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Preface xiChapter 1. Introduction 1
2 W1 w; k I7 s6 {Background 1
+ b% N0 s8 `, w! aIdeal Voltage Waveform 2
5 Q, r" y0 l5 s; Z( @' ?1 gNonlinear Load: The Rectifier 3
$ r) u% F) P- eThe Definition of Power Quality 6- a3 G+ }6 X0 K' ] ~
Examples of poor power quality 77 N7 H- J, \3 b
The need for corrections 9
' _; i& e( V9 N- u% l* o' w* IThe Scope of This Text 9& q3 h4 H3 R) o; C2 t/ O
Comment on References 11- h$ d7 k. R' D( c# a
References 12
8 Q' \% |/ y# u/ r6 PChapter 2. Power-Quality Standards 15: Z' _; k# @+ T3 M7 W
IEEE Standards 519 and 1159 15
9 F- A6 S: v, t* r: V4 ?ANSI Standard C84 17
# J' k/ B$ w4 G+ mCBEMA and ITIC Curves 18
8 t4 o6 Y+ M4 pHigh-Frequency EMI Standards 20
3 N t3 M8 N/ }+ L- X9 HSummary 23; M9 h, c5 ^, }2 s* g
References 249 W5 g. T& f/ F
Chapter 3. Voltage Distortion 25
3 A7 p7 D; ]1 oVoltage Sag 25
# z( ~+ A1 _) ZVoltage “Swell” 30! ?1 t& U% Y- R' X
Impulsive “Transient” 30
- Z- K: V1 ~$ _6 N0 J0 x- BOscillatory “Transient” 33
3 j, t( j: e6 }& ]: V1 ?8 S* \: L: vInterruption 352 @& Q2 o# [- _1 W4 R& }8 Q
Notching 35
2 X3 f! {9 p: `% FVoltage Fluctuations and Flicker 37
. `; [, `' ]; N8 E; U2 N6 cVoltage Imbalance 409 Y8 c& m7 R" V' \" A3 J' f, l
Summary 41
* F0 W3 }4 F4 SReferences 42
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2 V1 Q% X$ I. k! G7 lChapter 4. Harmonics and Interharmonics 43 b, U* e( P0 U& M
Background 43) Z/ g p* G6 M4 a
Periodic Waveforms and Harmonics 437 ], U* l% `* _; \' D1 V
Root-mean square 47$ d4 x- p% W6 O- Q* \6 z: S2 A0 S
DC current 492 o- M1 \+ D8 u" m- y6 R4 @
Pure sine wave 49
8 Z8 Z3 C; E7 W- R( Y1 rSquare wave 49
) Z: ]" {- L, O& m- V9 R LDC waveform + ripple 50
( o8 G( N8 Q+ ]& WTriangular ripple 50
- I3 S/ o( v1 f: c' ]" QPulsating waveform 51
/ n% G) l8 {: u. a1 U* `6 KPulsating waveform with ripple 527 j- v. w C# i* S3 w
Triangular waveform 52 S' _0 I9 S1 w8 d. ^5 c9 o
Piecewise Calculation 52
+ [( ^" t7 u" a9 _8 oTotal Harmonic Distortion 53- f2 y1 M/ d" r& N1 r! `
Crest Factor 53, \5 x; a @# a! m7 ^
Summary 61
& v( Q1 b1 K% v1 U2 `References 611 f; m6 y' C, `" c
Chapter 5. Harmonic Current Sources 63$ Y/ x0 g0 E( N
Background 63
: n: c% S% T4 e3 q* @Single-Phase Rectifiers 64
8 v# T7 m$ X. ^! @$ qThree-Phase Rectifiers 69
A1 o) v( L- M$ T1 ^( q- WThe six-pulse rectifier 69+ V% L0 N& W" _3 [# g
The twelve-pulse rectifier 70+ |% X, u0 y6 g$ @. j, X: Z
High-Frequency Fluorescent Ballasts 71 n* |, a$ Z" }8 Z/ b0 X) i- S7 D9 J( e
Transformers 72
# W3 ]7 d- ~9 zOther Systems that Draw Harmonic Currents 73
& Y5 j% [' S" G: }, e7 ^Summary 74
8 h# n5 n" H" U) J ~+ ^/ \, fReferences 744 b; O( J1 L8 N
Chapter 6. Power Harmonic Filters 75% U; D/ P3 t* F) P y* u# T
Introduction 75! u: K% U+ I) @4 K: C9 R
A Typical Power System 76
* p8 d! Q0 t" t4 i- M _6 o( y# bIEEE Std. 519-1992 78' w7 j H3 ^7 N" t- R- j
Line reactor 79
' d' r. `" V4 ?) f6 j# i1 `Shunt passive filter 81
2 d; v$ V7 d% sMultisection filters 87
- ?4 ?: S3 E) V% RPractical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters 95. k" B$ f: ]7 J$ D) x
Active harmonic filters 95
- O2 H( R5 ?2 j! IHybrid harmonic filters 97
2 e+ ^# e1 f- X. i5 F! _( YSummary 977 k% c. i( k8 ~, P) i& p
References 98
( j% ]" I, j$ B7 L9 z3 H- J+ _3 fChapter 7. Switch Mode Power Supplies 99
( L* Z+ {( s7 RBackground 99! G+ f4 U1 y; r8 r. y: Q
Offline Power Supplies 100+ O. J! J7 M. P6 V% N/ }
DC/DC Converter high-frequency switching waveforms
S3 a7 ]! @( @" [$ m" R$ h uand interharmonic generation 104 s# p! E) O9 X Y# N' B4 g
Testing for conducted EMI 1069 |, f! ?; w/ U5 m
Corrective measures for improving conducted EMI 107
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Summary 107
/ f% A- F5 t, h: \$ [References 108
( V. p }6 ?% z7 B1 lChapter 8. Methods for Correction of Power-Quality
; p7 Y( r, ]3 z/ O" n( KProblems 109: U, `$ r. X/ f* t% Z! v" [
Introduction 1092 h/ T! }. v% r* |: l# o
Correction Methods 1106 T, x# _8 c6 i0 ~% i+ x# s8 m4 A7 G
Voltage disturbances versus correction methods 111; ?" u- }' S/ S% h" c& Q
Reliability 113
w- `3 x/ Z* g+ [$ r `) _3 kDesign of load equipment 115* x" B7 S' L" w; _+ z V
The design of electric-power supply systems 117, l. M) q- T' J n! t
Power harmonic filters 119* u# p# _: u! W7 J+ b3 i
Utilization-dynamic voltage compensators 119
1 a3 g4 Z0 y' h1 B7 yUninterruptible power supplies 119
, r8 a, Z- H" R; lTransformers 120
7 Q6 a+ `. ~6 [, `" fStandby power systems 122
8 y1 ?( I% D* d# U- [+ B2 Y$ j- hSummary 126
2 F$ J- T/ A7 D9 Y$ W7 Q$ oReferences 126
& j C) R9 V* U* zChapter 9. Uninterruptible Power Supplies 129& H/ ~6 u) k @. M0 L- `
Introduction 129
h4 f4 B( p: S- k9 p. C* {History 131
: \# A6 ]$ N; N) b* j# [- \, U/ KTypes of UPS Equipment 133
" r% ?0 `' G" v# s1 kCommercial equipment 134
" V1 p5 U3 q2 o/ VEnergy storage 137
; L, l2 ^0 J+ CBatteries 138+ C L, o! o0 u% ?. [ l
Flywheels 139
: Q2 }8 `! J) E, @8 o( DFuel cells 141
/ |% y) \# D7 j2 N* l. {Ultracapacitors 144
2 ^9 f+ Q, G% W5 b7 {Summary 145& {4 W$ e! l6 z- b% d: p
References 1453 ~7 u. ]# V, P! y: a) K; h
Chapter 10. Dynamic Voltage Compensators 1477 L0 G6 i, G+ q$ R4 E- m
Introduction 147+ X- R6 _( S, \% t9 J
Principle of Operation 148/ a! W1 j( J; {! ^( I
Operation on ITIC curve 151( C3 ?. o( P* A
Detection of disturbance and control 152
9 G3 g$ I" F7 c! kCommercial equipment 153
/ m; Q4 ^. M' P# b9 oSummary 154
2 s5 O" m/ |" s! d/ A$ W, E& bReferences 154
" o$ l8 C- L5 ]Chapter 11. Power Quality Events 155
1 C( ]1 z: e: K/ j; H) L+ lIntroduction 155" U8 S+ A7 \6 H
Method 1 155
3 G- L8 u6 G4 L- `/ AMethod 2 156 o5 F: e* O7 D r) _) k3 k
Personal Computers 156
' t! P }1 K; I. G# ^- ]; LPower-quality characteristics 1575 @- I) Q; i' y2 D
Modes of malfunction 160. v5 Z: C" |' u/ F
Sensitivity to voltage sags and interruptions 160
! Z$ s: I9 X& r' B \. uCorrection measures 162) v( x, j- Z7 I) y1 B1 J4 l
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: l/ T0 h4 H! g8 F: M; oCorrection measures 1648 \. H: k: m) H1 j8 C
AC Contactors and relays 165* k; e; n P; B" p* p% F
Operation 165
4 Y, K0 O8 |0 h0 o7 \3 x, ^+ N" O+ W" oThe Impact of Voltage Disturbance 168$ w3 z% l% R/ w, \% Y+ z4 p
Correction methods 169) Z. s% E6 o' n7 g
Summary 170 H6 }1 [: H6 p. V& D- G
References 170, T7 B" {5 d2 n8 k
Chapter 12. Electric Motor Drive Equipment 173
: x% \0 j X/ y; ~+ F+ ^5 \Electric Motors 173
, q7 Q" L- v$ i7 P. ]: Q, uInduction Motors 173
, Y4 C1 O: H* @ j7 y; N6 `Operation 174
0 r' C3 z$ o0 _* b! G; J" wHazards 1747 _, O" ]% ]' Z" E* @' g0 |3 {$ G2 P
Phenomena 175
) n1 O( _8 _4 R% |' G* y4 E# r3 V& iProtection 176
/ x8 A0 I& J; Q0 fAdjustable Speed Drives 177. {' @" r+ A3 c \1 S
Application 178
# s1 }1 G, R o7 T6 b2 a) I8 M6 g, I3 VVoltage disturbances 180
0 h* l7 X t$ wVoltage unbalance 181
{0 m3 N. O9 GProtective measures 183
# [) R7 s" C$ XSummary 188: l# t9 C& M5 h# n$ W$ K! l5 ]
References 188
- Q3 P z, l; o v. f# S, wChapter 13. Standby Power Systems 189
5 x f3 i& a% Z5 ~# ZPrinciples: Standby Power System Design 189; g' U# N% A$ ?9 C7 e0 e
Components to Assemble Standby
3 D% c& M7 T: M5 E7 S4 M" pPower Systems 190
0 L1 u' @! Y" A( aSample Standby Power Systems 191
/ ?4 C3 n# S1 o/ QEngine-Generator Sets 194$ @5 ]+ p) t( i/ l2 _6 n
Standards 1958 Q7 n- w/ Y0 X* Q( [5 {4 B4 Y" `
Component parts of an E/G set installation 196
N* Z# a' z3 e# v$ P6 z5 v7 HTransfer switches 198
7 }. l) E% L5 i; V; HSummary 200% f3 C4 ~, z i# {0 p( |+ O" O1 n
References 200
& o0 W! j6 d0 D( _# Z$ }" ]Chapter 14. Power Quality Measurements 201& N* O" p9 p; c& D
Multimeters 201! `2 e- N2 \4 O, N! O( A4 x8 k+ X
Oscilloscopes 202
" |( V- \! o5 z: LCurrent Probes 2039 S# Z" N; d: X( z$ F
Search Coils 204* R: ]1 T; U" W1 U
Power-Quality Meters and Analyzers 205) Q& s. u4 ]& ^0 } A
Current Transformer Analysis in Detail 205& _8 ]* B5 W$ e( N1 y
Summary 213
* ?: s( c! p3 \8 i# SReferences 2136 K9 ]* v4 t- o y& M" J
Index 215 |
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