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Preface xiChapter 1. Introduction 1
6 L7 Y* @8 M; yBackground 1
8 L9 S7 n# \8 z% vIdeal Voltage Waveform 2: V6 l3 V3 C$ ^; w+ b! b. H, ~
Nonlinear Load: The Rectifier 3; r7 N% O* a6 I% c8 p6 S
The Definition of Power Quality 6) }8 g& [8 A$ P
Examples of poor power quality 7& N8 }7 w+ Y! G' [# x
The need for corrections 9
; {0 X: p5 a/ A1 gThe Scope of This Text 99 V/ d; G; {; ^ \4 H
Comment on References 11+ L5 x8 i7 v, n) H6 X* b# {3 C
References 12/ f# A8 P4 |' ~+ V4 p+ `: T
Chapter 2. Power-Quality Standards 15 X! E: l! q% L" m [. G4 J
IEEE Standards 519 and 1159 15 t7 F% S) n/ \" ?1 \$ g6 R
ANSI Standard C84 170 { U% I% h; B, ` r& |. e7 E+ Q
CBEMA and ITIC Curves 18
5 \, l: z9 R8 k6 \High-Frequency EMI Standards 208 ?9 T" [4 ]) i' I
Summary 23% {, c+ ~% s* E: Z$ T9 h8 A y
References 24
/ q8 l3 _4 y8 p( cChapter 3. Voltage Distortion 25; G: e7 b, l8 ]& y/ p
Voltage Sag 25& ?/ p$ h9 {3 h
Voltage “Swell” 307 r! z3 b) ?2 p' D
Impulsive “Transient” 30
. e8 w. F- _# U8 M! ?+ R6 tOscillatory “Transient” 33
: U+ W# X" N+ @Interruption 351 Z) G0 u$ }8 [! g7 {
Notching 357 m' ?" h0 ^) q1 ~
Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker 370 q7 J3 V O0 ?6 q
Voltage Imbalance 40
1 J3 K" x. F2 N: S4 V! ]2 q# X) YSummary 41
1 `" A! c- M8 R8 \3 D* vReferences 42, R4 N/ F3 q" d! ? |
' M1 n Z( t! V- N. R" P9 W9 Z8 }Chapter 4. Harmonics and Interharmonics 439 r* [" J% @ `# M3 C$ G
Background 43$ ]( W$ Q5 D$ _1 _2 K
Periodic Waveforms and Harmonics 43
" z3 r3 p0 W/ |5 D ^Root-mean square 473 ~; p G$ C& \* z
DC current 49
- \ b8 B) ]) @Pure sine wave 49
! o5 v' D; {3 ySquare wave 496 V0 E o8 E/ ~6 Q V5 Z; t
DC waveform + ripple 50/ |0 ~7 a9 N% m' }! C8 W
Triangular ripple 50
2 k. l3 _% S+ d7 r" F$ h/ nPulsating waveform 51
, k1 h6 R' ?' zPulsating waveform with ripple 52) h2 {6 ^, D) i' W- n8 Q# E% K" H
Triangular waveform 525 Z/ B% g" l4 U3 L
Piecewise Calculation 521 o" }; X. u( e; C7 D
Total Harmonic Distortion 53
5 K3 [- C0 k# `% X* V: d# b/ QCrest Factor 535 P/ L+ K; w( R4 F3 n1 G; l
Summary 61+ L# K+ L% [; E( U& C8 e4 t9 \
References 61
$ h9 i+ g: K# c6 B# R1 DChapter 5. Harmonic Current Sources 63
/ |# ^* V& ^# U- bBackground 63
. [7 r8 w/ S8 K8 {4 c6 oSingle-Phase Rectifiers 64" l p1 N4 F' @# v" U5 \: u
Three-Phase Rectifiers 690 ]* I |- ~+ g# y: _; m! P
The six-pulse rectifier 69
/ ? x; ~7 ?/ I/ dThe twelve-pulse rectifier 70. x( ~% C4 r/ I2 h# H: v5 f2 b
High-Frequency Fluorescent Ballasts 714 J# F1 M7 p4 [8 H4 \
Transformers 728 N/ ]* S% X, L/ o1 R3 d/ W5 h
Other Systems that Draw Harmonic Currents 73, M4 a. w9 y& D
Summary 74% M/ O% [ r7 }9 {' u) g1 G# f
References 74
9 I- f+ L* w, f" p% T7 Q0 jChapter 6. Power Harmonic Filters 757 Y' U# B/ E/ _+ i& e& r( k; s
Introduction 75 X" q- n& Z1 \; X- p+ F0 b" X
A Typical Power System 76/ F% F3 x p t1 V( G+ O+ l
IEEE Std. 519-1992 78% r4 }: e& S! E) ~- @
Line reactor 79. M5 H0 x% G/ a0 r, ]. s9 ~5 Z5 B6 g
Shunt passive filter 81
8 l- V! c) ^! f; _Multisection filters 87
l/ Y) O2 @: o: ^1 G5 H) U* R. ^Practical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters 957 Q. T2 j" m! Q% Q
Active harmonic filters 95/ \ x0 i# j( O' X8 `# I
Hybrid harmonic filters 97. o+ L* C' w5 T6 R2 ]" U
Summary 971 S5 {; m' e3 p7 j! ?8 z
References 98$ }! z+ f& `+ r' W0 K4 x' k
Chapter 7. Switch Mode Power Supplies 99
6 p, z% l; t" [# [$ w7 _7 TBackground 99" |+ M0 |2 m9 d
Offline Power Supplies 100
& Y- V6 _" k6 H$ v" W% k+ X7 X: DDC/DC Converter high-frequency switching waveforms: _ ~/ e! |. w2 T* v
and interharmonic generation 104
! W5 P; k: W; [- x9 WTesting for conducted EMI 1065 g4 O# I* R# ]0 L. f
Corrective measures for improving conducted EMI 107
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Summary 107# R$ h+ R" K9 L, c: f
References 1082 o8 [* N0 N w' B c- m) r" c8 H. g
Chapter 8. Methods for Correction of Power-Quality
! |' N5 E1 P/ |( v" O ~Problems 109+ R$ H' t+ x) E# m2 s
Introduction 1097 o0 v& i. ]3 N; b/ f" C
Correction Methods 110
4 {0 u2 d1 K9 w. JVoltage disturbances versus correction methods 111
! o) m! [4 Q7 z" C7 q: RReliability 113
9 c4 R& u* H, lDesign of load equipment 115: O$ \' F) E$ z: Y. o* E
The design of electric-power supply systems 117
3 [ i/ J$ x2 N8 B! `$ e# O2 |Power harmonic filters 119
$ ~9 r4 f' I; ]( j, L! nUtilization-dynamic voltage compensators 119
4 g7 T( A$ R X) T5 D. }) T: `+ p6 XUninterruptible power supplies 119
. k' d3 o6 d2 l" D( @8 g( \Transformers 120
1 R/ G7 _7 I- N8 yStandby power systems 122
3 y, c9 p9 z. I/ n/ k0 @1 ySummary 126
2 u8 t' J7 V2 IReferences 126
- x! i# s/ m. u, M5 Z/ L% s9 P; VChapter 9. Uninterruptible Power Supplies 129
: r- {. q9 u1 cIntroduction 129
' ^# V h1 d0 S* e* EHistory 131
* z g# o; q. c( HTypes of UPS Equipment 133
( q# X) `! \7 U A! T3 lCommercial equipment 134
3 b7 K) ?$ Z3 f+ D' I2 Y8 REnergy storage 137
. G, a; X# S; I. K4 xBatteries 138
9 v5 ]9 K, ]5 v2 k: S8 rFlywheels 139
5 F9 M4 g3 {# p3 Q) |) ZFuel cells 141, F- N2 N$ t4 {; M5 M
Ultracapacitors 144
5 o+ D6 |" u" w- V( J6 zSummary 145
& k" P3 A& F) H+ v! x* e7 T7 JReferences 1459 `+ C1 T8 T8 u1 J( Y. ?, G
Chapter 10. Dynamic Voltage Compensators 147
' ]. o" B) S$ Y* C+ d9 }+ nIntroduction 147
6 v' \. n2 h$ lPrinciple of Operation 148
' Z5 r( O2 `9 J1 d/ E& DOperation on ITIC curve 151
* x0 a% r2 y) fDetection of disturbance and control 152
# H$ F1 b; i8 {$ \4 M. a& TCommercial equipment 1538 d6 `. c x: Z( L
Summary 1547 U. [2 ~0 l3 Z+ ~: i# o
References 154: _% H% \/ R) M8 ]$ b; \
Chapter 11. Power Quality Events 155
2 Y: t+ E6 v6 K0 K/ IIntroduction 155 g4 r# ?0 E' |5 f
Method 1 155
0 ]2 |, ?: ^ s2 ?Method 2 156
: }' s" A+ G. [, H) MPersonal Computers 156
5 x! A/ @) V# z% vPower-quality characteristics 157
! L& J, S0 T9 A. T0 kModes of malfunction 160! h& B' d* H C" M& O4 ~
Sensitivity to voltage sags and interruptions 160
7 H; p# c+ R' I% y/ TCorrection measures 162
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Correction measures 164
4 K% f9 [, U% K) y+ |; DAC Contactors and relays 165
) ]$ H5 b! {1 ?& ^* a; l& COperation 165
0 e6 |8 H4 w6 {% B5 MThe Impact of Voltage Disturbance 168
6 H. {0 V2 l4 B" y; gCorrection methods 169
% N! K- r" f# r4 ~- U `Summary 170/ h. M$ e) d/ z: i* i% e4 U+ R
References 170
( t8 u' ^: q; k8 I" L4 pChapter 12. Electric Motor Drive Equipment 173 o. Q: q5 b$ Q* t P) ]
Electric Motors 1734 F. {0 x: _: u; e# ]; w& }. a7 ]
Induction Motors 173
6 ^: T v% \& r) zOperation 174
/ z2 r* v1 e% O8 Y( XHazards 174
; Z- W$ \: B8 j A6 b' Z# O0 `Phenomena 175
& v- ^# [- h. m- Z1 J, XProtection 176
; ]+ y$ ^1 k8 u9 Y5 EAdjustable Speed Drives 177$ B7 `2 X P6 G9 v9 p v& u
Application 178
+ T3 I! ` Z# Y8 jVoltage disturbances 180
% }2 ^$ s; C. s$ C4 c6 y2 m* @Voltage unbalance 181; T/ K4 d( h. p; D, m
Protective measures 183
* Y8 ]: s- C+ }" `$ P% C5 s$ uSummary 1881 m. O+ F! `/ S! m, [# f
References 188" E! H4 `( V1 c; T: P
Chapter 13. Standby Power Systems 189
# {( {( C" E& gPrinciples: Standby Power System Design 1895 S; z% H% n: A; b ^
Components to Assemble Standby
0 T% f7 _) P3 k6 u+ I- ]Power Systems 1909 [+ j7 |7 L$ e) @; I! E% J. G# L
Sample Standby Power Systems 191
" r1 e- a1 O" A, l' BEngine-Generator Sets 194# l. {7 o2 {3 f5 [# u
Standards 195
& A" ?% U0 V6 h4 F+ g& ^1 _6 [4 QComponent parts of an E/G set installation 196% C0 a( G6 w" a
Transfer switches 198
* Q8 w1 q4 y! m" \6 G6 VSummary 200. G, I4 f1 R$ p- s+ P1 b; j
References 200: K- F- s% T( Y; Z- x r. x% a
Chapter 14. Power Quality Measurements 2014 n! l( f9 u) y. D# x* u1 T
Multimeters 201+ f: O+ _; W% L9 z9 E! W' t
Oscilloscopes 2028 G# x4 e9 C3 ^) s
Current Probes 203
+ }2 `* d; b2 mSearch Coils 204
& L7 J, ~* k7 |Power-Quality Meters and Analyzers 2054 f+ W/ U& @" b& [ _" Z
Current Transformer Analysis in Detail 205
3 X$ ]. |: z1 r: W" YSummary 213
( \6 w7 R3 |5 x. J% YReferences 213 Z1 l# v* Q8 r3 n6 [0 X' i7 a
Index 215 |
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