共享: * z; V9 S' D5 n5 WIntegrated operation of embedded generation and distribution networks - UK study' X5 c. [5 R- u0 e- z8 K
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目录 3 D Z; R/ Q. ~: l0 K% e & n/ g2 `! {3 f, U6 G, a$ SExecutive summary.......................................................................................................4# b# E8 T" b1 w Z1 q+ S; C
1. Control Strategies for Close Integration of Embedded Generation and Distribution Networks..................................................................................................9 , m! P5 W; K- v6 c" q1.1. Background..............................................................................................................9 2 C v' A$ [2 ~1 Y$ f6 L1.2. From Passive to Active Distribution Networks.....................................................11 3 H3 O, I2 u0 C' {5 Y2 T1.3. Active Management of Voltage Rise Effect in Rural Areas..................................160 f. z: m6 \ E; k6 i
1.4. Qualitative Analysis of Options for Control of Voltage Rise Effect.....................18- ~9 z, Q2 }; x- p
1.4.1 Worst Case Scenario (Minimum Load Maximum Generation) Approach...19 2 h( C8 B) v ?7 `) l+ x& J4 X1.4.2 Managing the voltage rise effect by generation curtailment.........................20' @# u. ^0 O8 O9 N, A
1.4.3 Managing the voltage rise effect by reactive compensation.........................21, \) p5 ?# n3 A& J" Q4 L
1.4.4 Managing the voltage rise effect using coordinated voltage control............21 6 D3 G, `- {1 ~3 q1.5. Application to a characteristic situation.................................................................22 . [2 _9 V! G4 l* v* U5 p2. Distribution Management System for Close Integration of Embedded Generation and Distribution Networks.....................................................................27 R: I/ n- J# Q# Z
2.1. Introduction............................................................................................................27 2 c- C% G, n% n2.2. Design of a Distribution Management System Controller.....................................28 2 \. r& o$ d G; v& _7 w! g2.2.1 Outline of Operation.....................................................................................28 0 Z/ t9 Z& ^6 { ~* n2.2.2 Network.........................................................................................................29 % Z' Q& D& c1 Z( w) Z2.2.3 Hardware Configurations..............................................................................318 a9 x/ b9 C7 b3 r! C4 L, h
2.2.4 Communications...........................................................................................35 8 t) s2 H4 H3 ?, ^9 W2.2.5 Software........................................................................................................36 7 S: k+ \* A" h, z* S( z4 n2.3. State Estimation.....................................................................................................381 b- }+ L9 o. `/ ^* _7 `- u
2.3.1 Background - Transmission State Estimation...............................................38 . {6 {( J, K8 H4 D. J2.3.2 Distribution State Estimation........................................................................39 ' r4 K( }7 p3 c8 |% X2.3.3 A Distribution State Estimator......................................................................407 \ |; p4 [2 N
2.4. Control Scheduling................................................................................................44! s! N9 F" ?6 o t& I+ d
2.4.1 Priority List...................................................................................................44$ Z" S9 ]9 R3 `5 d, s
2.4.2 Optimal Power Flow.....................................................................................46! d1 w& y4 s! g& p+ `
2.5. Implementation......................................................................................................49; ?( E* t7 q# j# s/ J7 g( j- c5 |
3. Quantifying the Benefits of Active Management of Distribution Networks..........53 , ]$ `: G6 q+ W% h/ A, n# _5 h3.1. Introduction............................................................................................................53* z. k. R9 C3 j) {4 S
3.2. Case Studies...........................................................................................................55 % \* o' C1 C8 M# v- e/ B3.2.1 Description of the System.............................................................................557 ^) y9 v6 h4 ] p
3.2.2 Base Case Scenarios.....................................................................................57& i9 R% J7 J% E4 H R% T% `+ L* q
3.2.3 Tool for Modelling the Operation of an Active Distribution System...........57, ~2 e2 w# M: O5 \" a5 E( h
3.2.4 Generation Curtailment.................................................................................59/ O+ V, O9 y3 f/ m0 ~
3.2.5 Reactive Compensation and Voltage Control...............................................64 % S, r! q+ y, j3.2.6 Area Based Voltage Control by OLTC.........................................................65 : ^0 i: v1 s0 F9 M3.2.7 Area Based Voltage Control by OLTC and Voltage Regulator...................673 C* i. a9 Z- f) c
3.2.8 Impact of Voltage Controls on Losses..........................................................69$ a( ^2 M; T8 {: C7 s; q. G$ V
4. Commercial Arrangements to Support Active Management.................................72 : u$ K; W& @4 \1 s4.1. Background............................................................................................................72' e0 x- R+ p! ^" Q: j
4.2. Voltage Rise Effect and Connection Costs............................................................73 ; _' ~: ~- h0 [3 u- W0 l4.3. Problems with Present Arrangements....................................................................749 P% o3 O2 ?+ K& @
4.4. Cost Benefit Analysis of Implementing Active Management of Distribution Networks............................................................................................77 ( A4 q8 c0 y6 ?4.5. Commercial Arrangements for Active Distribution Networks..............................81. u( J' M' j- h& ]
4.6. Unbundling of Distribution Network Services......................................................82' l& M3 y w$ Y+ l$ K* {2 Q
5. Conclusions..................................................................................................................887 Q7 K+ x9 x: ^- i" I% K4 ^
6. References....................................................................................................................92( \( D( t# G' Z( z. k
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[ 本帖最后由 Jinlong 于 2007-12-24 10:20 编辑 ]