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+ m' l, t5 S" [- Z% r3 p Preface xiChapter 1. Introduction 1
e5 s+ H- j. X- w6 q! hBackground 1
) E0 u3 v6 e& c! \5 C# y* VIdeal Voltage Waveform 2
+ G: N- {4 L. h( Y3 jNonlinear Load: The Rectifier 37 b. l: d8 b Q
The Definition of Power Quality 6, W' Y+ W5 G1 k- K' T# Y% d
Examples of poor power quality 7( n$ N" N+ L8 y5 o! \; ^0 B
The need for corrections 97 U. I7 T. P/ @$ I
The Scope of This Text 99 b: ]8 s0 Y2 `( x
Comment on References 11/ }7 V4 t5 c# y& g B( F; \1 p
References 12
6 w% X* _/ d; B8 G+ gChapter 2. Power-Quality Standards 15
! z! {% S' y: K! r1 Y# y& h! EIEEE Standards 519 and 1159 15
: z' k, B1 b) a& r4 y) q: {ANSI Standard C84 17% ^" w3 A: T; l5 e* K+ e
CBEMA and ITIC Curves 18" c8 R+ I4 s! B( D9 M1 t: Z
High-Frequency EMI Standards 20
$ S* G/ T1 `% B4 u" [$ G! ^Summary 23 \9 |- i/ `0 C0 X1 u0 c8 l {
References 242 E8 i' X& k- _' \' U* ~+ E
Chapter 3. Voltage Distortion 25
5 l% b" Q( `1 v4 H5 U, }Voltage Sag 258 w# L4 J, o% F2 f6 v; m; V# t; N
Voltage “Swell” 305 ]' S$ P# G) U2 j2 [, T$ P( |1 C
Impulsive “Transient” 304 u% f1 F7 A& e+ @9 M5 k2 e
Oscillatory “Transient” 33) H1 Z, e7 H( N) n2 i) Z4 d
Interruption 35: v A" O) B8 q/ I# P
Notching 35( c6 _* K+ o8 }6 e" _" H% q
Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker 37) n ~& L# F2 l' h6 ?; O
Voltage Imbalance 405 B' a! d6 A3 y, u0 A1 I3 I7 W
Summary 41
. ?* N$ K% |( k6 N% f# @( QReferences 42: b; o# ~- C1 F2 Z" [: z
4 C: W5 f; \- F) I+ l" @Chapter 4. Harmonics and Interharmonics 433 \+ n) i) ?7 F- Q, B2 Y
Background 431 b! ]. [% X H. Z/ o7 w
Periodic Waveforms and Harmonics 43
5 @# E3 T8 C' C! L, S7 {Root-mean square 47- M; k& `- C# i& N7 Q
DC current 492 `/ N L' V# O0 R% C! t( n( p
Pure sine wave 490 j3 |% u5 X0 ~/ o4 Y D* Q
Square wave 49: J8 ~, g! o( _* }: b, O
DC waveform + ripple 50
( o. O$ c2 u: q% d6 \3 K% Z" ITriangular ripple 50
- S( U0 x- M: h4 N9 j; Q% pPulsating waveform 51
. `; X% |% e# P: z2 _Pulsating waveform with ripple 52
6 y: j" l3 `2 e* w6 F7 z2 c" [Triangular waveform 52
! K0 g+ X' ^. Z1 K+ P4 s' G2 \Piecewise Calculation 52
6 d* U5 f' g5 iTotal Harmonic Distortion 53
) U- c* g) A; s pCrest Factor 53
( L/ c J. _6 S0 USummary 61
. m7 H7 l. ?# l4 ]5 L! jReferences 61
! w. m. _1 W9 Q/ SChapter 5. Harmonic Current Sources 63+ |! x% E" h9 ~8 s
Background 63
# r9 i8 a/ ]' y; h( B# [6 ~3 F5 `& I" vSingle-Phase Rectifiers 64& `) T: q# w5 x
Three-Phase Rectifiers 69
% J4 B8 n6 e% ~The six-pulse rectifier 69
) u$ v& e& U9 Z& p' ^The twelve-pulse rectifier 70
" t6 n1 x, }( k! RHigh-Frequency Fluorescent Ballasts 71
: K3 R" A2 G5 P0 G. b; lTransformers 72# q! ? l) {0 c% }; X
Other Systems that Draw Harmonic Currents 73
. g% E# [1 p) F3 M0 TSummary 74! Z* ^% Q7 p$ P# U7 S
References 74& U v( q f6 ^! P
Chapter 6. Power Harmonic Filters 75/ Q2 E, N5 P1 L" M! N* M; ~
Introduction 75
2 i5 {6 p" N3 E- z2 F, NA Typical Power System 76
# @ _: i: \; a2 V% h1 e' vIEEE Std. 519-1992 780 I7 P6 Z* |- w7 T9 s8 t* F
Line reactor 795 j5 Z- J. r8 p; W
Shunt passive filter 813 n6 n2 o+ b3 W4 n0 g0 F2 `# B, P
Multisection filters 87
) K$ M* g- U" b7 k/ F Z3 zPractical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters 95
7 K4 }5 m& d `% p% }Active harmonic filters 95
9 }2 _ N* B$ L9 K5 q" B7 ~2 pHybrid harmonic filters 97; b5 l! Y. g" }0 Z" b; a3 K
Summary 97 G) w& J! y4 W" @
References 98
/ B7 M9 j! A- Y3 t2 B9 kChapter 7. Switch Mode Power Supplies 99) A* N, w8 Z* S; G4 I8 W
Background 99
- \ o$ Y) g) z0 v* ? zOffline Power Supplies 1005 J0 C9 \8 ~2 }: n
DC/DC Converter high-frequency switching waveforms
/ Y, K( s' E! Mand interharmonic generation 104
]/ ^ O* y5 Q8 l: O- {Testing for conducted EMI 1064 `. G$ \; L1 s/ |
Corrective measures for improving conducted EMI 107
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3 c7 B1 I q8 ? hSummary 107
5 t9 t5 g! c; }* mReferences 108& [; {, d1 V3 W) Y1 Z9 x g
Chapter 8. Methods for Correction of Power-Quality
6 M1 _- W# X) c" z3 {- AProblems 109
7 ^2 U# a% H( W# E- g' g5 |$ B/ T0 DIntroduction 109
: v6 p& q: Z* u" j/ Z9 JCorrection Methods 110$ @# Y- k, Y& d. e; k
Voltage disturbances versus correction methods 111
. g3 O" m" o) x+ w2 ^Reliability 113# a) H6 p8 ?3 S* b4 P! W
Design of load equipment 115
( C o% u2 h7 Y8 [; [( j3 F9 |The design of electric-power supply systems 117
- I, T; @: H( p2 a5 R5 bPower harmonic filters 119
/ ?! k" Q$ H( U6 R, `) ^& xUtilization-dynamic voltage compensators 119
1 W" v' t8 `% |* {0 zUninterruptible power supplies 119
9 e& B& @9 u7 A# H5 p0 oTransformers 120
( ^% a& x$ B7 r& |, A" QStandby power systems 122
/ l0 t* R8 [& g* qSummary 1261 H# H* U' t+ }9 O' ~
References 126- p m% e4 W) N
Chapter 9. Uninterruptible Power Supplies 129/ e6 @. |% y) m1 z6 U3 b& z
Introduction 129% K, a5 ^- _- P0 ~9 V+ {
History 131# k% [: \" y. t3 A* X
Types of UPS Equipment 133
8 l" K' `( t: o6 V( }5 j6 `+ qCommercial equipment 134
4 E8 L: X% Y$ k4 ~( t4 \; KEnergy storage 137) y3 t% s3 U- n( b/ G
Batteries 138
@" c+ z. h1 a9 T8 W1 n' \Flywheels 1397 \' ` i$ G1 A/ v
Fuel cells 141, R, [8 \* w( S% x; O' r% E
Ultracapacitors 144% q- D8 w) ~) o0 X
Summary 1450 k$ R& M% @& n* x) \
References 1454 b9 ~) q" s0 W; v
Chapter 10. Dynamic Voltage Compensators 147
" E9 r: n+ _* w" l3 a4 vIntroduction 147
+ E o4 t- V6 p: P0 A BPrinciple of Operation 148: z% C; z5 U+ p* w& ?. ^1 @. i
Operation on ITIC curve 151, P. R4 g0 a; g- Z1 y* I5 y
Detection of disturbance and control 152
& g2 m9 W a. M- Z! BCommercial equipment 153+ y9 i) |; A9 O
Summary 154/ s9 B8 R; d1 j- ?
References 154# q) s9 P. |4 D1 \
Chapter 11. Power Quality Events 155
* ^; E8 h1 O4 Q) p/ g/ @+ E. g+ uIntroduction 155+ [! P$ A$ `' a0 }7 d* y! W# W }
Method 1 155, h8 w. d- K# k# m: W7 e& E
Method 2 1562 q3 Z3 A) B2 I& {1 F6 \) g
Personal Computers 1565 G0 W' d) M! X5 Z+ W
Power-quality characteristics 157
9 [' H) |( y* F: dModes of malfunction 160
- }' O8 p& F, zSensitivity to voltage sags and interruptions 160% d1 ?- E ?1 ~: Q
Correction measures 162: g* q% a8 P3 x
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Correction measures 164/ S* w. q8 A$ v- V3 X
AC Contactors and relays 1654 }) f. }, V" a3 K9 D" B) q
Operation 165
) m' n! b K+ w1 p+ y' `The Impact of Voltage Disturbance 168& _# `1 ?# m1 Z$ _
Correction methods 1694 W. Z& L' P# `" D# G
Summary 170
8 O. E( \$ W! _: K MReferences 170
: ]8 C2 d3 ]' [5 WChapter 12. Electric Motor Drive Equipment 173% t. |- i$ n8 y# n# u+ j( t: n
Electric Motors 173% t' {: |- I, H7 V; n
Induction Motors 173 }/ V3 ]! F: V. ?+ D& K
Operation 174! i! ~ x+ M3 ~! H) f
Hazards 174
+ h5 a0 R- n9 R7 M# g4 ]Phenomena 175
; @! C3 {8 l9 D$ DProtection 176
( j9 f. P6 d- e+ V4 O& pAdjustable Speed Drives 177$ _5 i8 A J6 @2 p3 k o
Application 178
/ ?- \/ |/ q D1 J& x9 h3 pVoltage disturbances 180: `' a2 s6 n4 K: q; y
Voltage unbalance 1810 `: W7 _9 y( y7 E# W8 q7 e
Protective measures 183
: t' j0 H$ b; s rSummary 188
* L0 j: t; D% V( U4 RReferences 188
% o6 K9 F& z" A: @8 \. _$ p1 X+ tChapter 13. Standby Power Systems 189
: k% t: N! U. c' {8 Y, M# UPrinciples: Standby Power System Design 1890 |" q7 D3 Y' X! b
Components to Assemble Standby
, i+ d$ C( j# bPower Systems 190
: T% F5 K& Z% e2 s( gSample Standby Power Systems 191# |3 z0 ?' u6 \. t
Engine-Generator Sets 194# R/ u% P1 F8 U* N1 o. e6 j! Z
Standards 195
+ K- @ G9 N; A) V, CComponent parts of an E/G set installation 196' p' c$ T* ~9 y" T* {
Transfer switches 198
4 ?5 S& [7 x6 Q# v& HSummary 200
5 o/ M7 \- c& ~6 z* N3 |/ v8 @3 HReferences 2002 |/ ~* M- d! I: i9 F
Chapter 14. Power Quality Measurements 201
4 T5 E' @6 c4 jMultimeters 201
7 C6 W( Y, b) u* u2 {* UOscilloscopes 202- m! j& G2 M: _* U) Z3 K
Current Probes 203: s: h+ m, Y' B" Q3 ~6 ~( _
Search Coils 204& X8 ^; h) k7 b8 ~5 G/ v6 |8 n4 m& P
Power-Quality Meters and Analyzers 205) S* S( X! q% J4 O5 g# Q8 d
Current Transformer Analysis in Detail 205, H |' @) K- z; X2 H9 X, b7 ^
Summary 213) z8 r4 L7 y( w! G3 }
References 213; ^ x1 q7 T0 R6 s6 a3 {, F
Index 215 |
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