5 E1.3.3 Switched Reluctance Generator 14
    / M5 a/ v. I$ e0 q1 u1.3.4 Permanent-magnet Radial-flux Synchronous Generator 14% {/ }6 O  S" }( r% E8 R! X
    1.3.5 Axial-flux Generators 16& J" O+ k) A6 i5 B0 T
    1.3.6 Transversal-flux Variable-speed Generator 170 Z6 E, x5 j5 l$ W' y# K0 I
    1.4 Discussion of Earlier Research 19% V7 o; w7 T; N  r7 H- t0 N. e
    1.5 Goal and Outline of the Thesis 193 _1 h. Z' m( Z, g, s" D
    2 Generator Specification and Cost Function 21, B5 o1 C7 A, b0 ~: b4 i8 Z
    2.1 Specification 21: H% H1 {2 E% W7 J+ d- l
    2.2 Generator Cost Function 233 ~; ^7 B( |3 l4 z. B& k: b
    2.2.1 Cost of Active Parts 24& P, e9 n% ^- B! \1 L
    2.2.2 Cost of Structure 24
    . Q! v6 |) C0 E/ q2.2.3 Cost of Average Losses 24
    7 X+ Q- p, H3 V5 S/ p9 P2.2.4 Total Cost Function 26# A4 F5 K7 U, E
    3 Calculation Method for the Average Losses 27
    * L. \, x$ F4 S, O3.1 Average Losses 27
    3 f1 B' o- c; a6 D$ y+ [% g3.2 Average Efficiency and Average Power 29
    7 o5 W6 `( D" c6 X8 Z. L0 ?: B$ d4 G3.3 Determining Average Loss Factors 30
    # ]0 M1 P. a- m# [4 {& V$ v4 Generator Types 37
    4 x' V, Q& \% v: g4 C7 S4 s! r4.1 Electrical Excitation or Permanent Magnets 37% `$ M$ ?, W! S5 Y) e) {
    4.2 Direct Grid Connection or Frequency Converter 39; @5 b+ k2 I! I" k
    4.3 Surface Magnets or Flux Concentration 40
    + A* a" n) \+ X' X2 w4.4 Slot Winding or Air Gap Winding 410 P* T2 D" {: F6 s; D3 {+ R
    4.5 Radial-, Axial- and Transversal-flux Machines 42
    # w% x2 L  Y% Y; p4.6 Forced-commutated Rectifier or Diode Rectifier 44
    5 w9 X' {2 g, M, b6 |4.6.1 Generator Model 45
    & h) Q: I0 X) \" T# o/ D" i% x4.6.2 Diode Rectifier 45
    ( z+ G/ d5 z( \$ f8 g0 y: {4.6.3 Forced-commutated Rectifier 46
    ) Z" [5 P: k) P' d9 i4.6.4 Rectifier Comparison 48
    " y) J! o7 }4 V. Z! T4 G$ c+ ^4.7 Chosen Generator Type 51
    5 ^6 z$ @: A5 U# }& P4 N4.7.1 Basic Generator Concept 51
    3 N( A% d; b7 `* k4.7.2 Details of the Chosen Generator 51( q3 h; Y. ~- O, i. v+ \2 u( E
    4.7.3 Materials 52$ j! u9 A8 `/ o1 Y
    5 Design Method for a Permanent-magnet Generator 55; r3 Q7 N$ n1 d! ]* c# a5 f
    5.1 Design Variables 55$ [5 A+ e" A$ {2 i6 Z, s
    5.2 Design Equations 58
    6 w' N- L0 w. Y4 ^7 e# N) G: w4 B5.2.1 General Definitions 58
    5 J! |6 Y* k2 p/ o+ g+ C5.2.2 Magnetic Circuit 60
    2 [) C/ i0 z$ Y& u# }/ z  J5.2.3 Stator Inductance and Resistance 614 I% a, @9 f: @! H# u* G
    5.2.4 Material Volume and Weight 63% A: d' C4 {" v: C+ S
    5.2.5 Losses 64
    9 V- o" [) b/ \. D% t5.2.6 Voltage, Power and Efficiency 67  v% a1 y+ ^3 N2 o' j
    5.2.7 Thermal Model and Temperature Rise 683 a% X, q9 k0 I+ E7 [
    5.2.8 Irreversible Demagnetization 69
    4 i( C. B$ S& F5.3 Calculation Procedure 71. z1 |, M& e! O3 g/ @+ Z" L* t
    5.4 Test of the Design Method 72
    : N8 b4 v5 D+ v* p' {. p5 q5.4.1 Comparison with Finite Element Calculations 72
    * ~7 M( Y. m  b5.4.2 Test of Thermal Model 73
    ' P% R: E% f2 {3 o6 Generator Optimization 77  Z& L% z9 t8 |5 o+ K+ |9 l
    6.1 Optimum 500 kW Generators 77
    3 i( c9 {% {' W4 C6.1.1 Optimized Reference Generator 77
    6 m4 }; U( G- {6.1.2 Optimized Generators for 50 Hz and 200 % Peak Power 80, @0 ?: s4 W( B: H. C
    6.1.3 Optimization Using the Losses at Rated Load 82$ t$ H% M  Z' }: `" w1 s2 a! N
    6.2 Sensitivity to Variable Changes 84
    + T" s2 d) _: r- ^% D6.3 Sensitivity to Cost Function Changes 86# s6 P  U5 l5 z& h. _/ F* w
    6.3.1 Cost of Losses 86
    5 J" T* Y, ?  g2 P2 @6.3.2 Cost of Iron and Copper 87
    # R9 p' I9 G- I$ {% _6.3.3 Cost of Permanent Magnets 88
    % y1 `( j3 j" H* x- [  v: Y6.3.4 Cost of the Structure 892 A. K7 u0 n  m" `' r! F
    6.4 Optimum Generator Diameter 90- o( z4 h# o5 J5 J7 `
    6.5 Typical 500 kW Permanent-magnet Generator 92
    6 N3 S! G0 q7 n3 g1 \! b7 Design and Comparison 95
    7 S, Q% U% h; O$ ]3 p7.1 Generators from 30 kW to 3 MW 951 k2 c3 P& x1 a6 G+ R9 q
    7.1.1 Generator Data 95
    4 j* _0 j+ E: Y: |$ ~7.1.2 Optimum Variables and Parameter Values 97
    8 o* L6 {- {  M  u" ]3 Z+ @4 q! X) A7.1.3 Power Limits For the Direct-driven Generators 100
    5 s0 I$ \+ d/ O' d7.2 Comparisons 102
    / {* D( l- }$ M" x, Q6 {6 r8 o7.2.1 Comparison with Conventional Generators and Gears 102
    " }" k5 A: |5 r% K# _- `7.2.2 Comparison with Other Direct-driven Generators 104
    " M& W1 p5 h2 C& j* d8 Conclusions 107
    ' i& Q" c- j) J# ~& s) Z$ z8.1 Different Generator Types 107
    6 n: S" s: G2 V7 R0 S& S; ]3 k8.2 Generator Design and Optimization 108
      r. `- t! I  p& f# z" P5 }$ A8.3 Designed Generators and Comparison with Other Generators 108. K. f4 ?$ O8 V/ ?' ]
    8.4 Further Work 109
    + \. V& S- H) y7 dReferences 1115 V8 Z; B( u" e; j; W2 B
    Appendix A   Magnetizing Inductance 115
    ! m3 @6 f& ]9 ~# A2 c6 V( sAppendix B  Thermal Model of the Generator 119
    ' k. M/ A' g* h( w) EAppendix C   Average Efficiencies 131

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