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' J% _, C; o2 ~, x3 a; F Preface xiChapter 1. Introduction 1
, I3 l0 B2 Y+ w/ [Background 1- }8 O0 ]; `, N" N, P q" i
Ideal Voltage Waveform 24 T5 S9 m' ]5 C& B9 _" s4 g
Nonlinear Load: The Rectifier 3 c9 I2 A& x4 S/ B0 H
The Definition of Power Quality 6
# f: t2 C0 ^$ Q6 RExamples of poor power quality 7) T3 e4 c: s+ @
The need for corrections 9
# [ W' w6 [8 M. {# AThe Scope of This Text 9
. V1 {6 `: G& y/ ?( B: RComment on References 11
0 }( c( A2 Y7 x- a" y2 s6 @+ M2 XReferences 121 n7 _, [' E( m9 x' x$ L* |
Chapter 2. Power-Quality Standards 15
* X( p5 r: H/ J3 a' T( g% m( ]6 x4 IIEEE Standards 519 and 1159 15
. D' }6 W4 b7 R; @' g, l e5 BANSI Standard C84 17
4 x f$ y4 {% Z9 q0 z' zCBEMA and ITIC Curves 18
n% A5 \$ }! _ L9 e( i( t" JHigh-Frequency EMI Standards 20
# @) f7 R A$ E3 e9 w- JSummary 239 D4 w$ x. Z+ v5 X3 R
References 24
& o' j( H* g+ `, ~7 ZChapter 3. Voltage Distortion 25
9 v; R5 q6 N! W' z, w4 v& q0 F& kVoltage Sag 257 v% R. [+ I9 A! Y% _+ o
Voltage “Swell” 30
' N: k" q+ R, Y% n1 b# z @( A1 TImpulsive “Transient” 30+ C8 ]5 l! [+ j% H, G) |
Oscillatory “Transient” 33' q" Q! x# @7 c% X4 g
Interruption 355 z4 ?& o- Z0 z& E
Notching 35: n' t5 U) e3 c; u! W# w" S% N( r4 y
Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker 376 l j2 U: r$ U1 b7 m
Voltage Imbalance 40
$ @: O( _6 u- F% M0 @Summary 41
/ P+ P) p O7 A' P+ ] zReferences 42
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6 [/ R" W) s' A" _7 YChapter 4. Harmonics and Interharmonics 43
7 j$ _. L1 ]7 \0 \. Z7 {: F' KBackground 43
c6 o/ ?9 q* m8 a2 SPeriodic Waveforms and Harmonics 43. Q. z/ b9 V6 x; }3 F4 V, ^
Root-mean square 47
4 x& n1 p! A8 ~/ Q! D0 o3 ~4 k6 [/ xDC current 49
* t0 R u, r5 o2 G7 dPure sine wave 49
3 J r, l& m) t, U6 k* a( hSquare wave 49
6 b0 Z4 c8 v b) C+ ?7 \DC waveform + ripple 508 r* _- {6 @# B4 _
Triangular ripple 503 g. w) ~3 o0 U6 Y" o
Pulsating waveform 51
; w6 Y" U6 M" `) ^: O! `Pulsating waveform with ripple 52
5 a7 Q4 a. s1 M4 x; Z8 m2 O- Z& cTriangular waveform 52% E. K4 N( `/ ?6 F% E0 o1 l1 h
Piecewise Calculation 523 U4 p& j* v6 r
Total Harmonic Distortion 53 ^) t% m) s/ F4 O" I7 j
Crest Factor 532 t$ ~0 {' A4 F. Q4 }1 A, W) O
Summary 613 `( |8 w1 n$ G7 m( K/ v: L+ r" `
References 61
' r7 m& ^* o% T( W- r ^, PChapter 5. Harmonic Current Sources 63
1 H8 I% r( n: T# m' h- TBackground 63
* S! O6 ~# ~8 LSingle-Phase Rectifiers 644 F4 p) A+ u, @
Three-Phase Rectifiers 69
% J7 X- J8 l! \5 o; P$ {The six-pulse rectifier 699 Q5 K. V7 r* U h( w
The twelve-pulse rectifier 70
& i% V' I1 U i- k. r6 wHigh-Frequency Fluorescent Ballasts 71
: `1 [ a% b" w" w8 xTransformers 72
' s8 ]4 h4 x* l% lOther Systems that Draw Harmonic Currents 73
6 Y$ ~4 y# F, ISummary 74' E: x: O5 b/ A0 _! N3 e9 R
References 745 v( P: q) I. f6 [
Chapter 6. Power Harmonic Filters 75# |/ L6 s* m6 g
Introduction 75
6 P/ ]4 D3 W {! q2 j- AA Typical Power System 76
# |$ a$ r6 G- P3 `5 T/ M1 C: ^IEEE Std. 519-1992 78
- ~$ J" Z7 H. P% u1 a: tLine reactor 79- V# i/ K4 y6 U R
Shunt passive filter 81 J# C) s! p$ m& Q- C1 q2 p5 z, Q
Multisection filters 87' |+ Q* r4 J* w% W
Practical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters 95' \) n0 e* f. H) a2 x
Active harmonic filters 95
" }6 ]5 y P- ?9 Z; l M: RHybrid harmonic filters 97! P/ O# n- t2 }4 B( L' Y
Summary 97 z5 i2 @( P- z' A' x4 j; i
References 98
! T; F% j9 w3 {* j2 M+ }Chapter 7. Switch Mode Power Supplies 997 F1 |, I2 L) s! K
Background 99
( L; f7 F$ f% h, xOffline Power Supplies 100& r9 f+ F" E/ [
DC/DC Converter high-frequency switching waveforms7 K# ^. a, B! O6 U
and interharmonic generation 104' ]/ c# H" k/ ~ f, A# w9 ^
Testing for conducted EMI 106
a2 ]! ~$ J2 y" z/ B* S' U1 z( _Corrective measures for improving conducted EMI 107% [6 {8 S5 O- |: T5 R1 k( j% P
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Summary 1072 U. I3 m3 h( J
References 108
7 j" O0 D( P$ AChapter 8. Methods for Correction of Power-Quality6 u; o7 E6 y8 ~
Problems 1095 [0 m% W" d7 y0 l- G( w
Introduction 109* K% r8 d+ }2 P) [) U6 B
Correction Methods 1101 k B$ N- c# F1 x
Voltage disturbances versus correction methods 111
& X$ {3 A+ b+ VReliability 113; |: C8 M8 G4 z8 p' V7 A+ U
Design of load equipment 115
, {1 h9 v! q6 ?( h. W0 ZThe design of electric-power supply systems 1175 V5 }# \! p& a9 m: m
Power harmonic filters 119: t) a/ x' b7 w4 ^) ]" |. B6 [, k/ j! N
Utilization-dynamic voltage compensators 119
1 D' |1 d9 T. n6 GUninterruptible power supplies 119
+ B o/ A- R7 ?Transformers 1201 X+ U w: `" A E, G
Standby power systems 122: \- ?- p/ {0 e/ h# ^7 L
Summary 126- t- K; P" l) P v# T) I4 @/ b
References 126$ h9 m2 \, j* X8 l8 ]: E
Chapter 9. Uninterruptible Power Supplies 1295 K. q; ^! X* i* T, m- I6 A
Introduction 129+ y* S9 ]6 m2 V* Q
History 1310 Q) v& x, c/ S- r( |
Types of UPS Equipment 133
# e" z e' T5 O( ?Commercial equipment 134" @! _* B! {/ y1 d; n
Energy storage 137' L; u! K4 x# U+ ]/ y, D
Batteries 138 `1 |) C( E# R/ X8 j' Q4 x
Flywheels 139
1 @8 X6 R: X2 _9 C) PFuel cells 141/ S, _ ~8 V% Z6 d
Ultracapacitors 144
3 f! y5 w! q- v8 e$ k! J, ^Summary 145) \5 _3 v! g0 Z# [+ Z. v# A
References 1453 n/ @" y" _: @' `
Chapter 10. Dynamic Voltage Compensators 147+ b6 n+ x* B! `: O T* @
Introduction 1478 W, h5 \9 L# R
Principle of Operation 148* d: P3 j( Y4 A$ r$ z; S# {" ^
Operation on ITIC curve 151
/ `$ h& I" i) w* l2 M8 v8 VDetection of disturbance and control 152
* ]/ ^2 H' q! nCommercial equipment 153- \7 v2 B8 R# H
Summary 154' j1 w' ?$ m) _, H3 }
References 154
: `! I. R* B4 K/ G' yChapter 11. Power Quality Events 155/ [% q* o9 x. W! U
Introduction 155' K# v* D7 ?: B( g3 U6 F+ S9 t9 B
Method 1 155
! j. ], V6 B1 E' M' C$ xMethod 2 156* |. ~! X: a- G8 z: |- Q0 ~
Personal Computers 156( W, S( J1 d+ G" u& {2 I s
Power-quality characteristics 1579 v1 i) R6 z- Q! T; ~8 R
Modes of malfunction 160
9 q- [# c& P* Q) H! g9 VSensitivity to voltage sags and interruptions 160
0 l2 g2 w4 L, D4 d' A6 c: JCorrection measures 162
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* b; C5 |3 U6 _3 B5 wCorrection measures 1644 s+ R, D# C) V! L. Z
AC Contactors and relays 1657 z( A# ^; @8 W- C7 K3 y: ~
Operation 165
+ j4 v1 a0 G2 E# ^7 ~The Impact of Voltage Disturbance 168
# P3 L1 E* B$ t! qCorrection methods 1697 M# t: z3 J% M! ~) {; f
Summary 170
- y5 x6 q7 e' d% L I! m' o3 V! JReferences 1701 z( @) \) g0 G1 y$ x7 `$ D/ N
Chapter 12. Electric Motor Drive Equipment 173
2 \9 A3 Q; ^/ W; y* DElectric Motors 173
- [$ d i# J; PInduction Motors 173 ?5 o; Y6 l2 Z
Operation 174
0 y8 c+ b I }4 HHazards 174' n$ O; g ~: u7 V+ G( H; N
Phenomena 175
8 P- p; \! ?8 l0 B- J) zProtection 176
8 W" a3 M$ a e3 ]- OAdjustable Speed Drives 177
0 @2 D% h+ e; m, mApplication 178: ^4 F* @* F) H! q
Voltage disturbances 180
) a9 }6 M* @# s9 t. M) u7 W0 x% RVoltage unbalance 1815 G3 p! J9 ]; k# n0 Q
Protective measures 183
9 \ O( w5 ]: r+ r% PSummary 188
* a# ? Q# X$ h8 V1 NReferences 188
1 v" M0 x5 c* R6 t" q2 b; iChapter 13. Standby Power Systems 189
) q' b3 l# d2 ]" @6 bPrinciples: Standby Power System Design 189- v0 _4 A9 j; H3 y" \4 a: H* {
Components to Assemble Standby6 N6 b' F% K* Z s; R1 C
Power Systems 190, g! K; v) {- o/ _ q& M+ Y- d
Sample Standby Power Systems 191
6 O( V7 [0 b7 x, r5 X, ?Engine-Generator Sets 194
& O: F/ E& z- t4 Q9 h d, s% c( I. GStandards 195
3 _, F. }% B: x3 Q5 _7 a* p0 MComponent parts of an E/G set installation 196
! v( @ U* o8 t( DTransfer switches 198+ t9 G- Z: a+ _/ S- G
Summary 200# Z+ A& v; o7 H9 ~
References 200
9 ]6 x0 w/ U! U7 i) SChapter 14. Power Quality Measurements 201
* e7 O4 J; J; k% Y( wMultimeters 201
0 e6 } ]( k( o' {: L2 COscilloscopes 202
5 \: z$ E( v8 f: F* \5 @/ n, v! DCurrent Probes 203
( P8 C9 W# s8 n; r" I; Q! u$ wSearch Coils 204
# e) ]: _: v. w, OPower-Quality Meters and Analyzers 205
+ c( \( A- [: }* }+ [& S, gCurrent Transformer Analysis in Detail 2050 H' v. \( C& y3 P# b
Summary 213% P: y2 a: Q2 J6 X u
References 213
; p; X, e, ~9 v8 EIndex 215 |
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