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电子图书
电子图书名:
Design_of_Direct-driven_Permanent-magnet_Generators
编者:
Göteborg, Sweden.
内容简介:
This thesis presents an investigation of how a direct-driven wind turbine
generator should be designed and how small and efficient such a
generator will be. Advantages and disadvantages of various types of
direct-driven wind turbine generators are discussed, and a radial-flux
permanent-magnet generator connected to a forced-commutated rectifier
is chosen for a detailed theoretical investigation. Further, a design
method is developed for the electromagnetic part of the chosen generator
type. The generator is optimized with a simplified cost function which,
besides including the cost of the active generator parts and the cost of the
structure, also includes the cost of the average losses. Therefore, a method
to calculate the average losses is derived. The design method is used to
investigate the optimization of a 500 kW generator, and the size, efficiency
and active weight of optimized generators from 30 kW to 3 MW are
presented. A result of the investigation is that the outer diameters of the
direct-driven generators are only slightly larger than the width of
conventional wind energy converter nacelles. A comparison of average
efficiency shows that direct-driven generators, including the losses in the
frequency converters, are more efficient than conventional wind energy
converter drive trains. Compared with other direct-driven generators, the
proposed generator type is small, mainly because of the forced-
commutated rectifier and because the generator is not required to produce
a pull-out torque higher than the rated torque.
所属专业方向:
电机
出版社:
Department of Electric Power Engineering
来源:
网络
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Table of Contents% i' R) x: ?. |) U* w
Abstract 3+ m5 `9 I/ U( [
Preface 39 k- V R$ b' R& E2 k4 @( q
Table of Contents 48 ?. T( H, M7 i. X* X
List of Symbols 6
) G8 B, T) U( S 1 Introduction 11) f! l& H. T6 X9 B" d
1.1 Why Use Direct-driven Wind-turbine Generators 11
0 B: [1 M% H1 E7 f 1.2 Differences Compared with Conventional Generators 12' R0 O2 S( m- C$ _: f( R
1.3 Proposed Generator Types 12
! [7 F4 s4 v8 ~* o/ u 1.3.1 Sector Induction Generator 12
8 Y* ], t( m( a) i8 A 1.3.2 Electrically Excited Synchronous Generator 13
9 F0 [+ y1 M+ _) Z) e& |: l5 E 1.3.3 Switched Reluctance Generator 14
/ M5 a/ v. I$ e0 q1 u 1.3.4 Permanent-magnet Radial-flux Synchronous Generator 14% {/ }6 O S" }( r% E8 R! X
1.3.5 Axial-flux Generators 16& J" O+ k) A6 i5 B0 T
1.3.6 Transversal-flux Variable-speed Generator 170 Z6 E, x5 j5 l$ W' y# K0 I
1.4 Discussion of Earlier Research 19% V7 o; w7 T; N r7 H- t0 N. e
1.5 Goal and Outline of the Thesis 193 _1 h. Z' m( Z, g, s" D
2 Generator Specification and Cost Function 21, B5 o1 C7 A, b0 ~: b4 i8 Z
2.1 Specification 21: H% H1 {2 E% W7 J+ d- l
2.2 Generator Cost Function 233 ~; ^7 B( |3 l4 z. B& k: b
2.2.1 Cost of Active Parts 24& P, e9 n% ^- B! \1 L
2.2.2 Cost of Structure 24
. Q! v6 |) C0 E/ q 2.2.3 Cost of Average Losses 24
7 X+ Q- p, H3 V5 S/ p9 P 2.2.4 Total Cost Function 26# A4 F5 K7 U, E
3 Calculation Method for the Average Losses 27
* L. \, x$ F4 S, O 3.1 Average Losses 27
3 f1 B' o- c; a6 D$ y+ [% g 3.2 Average Efficiency and Average Power 29
7 o5 W6 `( D" c6 X8 Z. L0 ?: B$ d4 G 3.3 Determining Average Loss Factors 30
# ]0 M1 P. a- m# [4 {& V$ v 4 Generator Types 37
4 x' V, Q& \% v: g4 C7 S4 s! r 4.1 Electrical Excitation or Permanent Magnets 37% `$ M$ ?, W! S5 Y) e) {
4.2 Direct Grid Connection or Frequency Converter 39; @5 b+ k2 I! I" k
4.3 Surface Magnets or Flux Concentration 40
+ A* a" n) \+ X' X2 w 4.4 Slot Winding or Air Gap Winding 410 P* T2 D" {: F6 s; D3 {+ R
4.5 Radial-, Axial- and Transversal-flux Machines 42
# w% x2 L Y% Y; p 4.6 Forced-commutated Rectifier or Diode Rectifier 44
5 w9 X' {2 g, M, b6 | 4.6.1 Generator Model 45
& h) Q: I0 X) \" T# o/ D" i% x 4.6.2 Diode Rectifier 45
( z+ G/ d5 z( \$ f8 g0 y: { 4.6.3 Forced-commutated Rectifier 46
) Z" [5 P: k) P' d9 i 4.6.4 Rectifier Comparison 48
" y) J! o7 }4 V. Z! T4 G$ c+ ^ 4.7 Chosen Generator Type 51
5 ^6 z$ @: A5 U# }& P4 N 4.7.1 Basic Generator Concept 51
3 N( A% d; b7 `* k 4.7.2 Details of the Chosen Generator 51( q3 h; Y. ~- O, i. v+ \2 u( E
4.7.3 Materials 52$ j! u9 A8 `/ o1 Y
5 Design Method for a Permanent-magnet Generator 55; r3 Q7 N$ n1 d! ]* c# a5 f
5.1 Design Variables 55$ [5 A+ e" A$ {2 i6 Z, s
5.2 Design Equations 58
6 w' N- L0 w. Y4 ^7 e# N) G: w4 B 5.2.1 General Definitions 58
5 J! |6 Y* k2 p/ o+ g+ C 5.2.2 Magnetic Circuit 60
2 [) C/ i0 z$ Y& u# }/ z J 5.2.3 Stator Inductance and Resistance 614 I% a, @9 f: @! H# u* G
5.2.4 Material Volume and Weight 63% A: d' C4 {" v: C+ S
5.2.5 Losses 64
9 V- o" [) b/ \. D% t 5.2.6 Voltage, Power and Efficiency 67 v% a1 y+ ^3 N2 o' j
5.2.7 Thermal Model and Temperature Rise 683 a% X, q9 k0 I+ E7 [
5.2.8 Irreversible Demagnetization 69
4 i( C. B$ S& F 5.3 Calculation Procedure 71. z1 |, M& e! O3 g/ @+ Z" L* t
5.4 Test of the Design Method 72
: N8 b4 v5 D+ v* p' {. p5 q 5.4.1 Comparison with Finite Element Calculations 72
* ~7 M( Y. m b 5.4.2 Test of Thermal Model 73
' P% R: E% f2 {3 o 6 Generator Optimization 77 Z& L% z9 t8 |5 o+ K+ |9 l
6.1 Optimum 500 kW Generators 77
3 i( c9 {% {' W4 C 6.1.1 Optimized Reference Generator 77
6 m4 }; U( G- { 6.1.2 Optimized Generators for 50 Hz and 200 % Peak Power 80, @0 ?: s4 W( B: H. C
6.1.3 Optimization Using the Losses at Rated Load 82$ t$ H% M Z' }: `" w1 s2 a! N
6.2 Sensitivity to Variable Changes 84
+ T" s2 d) _: r- ^% D 6.3 Sensitivity to Cost Function Changes 86# s6 P U5 l5 z& h. _/ F* w
6.3.1 Cost of Losses 86
5 J" T* Y, ? g2 P2 @ 6.3.2 Cost of Iron and Copper 87
# R9 p' I9 G- I$ {% _ 6.3.3 Cost of Permanent Magnets 88
% y1 `( j3 j" H* x- [ v: Y 6.3.4 Cost of the Structure 892 A. K7 u0 n m" `' r! F
6.4 Optimum Generator Diameter 90- o( z4 h# o5 J5 J7 `
6.5 Typical 500 kW Permanent-magnet Generator 92
6 N3 S! G0 q7 n3 g1 \! b 7 Design and Comparison 95
7 S, Q% U% h; O$ ]3 p 7.1 Generators from 30 kW to 3 MW 951 k2 c3 P& x1 a6 G+ R9 q
7.1.1 Generator Data 95
4 j* _0 j+ E: Y: |$ ~ 7.1.2 Optimum Variables and Parameter Values 97
8 o* L6 {- { M u" ]3 Z+ @4 q! X) A 7.1.3 Power Limits For the Direct-driven Generators 100
5 s0 I$ \+ d/ O' d 7.2 Comparisons 102
/ {* D( l- }$ M" x, Q6 {6 r8 o 7.2.1 Comparison with Conventional Generators and Gears 102
" }" k5 A: |5 r% K# _- ` 7.2.2 Comparison with Other Direct-driven Generators 104
" M& W1 p5 h2 C& j* d 8 Conclusions 107
' i& Q" c- j) J# ~& s) Z$ z 8.1 Different Generator Types 107
6 n: S" s: G2 V7 R0 S& S; ]3 k 8.2 Generator Design and Optimization 108
r. `- t! I p& f# z" P5 }$ A 8.3 Designed Generators and Comparison with Other Generators 108. K. f4 ?$ O8 V/ ?' ]
8.4 Further Work 109
+ \. V& S- H) y7 d References 1115 V8 Z; B( u" e; j; W2 B
Appendix A Magnetizing Inductance 115
! m3 @6 f& ]9 ~# A2 c6 V( s Appendix B Thermal Model of the Generator 119
' k. M/ A' g* h( w) E Appendix C Average Efficiencies 131
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