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- j# j- \: B# {0 X5 A3 o Preface xiChapter 1. Introduction 1
( {. d& b6 i. X' l" x' M. Z" ABackground 1
2 u& O+ o. n! G4 j+ [8 ]Ideal Voltage Waveform 2
' _7 f7 B! f0 S% nNonlinear Load: The Rectifier 3. W3 W/ B! h- V0 j9 R/ Z
The Definition of Power Quality 6
/ v$ K* T8 v: V7 l& mExamples of poor power quality 78 \2 ?2 l! z' h! b
The need for corrections 9) x! D3 Y, \3 K# P _0 c
The Scope of This Text 9
2 u2 k8 \% c4 L" e+ O; O2 i+ yComment on References 11. ?! i, \% e" ?" G
References 12+ e+ i% y! }8 J2 r# N/ z9 I
Chapter 2. Power-Quality Standards 15
* e0 W7 t7 V% j( nIEEE Standards 519 and 1159 15
' F% Z6 _$ j$ EANSI Standard C84 17& z: d4 m0 A( b% e
CBEMA and ITIC Curves 18; T1 n8 d' K7 {. k
High-Frequency EMI Standards 20' j2 g3 ?# k/ Y! \& S- M: l* G
Summary 232 V e' U5 a5 u5 W7 p
References 24
- b0 m. a/ U+ q# Z' P+ ], t( jChapter 3. Voltage Distortion 25
# r: J5 Z) o; k7 O$ zVoltage Sag 25* `4 n/ N9 B; _* d2 l" m, ]
Voltage “Swell” 30# l9 K0 B" J; n& N. L* v
Impulsive “Transient” 30
7 [% k! u% v: C# A% \! e+ _/ KOscillatory “Transient” 33% i, i+ j4 F: G, z
Interruption 351 P7 D, h2 B. b, `# ?, J% D! O
Notching 353 y- |: L' B$ x* U
Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker 377 m7 G: f( a9 E
Voltage Imbalance 40
' g R8 T+ z/ t& A6 }) D! Y& fSummary 41
: W0 @; u. S' p0 ]' n% ZReferences 42
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8 c4 l0 e0 c- u# ]& {Chapter 4. Harmonics and Interharmonics 43
& A j; i# E1 b; W7 M8 A6 R+ T5 J8 NBackground 438 E" ?$ X2 m4 F5 _2 z; ~
Periodic Waveforms and Harmonics 43
* m1 T' M" G# i5 t- S8 I8 u4 r3 xRoot-mean square 47
/ W- [7 q. c P7 S# k( M* aDC current 491 K# T5 K1 m, J8 C) I5 [2 ^3 Q! @( q/ F
Pure sine wave 49
, e& f8 T* r! c, S4 j0 k* wSquare wave 49
* u! R4 u2 v& |/ [: `1 wDC waveform + ripple 50
, ?7 V- Q2 }$ N$ s* J3 M, xTriangular ripple 50! I% ^* b7 l2 f M0 L
Pulsating waveform 51
. ~2 c4 Z1 M# Q( |- y% B: @Pulsating waveform with ripple 52" r/ F2 k' D2 ]# d8 w
Triangular waveform 521 }' @+ d2 c8 q, |2 {1 X- h# z0 Z
Piecewise Calculation 52
7 n% e4 p% E' wTotal Harmonic Distortion 53
; K c& ~* |! y5 @/ _Crest Factor 53% ?( t& o2 {8 l
Summary 61! L. E. S3 ], [- W5 f( f4 J$ \
References 61: l& e& q$ F& A7 d
Chapter 5. Harmonic Current Sources 63
: l! H3 l- Z9 H, a0 k6 _3 A6 xBackground 63
8 [6 L# _ F0 _# b: P: P+ ~3 ? ySingle-Phase Rectifiers 64
4 r. C0 `. _/ z7 Y g9 Z2 _* WThree-Phase Rectifiers 69
+ i& ~- T/ Q+ L- O% uThe six-pulse rectifier 69
: q+ a( X) G! k% k y4 tThe twelve-pulse rectifier 705 K* \2 J$ Q! e, E5 K
High-Frequency Fluorescent Ballasts 71! ~# b' w: z. Q8 z* N9 i
Transformers 726 o O% v% ^( }: O5 V
Other Systems that Draw Harmonic Currents 73# ~( Y/ ?) a* o: N! K
Summary 74" d1 I [* e q2 ~' c+ h
References 74
& [5 f. f( f8 E4 ]' z) mChapter 6. Power Harmonic Filters 75; ~/ \. y, S3 b1 U4 V
Introduction 75; ]4 l; e2 j& z' Q: p; [- e
A Typical Power System 76. r. N- o& h, I8 A- M% }. m% B% ]
IEEE Std. 519-1992 78 l! k& _# l) ^) F( L
Line reactor 79
1 m T4 g# I% z( t/ N6 kShunt passive filter 81
; I4 Z; E1 A% B9 w5 Q4 e/ C/ qMultisection filters 870 a2 ^: G3 D2 _# A7 [9 u- ~; b" v. A
Practical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters 95
, ]4 P2 }: E+ |6 FActive harmonic filters 95
% S) O1 K. G; S6 D; y) {Hybrid harmonic filters 97
6 G& g; N* a L4 J: FSummary 973 q/ K9 u$ j$ C+ k3 f+ @0 v
References 980 f s# K; I. ~0 l6 C: |4 D) l" c
Chapter 7. Switch Mode Power Supplies 99
1 z$ q% K8 _" [- E2 QBackground 99- i# G3 |5 h* E
Offline Power Supplies 100! D: [6 B$ ?, w' ~" |
DC/DC Converter high-frequency switching waveforms
* `& ~# j* n" T( ^3 T8 s |5 Rand interharmonic generation 104) z3 A9 j$ M- h; N5 ?
Testing for conducted EMI 106) h' v3 W( P& h2 f9 r( c9 w/ s
Corrective measures for improving conducted EMI 107% ~7 i, k f; t9 o& y* O9 ]) E6 o
Q" l, ]$ Q3 q1 J- K
+ `0 ~" j% ^7 M* k l6 s, C; `
Summary 107- q" @7 \9 }. F w1 Q
References 108
& ^0 O7 C1 {. B8 XChapter 8. Methods for Correction of Power-Quality
) m/ T% Z) M$ w YProblems 109
* ]. R" k ~' ]% m' EIntroduction 109
1 g# ?5 a- A" C d' k+ I' nCorrection Methods 110; b* U8 z% C0 Z" {& ^$ T& \ i
Voltage disturbances versus correction methods 111
4 _, p9 p) i# O8 TReliability 113
. {6 O& a3 |1 a# fDesign of load equipment 115
& U. f A6 }- x4 v; Y4 e7 X: HThe design of electric-power supply systems 1171 F9 p' f( @/ S
Power harmonic filters 119
/ z6 O5 E% G0 z" }/ `. nUtilization-dynamic voltage compensators 119/ t4 k6 J, C! s7 c2 I$ t" F
Uninterruptible power supplies 119
0 ]" v1 i/ ~1 A9 v6 Y: {Transformers 1208 O Q+ n& t( _4 P, L
Standby power systems 122
$ y$ u3 g+ u; V0 xSummary 126! A! F& v4 ]3 W' ?
References 1266 L7 C* x0 O8 M# G7 N8 D! g' f
Chapter 9. Uninterruptible Power Supplies 1298 K: l- S3 H& N7 U3 M8 |& D$ y' ]& i
Introduction 129
3 E" e. S6 z4 M0 W( p3 R1 S% FHistory 131
, Y9 P( z# Y2 I5 M# r- Q TTypes of UPS Equipment 133/ j8 _+ k8 d. d; Y
Commercial equipment 1348 J$ f& A! i9 p7 P. ]
Energy storage 137: P% D! p* i, f! A4 `4 B2 E
Batteries 1381 `- f- X4 q7 ?, h: Y2 @
Flywheels 1393 L2 n. x% B" D) c
Fuel cells 141
/ n- ]4 w9 A* U# `Ultracapacitors 144
7 Z$ I3 y* L: p! e0 R; R: I5 m! m/ D8 fSummary 145
& R" |$ q3 }2 j |& ^" }References 145
R. z( `% r$ D% MChapter 10. Dynamic Voltage Compensators 147/ j% \5 w* f, k1 o0 z
Introduction 147
) ] E8 B0 b7 v! c' \* E- U; G( vPrinciple of Operation 148' f' |2 s& t* z4 V, c
Operation on ITIC curve 151
2 G3 @6 _# T0 Z0 u" r+ s7 g0 A, IDetection of disturbance and control 152: T4 }- {* P* c
Commercial equipment 153
. N& B& y& h, z& ]) Q: A* GSummary 1549 F' y: C4 R1 m
References 154+ ]8 g; O$ |4 R$ v6 f
Chapter 11. Power Quality Events 155
' N# _- o# I4 Z/ s" zIntroduction 155" Y. M* a0 J2 w! l$ z& V- ?
Method 1 155
6 j+ X4 X' a4 z' i/ ~, Q9 W' \% @Method 2 156
2 q6 u$ Y, }: }. Z7 |Personal Computers 156
2 y; {* D) v+ ], w* APower-quality characteristics 157/ D& b6 V" U* m1 }; y; l' j/ r- D4 Q
Modes of malfunction 1602 x- N$ ^' T& e: d9 h- Y/ f
Sensitivity to voltage sags and interruptions 160
0 M) U. z0 l$ t# HCorrection measures 162' d( i' J8 p) Z8 Y; }
+ x3 v1 U3 e0 }4 P- b2 c, m$ L' t. o2 o+ ]7 W# b
Correction measures 164. q% i& a3 T9 M7 l; X m t: u
AC Contactors and relays 165
: Z q# y& I- K0 w5 h! ZOperation 165
: F7 I5 I. @% J* d; b4 p% XThe Impact of Voltage Disturbance 168" y% J0 _' w6 w; a) l* K# J
Correction methods 169) w$ s) C/ ?% x8 a1 X* a
Summary 1704 l3 }& |& W# u+ @4 ~$ v
References 170+ P+ `# S" p* M) h
Chapter 12. Electric Motor Drive Equipment 173& m' R$ Y# K. J
Electric Motors 173
1 b' Z9 D$ g& [/ ^3 C" f* mInduction Motors 1735 E% G* L6 L! Z: y6 X% B" [
Operation 174; x# r3 o/ X A" U1 A
Hazards 174
1 n% P% [: m: m( Z* k' X% ~Phenomena 175
. T2 {( e% A. n' DProtection 176
( y- M& }& F3 N: ^! \! f2 y: EAdjustable Speed Drives 177
$ A* l" S/ g/ u( ~( \Application 178
9 j1 ?8 E1 k5 m1 a' B6 M/ CVoltage disturbances 180
' C6 I4 z5 n5 F, p% n3 CVoltage unbalance 181
) U& r- w( P' S; c' Y: M2 ~Protective measures 183
$ P! m) c) C. A+ ]: D- q" BSummary 188
* V) w r- k {" ~0 nReferences 188
8 k/ w/ T0 M8 E6 HChapter 13. Standby Power Systems 189
. P+ K4 }) L6 f# |/ W( WPrinciples: Standby Power System Design 1891 x' V e& L( F) U$ i7 L5 U
Components to Assemble Standby
7 y# Q& y, R$ G% nPower Systems 190
6 ?; R7 V5 t+ [) eSample Standby Power Systems 1919 O7 o0 i2 q6 H$ y) u
Engine-Generator Sets 194
' S; Q) R9 [. p% a2 j* e/ vStandards 195
1 x- j8 A# B8 @Component parts of an E/G set installation 196$ I" _' d2 ~. k$ |% x8 k
Transfer switches 198
\, r" |8 \! _4 }$ x: ~' \7 S( QSummary 200
8 U3 i5 [5 N! D9 WReferences 200# C) A H8 T2 V- I( J. s& \
Chapter 14. Power Quality Measurements 201
$ O+ `1 Q: r3 ^. E/ Q& K1 }/ r, wMultimeters 201
( {3 t$ s$ J* Z8 H5 o- z$ DOscilloscopes 202
$ L. L: z8 [5 _1 t" e- m! R; M8 jCurrent Probes 203
! i2 X1 b- y7 X8 }' j& [Search Coils 204. _; m, f& B' j9 _
Power-Quality Meters and Analyzers 205
3 t M2 A" S A. [* Y \; r$ mCurrent Transformer Analysis in Detail 2054 a. V2 {, V- ^: d
Summary 213
! X( d# `/ g3 D4 [% s2 CReferences 213- A. e* j& M: H9 G' F1 @
Index 215 |
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