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+ u/ w6 ^0 s9 E Preface xiChapter 1. Introduction 1
+ ?* m0 q- i9 ?3 ]/ m3 |1 L( z- ?+ @% iBackground 1
1 F8 k- B8 C+ `: qIdeal Voltage Waveform 2& h8 X+ t$ x3 A3 l; r, m
Nonlinear Load: The Rectifier 3
1 G# J1 R3 C9 K0 v* HThe Definition of Power Quality 68 X- h0 |5 ?! V ~/ S- a
Examples of poor power quality 7
4 p: l* n% _/ c2 E k2 PThe need for corrections 9
$ ~2 ?9 u% Q+ r' zThe Scope of This Text 9
0 Y5 P5 k) u( {# `( xComment on References 11$ a# V! d% m- N4 |3 q8 q$ X( n
References 12
# z% U n' m; c, t6 K f3 O0 GChapter 2. Power-Quality Standards 15
4 W0 T/ @" V' D# H0 H. d; I; MIEEE Standards 519 and 1159 15) \0 Y, B9 b1 W2 D4 O- n# d/ @
ANSI Standard C84 17* n$ r% J& K' |1 z4 A" E f* v
CBEMA and ITIC Curves 18
) X1 E( g& l4 X8 q* u# Y' t8 UHigh-Frequency EMI Standards 20) ~8 K& O, {4 N. J
Summary 232 V* M* d0 t; Y
References 24" N% ?0 D/ i, I* q1 w$ P. u
Chapter 3. Voltage Distortion 25
( U4 N, g4 V% c! UVoltage Sag 25
# K) g. \" h# \. Z+ a7 o! }Voltage “Swell” 306 `7 t3 _% \! _2 I7 K& V
Impulsive “Transient” 30 V' I0 b1 q( N, T
Oscillatory “Transient” 33
6 \5 n2 r8 g/ i) i- F. DInterruption 35
; \3 \8 D$ L) W" v0 v# L+ MNotching 35- H" Z6 {7 n* H+ j: O+ `
Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker 37
1 T7 }9 Z9 t; t7 y4 C% A _Voltage Imbalance 40
1 W: i7 _7 R- c h6 E2 r) V% USummary 413 B0 p4 |! ~8 j' e) m
References 42
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Chapter 4. Harmonics and Interharmonics 43
9 L+ ]3 J" k* l6 d, WBackground 43
/ b. b" n) L7 T' EPeriodic Waveforms and Harmonics 43
( t% J; J% G+ |2 l- p5 ARoot-mean square 47$ e ? B$ e) m; u2 p6 Y7 Q' _, _
DC current 49& e w" J' W3 D. T r1 S, ^
Pure sine wave 49
- B% [5 a. o- y7 ?Square wave 49( H6 h) l3 @. f* }4 Q- }
DC waveform + ripple 50$ O+ |# z4 H2 B# ^# B
Triangular ripple 50
! e7 `, _, d" A& N5 `- C8 ?0 H5 LPulsating waveform 51( A& D, `% Z3 U: D7 e5 W9 N. A
Pulsating waveform with ripple 52
! @: `- a% U( d5 U4 ]3 x: j. ZTriangular waveform 52
5 U- ?! \/ E5 J) a# j2 ]4 hPiecewise Calculation 52 v% O" u! C% v# Z
Total Harmonic Distortion 53
( g; @' K' Y" b% d9 ~: |Crest Factor 53
8 ~0 ~) M; K7 N- S% xSummary 61
* g1 Y: ^+ ]; V2 ]! K+ nReferences 61* m* [/ ~) q% t( a
Chapter 5. Harmonic Current Sources 63 I: R5 j& U: B. x ]; ]
Background 63$ x) ~, ]0 y* j( A3 j! y- s [3 r
Single-Phase Rectifiers 64( b5 q0 ~3 Q6 u) g% T
Three-Phase Rectifiers 69
( c, z" u& J# |, o- zThe six-pulse rectifier 69
y) t( i2 j" b5 Y# fThe twelve-pulse rectifier 70
2 }4 ?6 ?* M. G' u3 v5 k+ u9 tHigh-Frequency Fluorescent Ballasts 71( u- @. ^) ^" B7 m( U" Z
Transformers 72. V2 L1 m* Z' O& Y W% u
Other Systems that Draw Harmonic Currents 737 \& N( z9 h- R
Summary 74
3 W& T7 p# i. u* zReferences 742 v6 O) P9 l% x) b% ~
Chapter 6. Power Harmonic Filters 75" q( K* g* C0 W- k; Z( g5 X
Introduction 75
W) T" P7 @5 s/ {4 Q; XA Typical Power System 76( p8 B& O% {: N$ L( ]
IEEE Std. 519-1992 78
0 r/ ~8 `4 b% L8 |, L6 GLine reactor 79* v, `% N/ y- r+ a" i J$ N3 P0 Q
Shunt passive filter 81
4 @- _; g" _$ P1 ~Multisection filters 87. c2 i. D/ W, G/ R. ]
Practical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters 95& C+ n T; m6 T3 D
Active harmonic filters 95# i$ K# n- J$ D- C1 s3 K. g9 M5 f
Hybrid harmonic filters 97
/ s+ b( F" ?- W# wSummary 974 J' J6 P5 y/ ?/ m+ n* G5 |
References 98# I8 _: n6 j6 J6 L9 N6 c
Chapter 7. Switch Mode Power Supplies 99/ |2 K6 A' e L8 g8 c9 \0 r0 [
Background 99
d/ Q! w/ h, b: iOffline Power Supplies 100! ~/ T7 L- y# L0 S. a0 h
DC/DC Converter high-frequency switching waveforms
' m* C% Q" m0 d, z/ v! T: L0 Sand interharmonic generation 104' e3 C( s" p" i: |
Testing for conducted EMI 1061 [- G8 y# H! w0 g
Corrective measures for improving conducted EMI 107/ l3 E* P: Z( I1 x
) x+ a R. O* D% F7 J8 @% U- \
' b" A2 G2 ~" \1 v& N4 N8 W" mSummary 107
" Z. a9 ?0 K7 ]. {( H1 l, N6 RReferences 1084 m% F$ B. }% B& h" y6 O) U6 d
Chapter 8. Methods for Correction of Power-Quality
" T# C4 `% A; W" q5 D& F: r% LProblems 1094 `( M- m, [8 q1 C9 S$ Y
Introduction 109' G0 M0 n" G4 T, j1 n
Correction Methods 110
0 q1 V/ e( }- X2 N. C4 V( A3 nVoltage disturbances versus correction methods 111
o3 ]0 o; x' \1 cReliability 113 d3 s! c- h( \! c* F4 v$ j1 H! o ?
Design of load equipment 115! w/ c& d8 L- X5 p6 |7 Y
The design of electric-power supply systems 117
! \ w/ R4 F" A4 j& G* wPower harmonic filters 1194 z% x! q+ O, t
Utilization-dynamic voltage compensators 119
: F0 o* `$ }8 N( D( xUninterruptible power supplies 119+ j! i/ |: O! |* A# c8 O& Y
Transformers 120
6 j9 |# i# c) A0 h vStandby power systems 122( I! }' P* ^5 G: _% s
Summary 126
1 Z/ u8 V+ \; j* W9 ^. q! O3 gReferences 1265 v$ h$ i) A+ K9 ]7 W
Chapter 9. Uninterruptible Power Supplies 1291 K8 x/ O1 L+ z6 g$ E: l
Introduction 129' y- U! [ E4 l: @9 M. G
History 131
0 ^9 f. A7 I! M# z- b8 E: YTypes of UPS Equipment 133* Q* \# \1 x4 i x* @& K
Commercial equipment 134* \* F, x6 Q# P: o
Energy storage 1377 {: _2 X% G0 y8 A$ t/ s0 B
Batteries 138
# k. F) O) V3 G3 c2 o# N4 lFlywheels 139
4 U) _3 N! A0 a; M* Y* F& N- z: lFuel cells 141
1 t: p( s8 u# ~% z( d$ B* a+ D6 tUltracapacitors 1444 L) c; V3 {* M* U4 U4 z1 D
Summary 145! p* Q D* R I- k: G# ~
References 145
3 S4 ]8 {$ A. j1 IChapter 10. Dynamic Voltage Compensators 1475 h3 D1 x: S: W
Introduction 147
8 x( C5 f; K; n/ l0 tPrinciple of Operation 148
$ J A* _9 s$ f, mOperation on ITIC curve 151 Y# e: u2 P/ Q @
Detection of disturbance and control 152/ I* L( s6 ^/ W( f) l' Q$ [9 l' s& x
Commercial equipment 153
7 h3 A1 d8 k' }2 YSummary 154
, u# T2 K2 c; z3 r* r1 `References 154
( y6 V# b) ]5 H& e9 L4 a8 b3 ~Chapter 11. Power Quality Events 155
+ k* E( L, U' _) O8 @$ {Introduction 155& S4 Q: l6 Q2 P; Q1 L
Method 1 1553 l; G! n( k7 X* Q _1 Y% v
Method 2 156
" B4 z l: I# u' a8 _! {! LPersonal Computers 1562 H6 u4 X6 ^& G2 P8 g% ?
Power-quality characteristics 157
6 c0 l, `3 _" ] I1 L7 fModes of malfunction 160( E9 Z0 F. I4 c3 r- Q$ Y% C# N2 M
Sensitivity to voltage sags and interruptions 160" K# n8 z- X9 n" b6 L# D
Correction measures 162
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5 U1 N* Z" H* p0 h/ TCorrection measures 164: v/ M4 e/ [+ S# S6 d- Y; T
AC Contactors and relays 165
2 I! }& F- J' [- _Operation 165& c% s2 y1 a; v8 N$ V; ]
The Impact of Voltage Disturbance 168
& B, x* ~; Z* R5 s: i. X- KCorrection methods 1699 `1 I% b% W5 P) p0 s
Summary 170: V* ~! L0 w! @; i1 e
References 170
2 C9 [2 c5 l4 }* n3 X, [Chapter 12. Electric Motor Drive Equipment 173
* X4 D& S: V ]: ^4 fElectric Motors 173! h# b# S$ c7 T: h( o
Induction Motors 173
; F6 r' K3 v2 _# b8 m, TOperation 174
6 m H! a8 F, u ]" t5 \" FHazards 174* T ?( K" ^4 s0 P' X( i
Phenomena 1755 J! N/ R x0 F% R Q4 A
Protection 176# T; P! z, L+ C6 l/ M
Adjustable Speed Drives 177
2 F( H Y, i( sApplication 178
* H7 E6 ^5 t5 y" ^; V- i$ GVoltage disturbances 1800 B6 ~" `+ t0 _+ R
Voltage unbalance 1813 ~! y2 D7 g& n" W0 e
Protective measures 183* r$ @' p! G" L& I" z
Summary 1888 B7 b* b3 \) j: D( ~
References 1886 ?0 K. o+ P: l* x8 @) Y4 C9 O# \
Chapter 13. Standby Power Systems 189 ]& c) _/ b# u9 u
Principles: Standby Power System Design 189+ n" B+ @! ?* a8 `: e) J, r
Components to Assemble Standby r* `2 S9 \$ h
Power Systems 190& s9 ~- s$ S+ d( l: A. Y
Sample Standby Power Systems 191" ]( D# m* B4 B% i
Engine-Generator Sets 194- V$ i9 a; N& ~: E, f) \. e
Standards 195
2 }. R& r% Y# ~+ c3 f. S: ?Component parts of an E/G set installation 196' ?8 z- d: B& B) r
Transfer switches 198
3 A: g# t9 \! USummary 200. ?% M0 T( d$ J
References 200" I; x8 x; S4 w
Chapter 14. Power Quality Measurements 201
/ h, f( i3 X( j( N" OMultimeters 201: O+ H4 ^. H: T+ T2 A+ r: O; c. F
Oscilloscopes 2027 V& A2 r; E9 n% U1 v% E9 q$ F& l
Current Probes 203
5 k; f) m$ D! }8 T9 l& F# ZSearch Coils 204
5 ?2 d; H# B6 F; ]Power-Quality Meters and Analyzers 205
3 I w# T0 f, {1 [Current Transformer Analysis in Detail 205" v. Y% A1 [1 G; k& v
Summary 213
2 n7 A& Q N& E9 ^( P6 fReferences 2137 u0 W3 c5 x) V
Index 215 |
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