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电子图书
电子图书名:
Design_of_Direct-driven_Permanent-magnet_Generators
编者:
Göteborg, Sweden.
内容简介:
This thesis presents an investigation of how a direct-driven wind turbine
generator should be designed and how small and efficient such a
generator will be. Advantages and disadvantages of various types of
direct-driven wind turbine generators are discussed, and a radial-flux
permanent-magnet generator connected to a forced-commutated rectifier
is chosen for a detailed theoretical investigation. Further, a design
method is developed for the electromagnetic part of the chosen generator
type. The generator is optimized with a simplified cost function which,
besides including the cost of the active generator parts and the cost of the
structure, also includes the cost of the average losses. Therefore, a method
to calculate the average losses is derived. The design method is used to
investigate the optimization of a 500 kW generator, and the size, efficiency
and active weight of optimized generators from 30 kW to 3 MW are
presented. A result of the investigation is that the outer diameters of the
direct-driven generators are only slightly larger than the width of
conventional wind energy converter nacelles. A comparison of average
efficiency shows that direct-driven generators, including the losses in the
frequency converters, are more efficient than conventional wind energy
converter drive trains. Compared with other direct-driven generators, the
proposed generator type is small, mainly because of the forced-
commutated rectifier and because the generator is not required to produce
a pull-out torque higher than the rated torque.
所属专业方向:
电机
出版社:
Department of Electric Power Engineering
来源:
网络
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本帖最后由 amfk2006 于 2010-6-23 20:01 编辑
# n. C+ i c9 K% y' Y+ x7 F) W ! f; N0 `( U1 j' u& N
Table of Contents' D" K4 y" d6 N
Abstract 3
E& N" h3 {" U0 D* `' M Preface 3* Y) j% ~7 S5 [) R3 H# ~1 [. ?# Z+ i
Table of Contents 4
" b$ ^+ O' X( p' D+ ~* G- i/ q List of Symbols 6
( u1 T, o' Y. N# Z* j; R$ X 1 Introduction 11
6 F" x% _+ J& F8 O5 N 1.1 Why Use Direct-driven Wind-turbine Generators 119 _/ c2 v R4 l6 O, o# y1 m* D
1.2 Differences Compared with Conventional Generators 127 r" x' }0 y& s3 [. b- w
1.3 Proposed Generator Types 126 B, u$ Q/ Y4 t5 U2 U- e" ~5 G
1.3.1 Sector Induction Generator 12
- B8 K2 Q* p! k 1.3.2 Electrically Excited Synchronous Generator 13
$ t+ \& O0 ~* ?1 ~: }% v 1.3.3 Switched Reluctance Generator 14 P: n/ f# T; X& j# }
1.3.4 Permanent-magnet Radial-flux Synchronous Generator 143 {0 j4 m& a h
1.3.5 Axial-flux Generators 167 o7 ^0 N5 n0 h' j
1.3.6 Transversal-flux Variable-speed Generator 17
9 L8 Q5 U' N' V 1.4 Discussion of Earlier Research 19
# ?: p$ t, {. t1 E$ d. m8 e% e 1.5 Goal and Outline of the Thesis 197 L/ F t3 x, W. R$ J! e* K
2 Generator Specification and Cost Function 21
) a1 b8 h9 P( h: r' y$ _" j0 o 2.1 Specification 212 u* |% J7 s" l. f0 y* i
2.2 Generator Cost Function 23( d# ^" r, t5 E5 Q' s
2.2.1 Cost of Active Parts 241 A4 x, v- `: T
2.2.2 Cost of Structure 24- |' U9 k+ M7 r* T; \1 a
2.2.3 Cost of Average Losses 243 `6 x& L. @3 o: ]6 x" ~+ q
2.2.4 Total Cost Function 26- D% j! x4 u& B+ M! S7 K
3 Calculation Method for the Average Losses 27
8 {' F0 [. l O1 n. B8 y* o4 x; A% \ 3.1 Average Losses 27
; L# s/ _% T* W; x' L; A& N$ k+ _ 3.2 Average Efficiency and Average Power 29. e* l7 } F$ U3 V, ?' Q6 U6 S
3.3 Determining Average Loss Factors 302 K. d6 C; R* X2 {8 o% F2 G2 |* Q& V
4 Generator Types 37
' p3 T/ \9 F$ m& A ]. C( m8 d9 w 4.1 Electrical Excitation or Permanent Magnets 37& F4 r' M, y7 y5 { Z, `
4.2 Direct Grid Connection or Frequency Converter 39 _) P9 T7 {; Z1 s' u
4.3 Surface Magnets or Flux Concentration 40
& o: I* r& _* z/ N$ n 4.4 Slot Winding or Air Gap Winding 41
: ]2 e2 G% B8 e% @( N) Q9 f3 L 4.5 Radial-, Axial- and Transversal-flux Machines 423 ?; h4 ]. A) h* p
4.6 Forced-commutated Rectifier or Diode Rectifier 44
* T$ ?) ^4 w( r 4.6.1 Generator Model 459 d5 _+ b) q* M# d+ f3 r
4.6.2 Diode Rectifier 45
$ [ D6 \* X1 V& y9 F' ] 4.6.3 Forced-commutated Rectifier 46
( W, Q: P! r% v" K 4.6.4 Rectifier Comparison 48
3 x$ H0 Y) N* M6 a8 Y% B! B5 c 4.7 Chosen Generator Type 51
* |$ w0 p0 V+ U- c0 x' b* u* ` 4.7.1 Basic Generator Concept 51' W K; {- o( q$ F- V
4.7.2 Details of the Chosen Generator 51- G( ~4 G8 L" [7 l3 ~
4.7.3 Materials 52
. V# V+ G* L) g, `0 }# | 5 Design Method for a Permanent-magnet Generator 55
+ U- _: }. ]( B j$ m 5.1 Design Variables 55
/ m9 B# m* r+ b( s' l 5.2 Design Equations 58
% t. Y5 a2 T8 F 5.2.1 General Definitions 58
5 O# i/ J" x- D j5 T8 k1 g9 U+ R$ I 5.2.2 Magnetic Circuit 60
# O# o+ w% f5 q 5.2.3 Stator Inductance and Resistance 617 a8 i9 B6 n3 |0 e4 ]
5.2.4 Material Volume and Weight 63( @+ a% F! ?# i
5.2.5 Losses 64
1 K7 E8 Z' i1 z; E7 t+ W 5.2.6 Voltage, Power and Efficiency 67
% M* u" o* Z8 g/ Y 5.2.7 Thermal Model and Temperature Rise 68! V9 _$ @9 r; u, M
5.2.8 Irreversible Demagnetization 69
! g2 h% y* X+ b% I/ m/ C6 q 5.3 Calculation Procedure 712 B& E, v3 N. R. ^( A7 S; x# T
5.4 Test of the Design Method 72
6 m; ]4 y: K( i1 U4 y6 V& N 5.4.1 Comparison with Finite Element Calculations 72% ?$ D4 z& h, R
5.4.2 Test of Thermal Model 73
6 ^$ V& k/ ]1 ~2 M6 i* T 6 Generator Optimization 775 v- ^6 _: v. [
6.1 Optimum 500 kW Generators 77- `& ?" _( c8 e+ L3 E
6.1.1 Optimized Reference Generator 772 _6 F& M" q: v4 Z0 Z3 ^
6.1.2 Optimized Generators for 50 Hz and 200 % Peak Power 80
. {; A7 H$ {( ~- q9 ^ 6.1.3 Optimization Using the Losses at Rated Load 82
. a- e$ G% A* ~3 \* p 6.2 Sensitivity to Variable Changes 84+ ^ ]9 v: x% y8 B
6.3 Sensitivity to Cost Function Changes 86
. z5 q" _ z' o e, C 6.3.1 Cost of Losses 86# {; X9 s$ U3 K
6.3.2 Cost of Iron and Copper 87
- g7 G! L3 [! s" e H' w 6.3.3 Cost of Permanent Magnets 882 V) A4 J* r2 ^+ z$ u4 Z0 m
6.3.4 Cost of the Structure 89
0 }9 D6 C& L& h, D3 s2 ~ 6.4 Optimum Generator Diameter 90) }8 h" Q* u8 u R5 S$ {2 E9 k
6.5 Typical 500 kW Permanent-magnet Generator 92
* m" C: a* a7 u5 z8 l% k 7 Design and Comparison 95. D; z3 h3 z" X3 g+ {
7.1 Generators from 30 kW to 3 MW 95
) x# ^( ]! E. M3 S2 a) Z& F& j 7.1.1 Generator Data 95
2 M: S# l0 W" H 7.1.2 Optimum Variables and Parameter Values 97
9 W; G3 X" b/ Y3 l, C6 V 7.1.3 Power Limits For the Direct-driven Generators 100 W+ N! Y+ u( S" D
7.2 Comparisons 102
. a/ K6 @7 `1 G/ r0 X 7.2.1 Comparison with Conventional Generators and Gears 1026 i4 V. X; j m
7.2.2 Comparison with Other Direct-driven Generators 104
/ u$ S X, ~2 L1 R) d* e, B 8 Conclusions 1078 b- f# X. G- l9 K
8.1 Different Generator Types 107
# ]5 _' g1 ^) f3 n7 H$ R) a 8.2 Generator Design and Optimization 108
: ^3 ^7 z0 }/ D4 ?( C+ g9 Y% _ 8.3 Designed Generators and Comparison with Other Generators 108- K6 ~ O x5 C; O: d$ p7 _6 V! [
8.4 Further Work 109! m7 V4 u0 B- m' h
References 111/ n6 t, F* H$ S) L7 k) I+ m
Appendix A Magnetizing Inductance 115
" H* |8 g' @" H8 v" ^/ }. J8 K( k Appendix B Thermal Model of the Generator 119
- R3 ?# @. S+ E& a Appendix C Average Efficiencies 131
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