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Preface xiChapter 1. Introduction 1
6 D! d9 x/ k7 X5 mBackground 1
) q1 s; A. L7 Q8 E, p. ]" ^! ]Ideal Voltage Waveform 24 p3 k4 r# g& c8 g, ~) g" E' T6 U
Nonlinear Load: The Rectifier 3
& X0 m8 k/ v* J: a2 N% |4 m2 i8 q) \The Definition of Power Quality 64 s& ^1 M; |/ `9 v7 j5 D2 w
Examples of poor power quality 79 \. _1 i6 p3 t5 ~/ X1 f
The need for corrections 9
" I" @' T y$ S: Y8 @The Scope of This Text 9
" y f; [( W# o5 ?* Y+ F( lComment on References 11
0 _; S7 ]. x b" O' V0 ]6 S* G' JReferences 12
& L5 z7 T( _$ }0 m6 qChapter 2. Power-Quality Standards 15' I3 e8 j9 O6 P. Z; T
IEEE Standards 519 and 1159 15% M6 g( b7 d9 a- j0 W9 S$ J/ Y
ANSI Standard C84 17. C4 d6 n! S" M% f' D' k* E
CBEMA and ITIC Curves 18( i" u% W1 z* V/ Q
High-Frequency EMI Standards 20
* [, o3 l; n* Y1 ?% SSummary 23
- x o4 p6 K3 b* mReferences 24 C, b2 B y3 j; J
Chapter 3. Voltage Distortion 25
0 O& r5 x. e% C# B' a. |- GVoltage Sag 25
" C- K6 k& N; |Voltage “Swell” 30
0 e0 O5 i" ?* l, J5 IImpulsive “Transient” 30
4 Q J& z4 k4 lOscillatory “Transient” 33) t+ q; T$ w9 w; C8 W5 H) y
Interruption 35
5 k" G& c0 f" C$ xNotching 35. c$ L1 B. ]. R3 \/ Z: ]1 d
Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker 37
& g- o7 v9 p3 X3 U2 rVoltage Imbalance 40
- Q7 _3 J& @+ f9 p3 u( `5 JSummary 41* {+ @( F1 O' N- w, N8 X
References 42
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) B( \. V% Y8 G s RChapter 4. Harmonics and Interharmonics 43) |0 @2 ] t- n: ~; y( Y
Background 43" _: {. h, j; A3 }( n) E
Periodic Waveforms and Harmonics 43
m# V8 L& J8 u, p. h, WRoot-mean square 47
: v' I+ [0 p8 S: ODC current 49& i) j! _5 X/ {1 ]; V; U
Pure sine wave 498 E. u' l' ]7 b* D1 g: {# Z
Square wave 49
, t/ w, `- ~1 H9 \9 t/ V3 s* v9 NDC waveform + ripple 50
4 W% T$ [* X( }9 n7 `% ]Triangular ripple 50
, x# q6 a3 m3 RPulsating waveform 51/ _# Q& ?- D- V& i; X* B5 B
Pulsating waveform with ripple 52
+ q% L; w1 O( x# W2 {% MTriangular waveform 52
# I! }3 H% ?* e! N3 G8 WPiecewise Calculation 52
# m+ ]1 U% Y2 B* I! \& P5 mTotal Harmonic Distortion 53" j/ |" \7 t. [( ?& i& m* i, M
Crest Factor 53
+ T$ k) t7 m" c4 Z: G7 tSummary 61
1 \; T/ t' n W6 G$ ^. }0 {References 61
7 S: X; _$ ?; U2 @7 XChapter 5. Harmonic Current Sources 63; N! p [# Z3 D$ ]2 h/ V
Background 63
7 V2 ~; Q5 g0 e) ^: T" NSingle-Phase Rectifiers 640 D7 G) X: N! E `
Three-Phase Rectifiers 693 Z: s Y% ^6 ?+ ]2 {
The six-pulse rectifier 69( a% H6 B W6 y; W# w) f( W
The twelve-pulse rectifier 70* u9 b8 N) g! v' x9 i
High-Frequency Fluorescent Ballasts 716 v) q. Z5 _; O, U1 L6 T" b9 l
Transformers 72
+ Y& O( Y3 C IOther Systems that Draw Harmonic Currents 73
6 p* R V' w: ?9 Q/ c* R% PSummary 74
4 }% A& l9 j$ {' A4 c. g2 `1 oReferences 74
8 t4 w4 s0 [3 j" L+ ?+ |# j1 P9 KChapter 6. Power Harmonic Filters 75' ?6 Y+ m i6 Q) v9 j
Introduction 759 u/ V: q/ J" d; k& k* ~9 N/ Q
A Typical Power System 76
: o+ J2 ?8 N6 vIEEE Std. 519-1992 78' G6 r9 `5 Y$ l; A
Line reactor 79
" e' @, E8 X+ |* m" D# \6 m% C1 eShunt passive filter 81
5 u9 c9 x; [# P; X8 L% b- z) T, EMultisection filters 87
5 P! O- v+ I. Q+ R4 o" vPractical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters 951 s2 T; c5 N- a+ C; E4 H
Active harmonic filters 952 u8 }% N9 B7 \2 b; W
Hybrid harmonic filters 97
9 N5 y, o8 P4 x7 }' z4 fSummary 97
0 H# u& }8 d) \# z+ |& _# UReferences 98
, D B$ R& E# ]7 NChapter 7. Switch Mode Power Supplies 996 [3 S$ O# v( N% f& ]; N) o' {
Background 99+ \4 d8 \' \/ ^ b) Z
Offline Power Supplies 100+ M1 l& q9 s0 H7 v
DC/DC Converter high-frequency switching waveforms
" k( n5 ~8 d0 Z$ fand interharmonic generation 104
4 N) g& @) S! G- c% ]( Y) p# l0 q, qTesting for conducted EMI 106
1 |. G' p+ {8 n4 t5 g" }Corrective measures for improving conducted EMI 107
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Summary 107 G- i0 s {2 F# H: \: Q# N
References 108
T$ e+ Y* V7 @7 AChapter 8. Methods for Correction of Power-Quality/ H, z# z; `" a- z3 Z! b7 O$ k5 c
Problems 109
8 a! k" i: r: SIntroduction 1091 m0 F" q: b! `$ ^/ x/ @
Correction Methods 110
) [" j7 T; z2 S, w. @4 vVoltage disturbances versus correction methods 111- ?7 ]- O! F \
Reliability 1138 Q7 S1 A" c/ M+ C9 V4 b
Design of load equipment 115: P- _$ T4 j; J$ O
The design of electric-power supply systems 1178 o# `/ }! h8 E& e* q: N
Power harmonic filters 119! _. R1 w( x7 A! ?9 y% n; b( A. u
Utilization-dynamic voltage compensators 119
! J1 M5 ?: }$ U9 A: X- [* Q* C+ uUninterruptible power supplies 119
V# J" j% q, pTransformers 1206 m1 ^" f0 x$ g* L# V+ W+ h. q
Standby power systems 122
* |1 l8 _) l; k9 u) P8 F9 @9 @Summary 126
( \# B+ {! F% T$ j6 q, w$ z- tReferences 126
2 Y& t( R7 b; z. D7 ^5 rChapter 9. Uninterruptible Power Supplies 1290 y: S0 {' R" w' e0 J! x% ^
Introduction 1295 g+ @1 f2 z9 k) d% L# n/ m4 i/ Y+ N
History 131
9 M4 Y2 L3 k0 w4 G% QTypes of UPS Equipment 133
& |8 c: N, T( G& ~9 B- rCommercial equipment 1345 ?, a/ s2 Z8 n/ r$ C2 I3 e
Energy storage 137
( }! C) `) K5 | pBatteries 138
1 |& ~/ N8 G5 QFlywheels 139. r) W* v1 F- H% R: K
Fuel cells 141% z. ~5 ~4 f7 F# n: j
Ultracapacitors 1446 O# i' z# W, F+ Y$ E0 v5 @# ]
Summary 145) Z; C* I4 p2 g& ?+ \
References 1453 o" T" ~, [/ b+ ^) p
Chapter 10. Dynamic Voltage Compensators 147
, b1 j N( G8 f7 W. DIntroduction 147
8 n: ?7 t0 y! } F* LPrinciple of Operation 148
~2 x/ u7 E' J3 d! i0 h, @Operation on ITIC curve 151
/ ], P) d. {; j, }6 w" D6 zDetection of disturbance and control 152
5 y1 ^+ L! Q/ `6 j S7 \9 M% ?Commercial equipment 153( Y2 g. v: u& \$ C* F) `
Summary 154
7 H3 W" x8 L/ [, z! C/ XReferences 154: E! P. N- b- o
Chapter 11. Power Quality Events 1555 e5 D* q1 _$ P: {
Introduction 155, a; x$ \0 Z8 I! ?5 \! a/ C9 K
Method 1 155
% N0 ~4 e$ |, K7 cMethod 2 1562 t2 G6 }. Z% A& {' g
Personal Computers 156; ]: T6 A( ]3 ]8 @. e* h
Power-quality characteristics 157
; K$ m# E! [3 f- K, I" d" Z- l: oModes of malfunction 160+ L! I" [. q, y- y9 v8 Y- z0 `
Sensitivity to voltage sags and interruptions 160$ D" |3 r7 d( F% t) M: M* v3 ~
Correction measures 162
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Correction measures 164
. k* [0 j3 A3 r" JAC Contactors and relays 165 O" h9 {) ^4 o
Operation 165
8 J' g' ~& M. c$ K* C4 Z/ pThe Impact of Voltage Disturbance 168
, k. x0 L( j$ y ?+ cCorrection methods 169/ g% e6 ~, q/ b6 a1 {- S1 ^/ X. y
Summary 170
- U. e* E5 m5 v" j7 h; JReferences 1700 d: t9 z: C( w @
Chapter 12. Electric Motor Drive Equipment 173
4 B9 m( H' `/ j3 |Electric Motors 173! I8 c3 i+ b* B) j7 |. J; S
Induction Motors 173
+ q: p- Y; i" B' t3 y( u2 \Operation 174
9 ]" l7 {, _8 p, ]Hazards 174$ j) G U% ^& N% `" x( K) Y( y r
Phenomena 175' Q$ ~. f5 S; `- ?! \& p& ^
Protection 176
4 ^) @0 [8 b/ l6 `Adjustable Speed Drives 177
$ P% \; ^! ]% m1 {$ R oApplication 178
$ G) ]& T; L3 b$ aVoltage disturbances 180: n% N, Q# a6 z5 \& v1 }, G
Voltage unbalance 181
* Q Z; [& i" LProtective measures 1838 I5 i; b% W4 }
Summary 1881 H: p3 g5 I# e" r7 j
References 188
$ [7 ]1 k P# U0 n( sChapter 13. Standby Power Systems 189
# K3 Y E6 i' k7 \/ G( _Principles: Standby Power System Design 189 ]8 S" m; a+ M
Components to Assemble Standby
- n; q; y$ [ H5 J8 u+ U9 `Power Systems 190
6 i+ q6 ?# r# s; t8 o. Y1 hSample Standby Power Systems 191
% k/ S7 q' \% R' K: jEngine-Generator Sets 1949 t8 z) G) X/ [" ~5 l
Standards 195
' `, K; i) C: a, s9 BComponent parts of an E/G set installation 1968 ^ H' Z$ B% g' x
Transfer switches 1987 Y; s7 k# O" l c* M1 G# Y
Summary 200, Q% V* J$ n7 q
References 200
Q* W I) G$ E9 U& t! Q& u6 U3 j: rChapter 14. Power Quality Measurements 201
, T C+ G4 n: x- J5 EMultimeters 201- p# p* [3 o4 T. ^
Oscilloscopes 202
# f' `& i; a; x0 D. @/ ]9 J$ LCurrent Probes 203' {/ x. l" c# T% v5 H
Search Coils 204
. n* A6 N4 a( mPower-Quality Meters and Analyzers 205
- z/ V! j4 k) B5 M- |Current Transformer Analysis in Detail 205" T* i/ r. I8 }
Summary 2139 R8 q, `. j! J% }
References 213
( ~8 ?) i! ]6 z/ |Index 215 |
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