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Preface xiChapter 1. Introduction 1
l% c5 T# k: @2 K& W* W" XBackground 1
* U# _& N# u" m* W1 k- y! ]# S4 [' C# AIdeal Voltage Waveform 29 l" ]& r7 _ B: Y1 b! K# J4 ~
Nonlinear Load: The Rectifier 3
5 | j7 C. v6 \: V CThe Definition of Power Quality 6/ P0 m5 F/ s/ O: Q
Examples of poor power quality 7
2 `3 N. |' b4 g$ a: _9 }/ W- t! nThe need for corrections 99 O7 ^5 V6 A8 f
The Scope of This Text 97 u5 k, d' h" n; W$ }
Comment on References 11
- R$ h( N* _; G, p& g8 m( T- \References 12
! }* v: k* c( [Chapter 2. Power-Quality Standards 15
( Z( V3 y, R8 u/ z; D+ e8 xIEEE Standards 519 and 1159 151 _: H9 c0 J) A, l' z+ T/ p! y
ANSI Standard C84 17
6 N, @5 D0 q$ C; e5 SCBEMA and ITIC Curves 18% x: a! y. D+ H" j0 E
High-Frequency EMI Standards 20
+ F5 C* d+ b3 u: o6 e* q& vSummary 23
+ n3 Z$ W+ x0 {: L( X/ C: b9 m6 OReferences 24
* l; X3 ?8 a, K8 }. K( m8 z" ]Chapter 3. Voltage Distortion 25
2 k W9 j" X2 \; O7 MVoltage Sag 25
4 t1 s$ G, I% f/ u' S9 ~Voltage “Swell” 30
5 S2 i4 a( `1 g3 L/ Q& v* eImpulsive “Transient” 30
' N" N' G/ `& C- \Oscillatory “Transient” 33% C0 c9 }- b: R/ u5 w
Interruption 355 } Z( o1 ?" B' {+ \% `2 d
Notching 35" v& l! q& d1 y
Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker 37
" p. |3 v) H6 J0 e6 m( K* A* @' KVoltage Imbalance 402 Z2 N5 ~3 ~3 H/ Z( |+ d8 l
Summary 41/ H: w( s1 ^8 o* e
References 42( Q: P; C9 ]0 t' J3 o
: \% Z2 k! i% Q7 f9 \3 Z0 mChapter 4. Harmonics and Interharmonics 43& u: ]7 z3 O) ^$ k4 y6 Y1 x
Background 43
7 u6 p+ k* P: E3 C' YPeriodic Waveforms and Harmonics 43
! d K+ Y' q8 F1 _; r" x5 I' dRoot-mean square 47/ M$ f6 a1 r9 W, r! y0 t% f& U: `
DC current 49 d* l8 N f7 C( |! Z) R0 K1 @
Pure sine wave 49
( R0 s9 f+ Q" k2 sSquare wave 49, @( E4 `; x4 U
DC waveform + ripple 50
4 U8 B/ i' u/ C) J+ {; A* E0 PTriangular ripple 50
% C9 _* p0 u& ~# Z0 {8 S& }7 dPulsating waveform 51
$ K4 D# v& j* e7 V& b, _Pulsating waveform with ripple 528 n1 n6 l0 D3 Q2 |; F
Triangular waveform 528 O. a9 F H3 L. w) ]
Piecewise Calculation 52$ ]* c0 j- P9 H9 B* w! u; ]+ d9 C
Total Harmonic Distortion 53; s* N7 ?9 E' k3 ^
Crest Factor 53
4 U; T9 d/ s6 V0 h. v3 w# p* @. dSummary 615 g; N! U% m0 z. |
References 61
& E) K. Y+ s9 m7 c$ IChapter 5. Harmonic Current Sources 63
% O7 n5 d8 B2 ~- |7 K- O* ?Background 63# a* `" _+ T4 w+ o
Single-Phase Rectifiers 64
+ w& v/ w/ k& f jThree-Phase Rectifiers 69
5 O" N* r* O# [& l6 z8 W2 vThe six-pulse rectifier 69
* P8 r# e/ }7 |+ O9 M4 {0 ~" f- ~The twelve-pulse rectifier 70
$ O7 I% w2 V8 _2 G5 p# O0 zHigh-Frequency Fluorescent Ballasts 710 B8 y9 f" p! [ a1 U' b0 j" w
Transformers 72
, [7 e' S5 A5 T5 x9 W8 ZOther Systems that Draw Harmonic Currents 73! _& t- k# A( L* p) s1 B) o) D
Summary 74" N7 ^% l% Z$ E# \* i* \2 q
References 74. ?8 @. t) X4 p: e! ? S
Chapter 6. Power Harmonic Filters 75+ L2 N# Y: M* ?) L4 T
Introduction 75% ]0 ?, s: G7 b j/ X0 u
A Typical Power System 76
, Z( x! G9 F2 E0 ?IEEE Std. 519-1992 780 I& r# s5 Q+ X, K
Line reactor 79
7 V6 O" ?, |$ W1 H3 K4 [3 BShunt passive filter 81& J6 d, G9 d% `- L4 b2 j
Multisection filters 876 G+ w O- J5 r7 E: F! R) Y
Practical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters 95
' y8 }6 s* |' P7 h) H( mActive harmonic filters 95
4 |. n1 o+ g3 s* c5 z0 Z; yHybrid harmonic filters 97
& K Z, C3 k$ e* m( y1 s/ TSummary 97
1 @8 l* G4 I7 |( _2 O0 p" S& ZReferences 98
& Y8 n5 ~+ A7 uChapter 7. Switch Mode Power Supplies 99* |8 `, |: u4 ~& _: d
Background 99
3 o3 w' T9 I9 ?& v8 B9 SOffline Power Supplies 100
2 ^; a9 @" d0 Q- MDC/DC Converter high-frequency switching waveforms' w' c3 ?* p o$ |9 [
and interharmonic generation 104
! }# d% c7 E2 c( ZTesting for conducted EMI 106
% O( S; _' y0 p% U s% _: |Corrective measures for improving conducted EMI 107 e: s( C# ? T2 m
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Summary 107, n6 w- m7 a6 b2 U* _! y* t8 W
References 108- W( [9 J# C2 ^. N' L7 s v, O
Chapter 8. Methods for Correction of Power-Quality& W7 B# c0 y4 R$ y; i; W3 H Z
Problems 109
: C# ]* D% u, C2 @% y7 LIntroduction 109
. e& [6 h0 J& t( R6 C6 H, m/ hCorrection Methods 110
# m2 \% G( x! h/ I& cVoltage disturbances versus correction methods 1119 i- v: d% C/ d& p: D* W
Reliability 113% W2 A/ w, f# B% A- ?0 }$ `
Design of load equipment 115/ S( z; d6 z: U/ n1 v* }- a
The design of electric-power supply systems 1173 v; S$ Z% s; R1 i, E# f
Power harmonic filters 119& [+ g( R6 n9 [0 r3 O' m
Utilization-dynamic voltage compensators 119
2 T5 `" R) P2 q/ SUninterruptible power supplies 119
: w9 v8 b+ c9 @- G: fTransformers 120
- u T9 q2 q2 l3 I; X* Y# fStandby power systems 122
/ N$ Z4 {# l$ C( fSummary 1269 C" ^- U0 P0 p
References 126
4 ~8 W3 U; b5 s7 @/ H+ d* h1 aChapter 9. Uninterruptible Power Supplies 129
& q- y8 {5 m! }! e5 R7 _4 U/ x# kIntroduction 129; p. U# {/ ?$ S) O8 G8 H4 O: W
History 131% }% N$ B3 F+ x K' A4 K. C
Types of UPS Equipment 133
5 K9 ^8 }, ], l" q$ tCommercial equipment 134( f. [, m2 ^/ D. {/ F8 j' I
Energy storage 137
/ M$ M9 E4 u0 v; uBatteries 138
q3 n- U( Y* N: m4 ]* vFlywheels 139
! ]2 ?! ?! _5 DFuel cells 141% ?$ c% A5 ?( y: m8 S
Ultracapacitors 144
1 b; U0 k0 I/ _Summary 1452 s) M! g5 }' o
References 145; o. Y( Q$ g% }: V3 n
Chapter 10. Dynamic Voltage Compensators 147
$ D/ M/ j4 L1 y$ {* }Introduction 147
, C1 ^: e. W" Y( a0 t z2 t3 gPrinciple of Operation 148
$ E+ ]& j; Y% l+ b* g' v! Y" NOperation on ITIC curve 1518 }5 p! V- u# `
Detection of disturbance and control 152
+ P2 u- u& K) ]$ f. L1 E3 t! XCommercial equipment 153
8 y; f3 f( Y: ?Summary 154
: U, k( X' i' h4 Z* F" O4 }References 154$ Q$ I9 m' G3 U7 K7 h2 z
Chapter 11. Power Quality Events 155
0 o5 `2 L6 E( t i5 N- B) N5 }! fIntroduction 155
/ E6 e) y& z$ \8 a$ z3 xMethod 1 155
1 e7 j1 J1 z+ V/ w2 j! W) H2 g- nMethod 2 156
" O, C# C2 {% e; K, {Personal Computers 1562 Z5 Q2 U. b8 o$ Y. B
Power-quality characteristics 157
2 h& O2 X% o2 Y# u* ^Modes of malfunction 160! A, q5 S g5 |1 ]
Sensitivity to voltage sags and interruptions 160
6 N# H) s+ Q9 ]- E! i. o' L* @# GCorrection measures 162
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Correction measures 164
: D1 x# j; G8 } S1 x- u- fAC Contactors and relays 1658 T" h; F. }0 E p. e' {' q* u
Operation 1651 a8 F" T, @5 t3 k
The Impact of Voltage Disturbance 168' A9 \9 G6 a" g3 t1 d! l
Correction methods 169
% z0 c+ \' u+ D ? q$ a- ~9 H! Q* _Summary 170
, [& e0 ~; T3 |' n/ tReferences 170* r7 N- w9 o |3 _" Z9 ~
Chapter 12. Electric Motor Drive Equipment 173
7 g' Y/ k+ Z2 u! R6 M' R( p9 g2 |Electric Motors 173
' }+ M$ s- S6 z+ V- L4 IInduction Motors 173$ c5 q* d) f9 q) W- _' P1 t$ g2 B. b
Operation 174
; T9 Y5 _4 F. c7 |9 r! B5 }" gHazards 174
0 H; D9 V9 L7 O IPhenomena 175
+ Q! m; O) o7 S5 r8 D' ]Protection 176
& `& ?% [8 e3 s& KAdjustable Speed Drives 177
& J3 o0 {% i/ R3 R: z3 g: FApplication 178
' c9 I0 S. {) x- }' h: ]3 j& o! DVoltage disturbances 180 S( u6 ^+ ]# W3 _ L0 x2 k! t
Voltage unbalance 181/ l$ {: l+ y" y6 e* W
Protective measures 183
$ P+ H) w% t$ S& t X# M8 B* k; ?Summary 188
0 u8 t+ p& x& W2 [0 W0 h1 SReferences 188
- W4 p; q/ N& MChapter 13. Standby Power Systems 189
, m+ ^" [+ t* ?Principles: Standby Power System Design 189
" k- ? K S$ W( x g VComponents to Assemble Standby) r! |- n; n+ V# [4 v0 j0 h
Power Systems 190. q. R. U o/ j8 T2 `0 V
Sample Standby Power Systems 191
) t% {+ m& _! i$ @- {! P3 MEngine-Generator Sets 194" j! Z* _& {, ^5 i
Standards 195; b* r- c+ F5 p7 t8 o N) h* b
Component parts of an E/G set installation 196" S# W+ G, Y) f' ^
Transfer switches 198
1 ?5 u, Z7 b3 SSummary 200: J8 o0 `! o9 K" ^1 Q2 \
References 200
2 J }9 V3 q. {9 G2 n* \' @" eChapter 14. Power Quality Measurements 201
/ _/ h" F u/ F) YMultimeters 201
, ?* x6 n& w5 fOscilloscopes 2022 x' y- G1 n% |/ s3 g7 f
Current Probes 203
8 ~- T, ^: j- [4 |% r. lSearch Coils 204$ D4 W( }$ r8 w/ }! t- j& a
Power-Quality Meters and Analyzers 2056 O0 D% M& |% R! k
Current Transformer Analysis in Detail 205) S# B! m0 t f/ _9 {
Summary 213; m; b9 e0 a7 T- q7 `; ~* q
References 213' x+ }4 f/ R( p& i" D
Index 215 |
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