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二. Matlab的I/O文件操作使用技巧和总结:- S; }- w* k- y8 v6 \9 m# E. H
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1. Matlab 支持的I/O文件(对应“取/存”操作)类型:(所有文件I/O程序不需要特殊的工具箱)" A, w/ E. g& {' C$ H
http://www.mathworks.com/support/tech-notes/1100/1102.html
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(注:从上表可以看到,matlab不支持doc格式的文档存取(因为doc文档包含很多格式控制符),请改用txt或者dat格式)
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9 Y4 ^5 M; `2 x N1 c8 \2. Matlab 的I/O文件指南:
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以下是部分对应的中文译文:
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本技术支持指南主要处理:ASCII, binary, and MAT files.+ q {; d/ z; p, ]) o q$ w6 f. ~
要得到MATLAB中可用来读写各种文件格式的完全函数列表,可以键入以下命令:
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MATLAB中有两种文件I/O程序:high level and low level." @7 j; h8 C% j, E0 S0 e
High level routines: 包括现成的函数,可以用来读写特殊格式的数据,并且只需要少量的编程。
6 \5 J( j2 }! \3 h! J" T4 o4 CLow level routines: 可以更加灵活的完成相对特殊的任务,需要较多的额外编程。/ u# c1 x" Y; x2 I* H; Y- O G
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6 i, L8 O0 T5 E" XHigh level routines 包括现成的函数,可以用来读写特殊格式的数据,并且只需要少量的编程。6 [) j! R) j9 D0 T7 C4 c! u# e
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举个例子,如果你有一个包含数值和字母的文本文件(text file)想导入MATLAB,你可以调用一些low level routines自己写一个函数,或者是简单的用TEXTREAD函数。; c0 U6 [. p5 n3 s8 T3 z
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使用high level routines的关键是:文件必须是相似的(homogeneous),换句话说,文件必须有一致的格式。下面的段落描述一些high level file I/O routines并给出一些例子帮助理解概念。
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7 W2 D/ _ N7 [0 Q( c8 l9 T0 YLOAD/SAVE
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; q3 q: X2 x7 {8 _9 `主要的high level file I/O routines 是LOAD 和 SAVE函数。LOAD
" `( W R- d5 E' P可以读MAT-file data或者用空格间隔的格式相似的ASCII data. SAVE可以将MATLAB变量写入MAT-file格式或者空格间隔的ASCII data。大多数情况下,语法相当简单。下面的例子用到数值由空格间隔的ASCII file sample_file.txt :
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6 c! I/ P" `' q' YExample:1 z5 w" s: f; y
用 LOAD and SAVE 读写数据) L, W1 z1 E4 @- p8 K3 N
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CODE:
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- e- g% h1 v# | u/ }: S) s% Load the file to the matrix, M :6 y/ ^6 ~- s- q+ t; N
M = load('sample_file.txt') 0 ^: k! R# ?, D( Z
# Q- D* W' w0 V1 K- g9 ]4 f4 n" e% Add 5 to M :
8 X- U% J7 v0 M! @( tM = M +5 7 o( X. I$ B L5 N
2 T+ J* |( D2 j4 S( r, C% Save M to a .mat file called 'sample_file_plus5.mat':9 W4 {; Z5 ?! {* y# ^
save sample_file_plus5 M5 M6 n% J: u$ l1 \1 q" W" M
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% Save M to an ASCII .txt file called 'sample_file_plus5.txt' :+ X( [$ I8 }: C. v
save sample_file_plus5.txt M -ascii
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! B2 W$ v5 @2 W3 ?UIGETFILE/UIPUTFILE% s" T y8 T% z( U
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UIGETFILE/UIPUTFILE是基于图形用户界面(GUI)的。会弹出对话框,列出当前目录的文件和目录,提示你选择一个文件。UIGETFILE让你选择一个文件来写(类似Windows ‘另存为’选项?)。用UIGETFILE,可以选择已存在的文件改写,也可以输入新的文件名。两个函数的返回值是所选文件名和路径。6 v, T5 E2 C9 [: P* P
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d: ~ t; D: DExample:
& R" X1 z. z1 C8 C用 UIGETFILE 从当前目录选择一个 M-file
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CODE:! H3 |/ p; f+ \& M; n
3 c9 Y/ S4 W5 {/ c$ L% This command lists all the M-files in the current directory and5 r# c* J+ A2 Z* S! ^4 k3 A4 `. k
% returns the name and path of the selected file3 D3 q2 y3 d; l% h4 X! y
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# R! o, y& K1 {2 s3 O# `/ m[fname,pname] = uigetfile('*.m','Sample Dialog Box')
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注意: UIGETFILE 一次只能选择一个文件。, X4 d/ p1 C" b0 d4 g
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UIIMPORT/IMPORTDATA8 ?- j/ H% Q/ X
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8 g: o$ U; n R8 Y% |UIIMPORT是一个功能强大,易于使用的基于GUI的high level routine,用于读complex data files。文件也必须是homogeneous。" ?- I0 C/ B7 M& R
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IMPORTDATA形成UIIMPORT的功能,不打开GUI。可以将IMPORTDATA用于函数或者脚本中,因为在函数或者脚本中基于GUI的文件导入机制并不理想。下面的例子用到包含几行文件头和文本、数值数据的文件'sample_file2.txt' :
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This is a file header.6 b1 d, G' Q+ ~1 w5 |4 ?
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, }& A5 J; Q$ P+ \7 l3 zThis is file is an example.
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; I+ l& v$ d4 m- g, A1 RExample: Using IMPORTDATA to read in a file with headers, text, and numeric data
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: i" l' z& b9 \ C! ^2 w2 b+ l) ?CODE:
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8 z. p; Z) {& ^5 L# ?% This reads in the file 'sample_file2.txt' and creates a
2 N2 t6 n8 L4 v% f9 w- ~ G4 R% structure D that contains both data and text data.
1 o4 Q$ Z' `. P) f9 ?: h8 d# ?% Note the IMPORTDATA command specifies a white space % R. ~# Z- z- e1 W2 j. S
% as the delimiter of the file, but IMPORTDATA can usually
w z6 n- o+ L6 `- v% detect this on its own 6 d& A' f. m, Y% I- ]1 ~
; a1 y# k% r! U: f* m- JD = importdata('sample_file2.txt','') % 原文有误?; E- [8 H& y, y
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D = importdata('sample_file2.txt')
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text = D.textdata $ o8 T4 u1 g/ Z& \9 S1 m' L
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可以用UIIMPORT读同一个文件并得到同样的结构.
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0 P" a! A8 Q0 n0 ?# v& x注意: 对于 ASCII data, 你必须检验导入向导正确的识别了列分隔符。. a1 G& h- ^* P4 p+ P0 B: e
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TEXTREAD/STRREAD
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TEXTREAD 是一个强大的动态high level routine,设计用来读ASCII格式的文本和/或数值数据文件。STRREAD除是从字符串而不是文件读以外,类似于TEXTREAD。1 f4 g" F, G( ^5 p& I f9 ?& I3 ?
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两个函数可以用许多参数来改变其具体的工作方式,他们返回读入指定输出的数据。他们有效的提供给你一个4 Z2 [ u$ W$ O
“两全其美”的方法,因为他们可以用一个命令读入混合的ASCII和数值数据(high level routines的做法),并且你可以改变他们以匹配你特定的应用(如同low level routines做到的)。例子:3 J9 q+ D( d1 E3 L O3 v% y
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CODE:6 n `% i# E" o4 R) R
( R6 R3 j$ h% M8 [- D/ b0 K8 BExample 1: Using TEXTREAD to read in an entire file into a cell array2 g& e' B5 \4 w% I! X0 o
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% This command reads in the file fft.m into the cell array, file
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file = textread('fft.m','%s','delimiter','\n','whitespace','');
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' k, U- O* I Q' q% ]- {& T8 ?0 pExample 2: Using STRREAD to read the words in a line* u. }* ^) w' y$ X! G; d
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% This command uses the cell array created in Example 1 to $ `' O& T9 D1 {: {! D! E
% read in each word of line 28 in 'file' to a cell array, words9 ], P+ @. @* c' D& H7 t1 ^
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words = strread(file{28},'%s','delimiter','') 7 t/ M7 ~. {( `' l' K( z
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: g) B% g3 ]: D( w6 uExample 3: Using TEXTREAD to read in text and numeric data from a file with headers
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6 x4 z& l, |. {( P5 Y% This command skips the 2 header lines at the top of the file
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[c1 c2 c3 c4] = textread('sample_file2.txt','%s %s %s %s','headerlines',2) * `7 Q( F4 _- @, Q0 F! ?3 U
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Example 4: Using TEXTREAD to read in specific rows of text and numeric data from a file o* A9 L! `: H q: h
o- \" b* a$ d$ o8 H. U3 ^ i/ ^2 G9 A% This command reads in rows B and C of the file. The 'headerlines'
5 V) L1 y" F/ O( j% property is used to move down to the desired starting row and the
3 T1 s0 ]$ L, W8 m6 _( \% read operation is performed 2 times ' f9 H' N/ d" I' @: j: K
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[c1 c2 c3 c4] = textread('sample_file2.txt',... + a7 D$ ^& z8 Q! ~6 ~1 q8 [1 Z' }
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- x! s& l6 B2 |8 y3 m7 L- U! K2 k+ {Example 5: Using TEXTREAD to read in only the numeric data from a file containing text and numbers& ]/ y* j* c& b# e ^9 o# I
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% This command reads in only the numeric data in the file. The3 F, @7 w t/ m. N9 a& F7 M
% 'headerlines' property is used to move down to the first row 2 N5 C3 I( F( K. `8 R
% of interest and the first column of text is ignored with the $ J# T" t+ u7 c! V" E6 A
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0 {4 k5 U" l2 z, F i6 |[c2 c3 c4] = textread('sample_file2.txt','%*s %d %d %f','headerlines',3) % h* k# X+ n. e0 b( h P; ]/ J7 ]
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9 ]: V7 `' B% W6 Q- Q3 N& M/ n% ODLMREAD/DLMWRITE/CSVREAD! a, {3 a+ {2 o8 ?7 S
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DLMREAD 和 DLMWRITE函数能够读写分隔的ASCII data,而不是用low level routines。他们比low level routines容易使用,Low level routines用几行代码实现的功能可以用DLMREAD/DLMWRITE简化成一行。) D. h9 p4 h; q; E1 I
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CSVREAD用来读分隔符是逗号的文件,是DLMREAD的特殊情况。当读空格和Tab分隔的电子数据表文件时,DLMREAD特别有用。以'sample_file.txt'为例:2 Z/ }" S9 A1 v0 C
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Example 1: Using DLMREAD to read in a file with headers, text, and numeric data
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& y2 |( ?6 v: c5 N N. {! U( E5 a% u/ r% This reads in the file 'sample_file2.txt' and creates a matrix, D,
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% delimiter of the file
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3 A/ y5 a8 U; o b" qD = dlmread('sample_file.txt','')
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CODE:; }1 ]0 S/ P" {
* i. X+ ]/ V/ H& U: P/ }& hExample 2: Using DLMREAD to extract the first 3 columns of the last 3 rows% R7 ^1 [3 O4 ~
3 q6 x5 Q! _% |8 x% This reads in the first 3 columns of the last 3 rows of1 [+ ~* w8 b; G9 z! x4 k
% the data file 'sample_file.txt'into the matrix, D_partial.& y/ {) s3 x3 i8 i3 i, v4 j
% 读文件 'sample_file.txt' 前3列后3行,到矩阵D_partial.
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' l; w& e, w" ^- n0 b4 q4 \" d5 Q% AD_partial = dlmread('sample_file.txt','',[2 0 4 2]) 2 M+ S. A+ q! Y+ _/ D; _2 ]$ X
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Example 3: Using DLMWRITE to write a comma delimited file/ A& D4 \ N+ J7 V
! O3 c/ { L( }& w) T$ g% This creates a file called 'partialD.txt' that consists of ; H ~3 h s$ m/ n9 m7 |+ F7 D
% the first 3 columns of the last 3 rows of data where each
$ c) j( s; D- s6 q3 S" \7 m% element is separated by a comma
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0 O p6 Z) K$ j o( `dlmwrite('partialD.txt',D_partial,',')
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注意: 保证DLMREAD and DLMWRITE指定范围的指标从0开始,而不是从1开始。. ~( h, S5 _2 z2 _
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WK1READ 用来读Lotus123 电子数据表文件的数据;WK1WRITE用来写矩阵到Lotus123 电子数据表文件。& K& }% @! h' S: |, k+ \* b
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XLSREAD8 X6 }% v. t9 `- s3 U& P' m
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p9 l- A1 V: `! Z. X! qXLSREAD用来读Excel的数值和文本数据。
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