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' E- |- R# L7 z Preface xiChapter 1. Introduction 1
7 d/ V' }9 q4 |" ~ M9 Q+ H! yBackground 1 ?9 R* H: A/ X! E, I
Ideal Voltage Waveform 28 Y9 p. G$ h- f* n8 u
Nonlinear Load: The Rectifier 3
0 F- g+ S1 i/ i& F; AThe Definition of Power Quality 6
* @& D3 w- N& \& ~* [$ F7 ]1 AExamples of poor power quality 72 d8 G/ K, d( o: B a0 t! q5 Q
The need for corrections 9
4 x& ?3 @! W( K) @: d& z& e9 ~The Scope of This Text 9 `2 W0 b7 G4 q+ x# z" F, V
Comment on References 11* h( w' a/ J3 f- c. I$ ~; D+ z
References 12" K0 j. |- m! J* ?
Chapter 2. Power-Quality Standards 15
3 }- y6 o; o9 Y5 o `. T' wIEEE Standards 519 and 1159 15( Q* g# a4 g# x1 K2 ~% c2 Y% [
ANSI Standard C84 172 r! ]: @' ^5 Q1 y! V+ d1 \
CBEMA and ITIC Curves 18; O; F9 V9 }3 ?
High-Frequency EMI Standards 203 i y* V% C1 I& [2 Q
Summary 23* F% [9 P, P- H( e
References 24
# Y I O7 `% z4 ]6 AChapter 3. Voltage Distortion 25
( _. u; }9 t$ R, A! T+ L6 cVoltage Sag 25
& f+ l$ N% \! V3 rVoltage “Swell” 301 }# s! f/ x2 J% [
Impulsive “Transient” 30
% `' C1 m1 T0 q1 q4 V( w( G8 I8 TOscillatory “Transient” 33. L, p' ^' m% q& X
Interruption 35
$ L3 [3 e4 x5 J2 I KNotching 35 C. d8 P( R7 d: A7 d* B9 J* P
Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker 37
/ ] N7 Y% b/ ?: ^1 s$ IVoltage Imbalance 40+ A5 x9 m" l& j, ~
Summary 41
* m$ H# N8 E. j7 DReferences 42
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# r- E8 v6 A! G* PChapter 4. Harmonics and Interharmonics 43; x' x! X" m4 D: q# Z% ?
Background 43" Z j5 T2 W/ k
Periodic Waveforms and Harmonics 43
: G1 `8 Y* a9 eRoot-mean square 47 u6 G+ J) N7 X+ D4 O C9 A
DC current 495 J- h* q. I& W( _7 j+ |, ?- e& Q
Pure sine wave 49& t8 y8 a! ]4 @9 Q
Square wave 494 y" h4 G$ ?) I2 h4 l2 ~5 @
DC waveform + ripple 50
0 e q8 f3 V. }8 B$ W: \Triangular ripple 50
+ e0 r" D: y5 b4 `7 lPulsating waveform 51
5 n( H5 p3 X+ H" |1 o& GPulsating waveform with ripple 52
, j* T8 \$ g FTriangular waveform 52
9 n0 o5 z# x3 O$ T- B7 S- f* pPiecewise Calculation 524 ~, k3 T; f6 l. V- G, y
Total Harmonic Distortion 53
% J; P I1 e2 c3 R5 B6 g4 iCrest Factor 53
4 Y9 |+ n2 H; v* Z' X2 n R, D! CSummary 61$ P" Q% a" G' i
References 61- a* m- y2 X# _/ ]
Chapter 5. Harmonic Current Sources 63
. Y. F1 j" p5 k' u7 N6 c+ rBackground 63
/ Q- i! U2 `3 kSingle-Phase Rectifiers 646 t' } ?, m" v
Three-Phase Rectifiers 69
$ P$ _1 Q0 i# b, ]The six-pulse rectifier 69
6 G* i1 K2 {. }2 c( v4 Q5 tThe twelve-pulse rectifier 70
; ^: c- [" h( N5 ~, O( I& D4 b7 UHigh-Frequency Fluorescent Ballasts 71
}- p, I7 d1 t. n& WTransformers 72$ B8 _; Q: t9 m' o) S" M, s
Other Systems that Draw Harmonic Currents 73
1 g+ C% _. B; U/ j L! J0 G( S3 N( rSummary 74
r) L: \% Z% f2 c- z0 @ }References 74& k2 S% r- P% d3 q' S+ M
Chapter 6. Power Harmonic Filters 75( R( u" M5 W7 r0 s( g
Introduction 758 R1 `: v* |! f7 @
A Typical Power System 765 G7 M# o1 I3 y4 U2 }
IEEE Std. 519-1992 78
) o' F: c2 B3 d% Y8 E" b YLine reactor 79
6 a" n) U6 p3 DShunt passive filter 81
4 y* r6 _5 ~7 P1 a5 tMultisection filters 87
0 V& F* X+ |5 Y+ CPractical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters 95
0 u: D' }; G. @) F+ Q, qActive harmonic filters 95
7 a5 g1 |8 e& L5 N, @- x2 fHybrid harmonic filters 97
" h7 K$ _1 v' o2 A: a4 C+ aSummary 97
. N1 }! |; x6 t" v6 o0 z! eReferences 986 g6 V( M; A# [8 N% D
Chapter 7. Switch Mode Power Supplies 99
5 I+ S, q2 |% ?2 s4 iBackground 99; ~% T5 a, Q0 d7 |/ E5 v
Offline Power Supplies 100
' T6 t* \4 M w2 Z& KDC/DC Converter high-frequency switching waveforms6 g3 M. f. j& z0 Q8 Q
and interharmonic generation 104
$ [0 M1 }% r; \5 D2 B$ V2 [ P; nTesting for conducted EMI 1066 T& V, {, }- z4 _
Corrective measures for improving conducted EMI 107
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% w, u. f& [* T, SSummary 107
. q/ \+ P4 ~" j5 hReferences 108
# R" X* R) C7 K1 m; EChapter 8. Methods for Correction of Power-Quality
1 M/ F _2 w, {( t: X2 ZProblems 109
& y* \; q- C8 O! s0 pIntroduction 109, {9 _- @. m; }5 _% P9 G0 m: B
Correction Methods 110: s% |! N" I" q/ U- Y7 z
Voltage disturbances versus correction methods 111
& `, I( |4 V& s) P8 E7 S# QReliability 1132 e" B" F O# O7 [4 q- ~( `; g' S& B& u
Design of load equipment 1157 W4 _3 [8 S' J4 Y
The design of electric-power supply systems 1170 X# Y- ~7 O' }
Power harmonic filters 119
6 r) }6 l* t4 ?! hUtilization-dynamic voltage compensators 119
7 [! I; H" u% R4 W7 [# j6 zUninterruptible power supplies 119, r7 `! j: M9 x% X! X8 F
Transformers 120
3 d ?( G: W& A# T) g8 q8 }Standby power systems 122
# t, q. i8 e, M6 w" mSummary 126& Z" H+ u) S5 B" p! N Z" b
References 126
& |2 L- S2 n" o6 O" e: Y0 U0 zChapter 9. Uninterruptible Power Supplies 129
: G0 y. R5 L$ w$ gIntroduction 1292 H2 I e" h7 \- P, }
History 1313 {. {$ b# s3 W$ H' n2 P/ M# Y; ?
Types of UPS Equipment 133* Y2 Y* x6 u y- J3 `
Commercial equipment 134
# z3 l. _" K6 \6 i1 A; F5 TEnergy storage 137" a1 Z& R8 O, U4 E
Batteries 138" w- [$ n7 |) Q6 N
Flywheels 139
D8 M% p2 B0 Y% V0 EFuel cells 141( l; g* M: k4 w; ~
Ultracapacitors 144
# Q- t$ X! F: OSummary 1455 y- a/ Q/ Q$ `$ D
References 145
% X G+ M6 h4 e7 p+ Q/ nChapter 10. Dynamic Voltage Compensators 147% U) O/ [ U2 O! x
Introduction 147
5 i/ O" J x. Z& E3 u- i' rPrinciple of Operation 1488 B1 ]7 U! B. ? H" H' W4 h1 Y
Operation on ITIC curve 151# g3 u' |8 K0 y2 r
Detection of disturbance and control 152$ ]/ e- k* @* H% s4 z+ S8 e4 o# U
Commercial equipment 153
, U7 C' J, J' I, f# [Summary 1544 `4 O8 o2 E. |; G7 w
References 154
0 ^) Z: Y5 }0 i2 ^3 X& o! u+ B% MChapter 11. Power Quality Events 155+ ~- ]/ Z* q$ F( L- o1 b
Introduction 155$ h6 i+ ?, S+ J5 g$ H' B+ f
Method 1 1553 [2 G+ ~( f3 f/ _1 [) Q$ D- l
Method 2 1569 V( ]7 ?0 w6 S- u% \* ]! B* X2 r
Personal Computers 156
3 w2 ~) V$ u* FPower-quality characteristics 157
& U( G1 v) N2 `9 d( Z, OModes of malfunction 1600 {; ~/ |5 \2 S/ H
Sensitivity to voltage sags and interruptions 1604 Y. S6 O }3 D
Correction measures 162; o B3 g ?2 x* M$ f
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Correction measures 164/ V; o; Y: a" y' T
AC Contactors and relays 165; ?5 Y; I: ?# O- Q$ o
Operation 165
0 s- E0 m# k, R+ YThe Impact of Voltage Disturbance 168
N+ d2 R. w- R( y hCorrection methods 169
0 K% W, q$ y5 B9 @! }Summary 170
* ]7 L. |- r, i( n( ^References 170
% p# x2 n+ I4 _Chapter 12. Electric Motor Drive Equipment 173, V1 e* _& Y3 d! J$ @
Electric Motors 1730 p8 Q: h# }; Y" W
Induction Motors 173+ k" z& ^; z' y% t' h$ h+ D
Operation 174
) ?, w# X( K$ e( r+ J* fHazards 174
' g" n! U- u x# OPhenomena 1759 _ t Y7 t2 a3 c
Protection 176! H# P7 T& W3 ~
Adjustable Speed Drives 177# o, B" ~( ]3 i1 h; X
Application 178
7 y! v$ K [; Y |) B2 tVoltage disturbances 180
( w: C7 b9 T5 J" U7 \Voltage unbalance 181" N F$ }- |: A' ?" N9 f H+ w4 t/ B
Protective measures 1833 j. N0 i" O8 U7 A2 T1 K0 G
Summary 188, o- X( B. k0 T- ^! ?8 y! T1 N
References 1887 ^7 l* ~+ T4 u B) {
Chapter 13. Standby Power Systems 1898 n2 d8 `6 j" N9 o. h( B* c
Principles: Standby Power System Design 189
9 ]; w0 s1 t2 IComponents to Assemble Standby, a$ L" k- g5 c' m) R
Power Systems 190
! H- L8 q6 R% q, h7 l, GSample Standby Power Systems 191
# `/ _$ J. N/ DEngine-Generator Sets 194
- A7 O. ?6 j/ T1 ~Standards 195$ f) \) R7 z; V) Z
Component parts of an E/G set installation 196
H$ C$ l' |6 ^7 w/ U8 TTransfer switches 198
% }- ~1 D6 _. O2 q2 L; ASummary 200% K) H1 @# y8 N3 O ?. U3 }- R4 s/ h. T
References 200+ @2 @) x) {/ N; @' `1 a2 S
Chapter 14. Power Quality Measurements 201) h; o- r! R! w
Multimeters 201
' q \) \% G8 A. n+ N: |Oscilloscopes 202
& l1 p N; L1 r- k5 l5 a% nCurrent Probes 203/ b8 O3 T+ q% G4 ~4 D
Search Coils 204
! T- c$ A6 P( h/ ^$ S8 JPower-Quality Meters and Analyzers 205( T' i) v0 f3 J: J! O
Current Transformer Analysis in Detail 205$ s7 i, n3 L. H5 {
Summary 213! i Z) N j1 b p, M, V
References 213
9 W# r# `2 |, U4 z8 uIndex 215 |
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