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* i' E; `: e( P8 L6 p Preface xiChapter 1. Introduction 1
) x ? q: s$ F" JBackground 1
4 S7 E$ b0 J0 `, x# UIdeal Voltage Waveform 2
^5 x5 j {* c2 |; aNonlinear Load: The Rectifier 3: }! Q9 ^% G- P9 E8 _
The Definition of Power Quality 6
- ]0 ^/ Q0 `: V. sExamples of poor power quality 7
+ K4 G. ^2 W' h3 TThe need for corrections 9+ S1 E" J; v% @0 n X
The Scope of This Text 93 I$ B/ f( C0 ?8 K5 o4 H, q! J O L s
Comment on References 11' t o$ y% X8 W+ r6 E
References 12
- q8 c' u {0 O6 h+ NChapter 2. Power-Quality Standards 15; R; {* _% \% D5 U5 p2 f# t2 z6 z8 _
IEEE Standards 519 and 1159 15
+ i ~+ [' d6 H ? DANSI Standard C84 17
& F Q* a2 N" m! t0 kCBEMA and ITIC Curves 18
2 q" M% ~# |, Y( q/ ]5 }High-Frequency EMI Standards 202 N; h4 s4 ?/ M _6 ` V5 `
Summary 23( u/ J" u% F& ]/ U
References 24
6 a1 ~2 O2 C+ A# J" LChapter 3. Voltage Distortion 25
( ~- V5 F- b* ]& f U+ a2 N c# tVoltage Sag 253 ?' U1 ]4 V, c/ W0 E v, M
Voltage “Swell” 30
1 W g( S6 y* e6 E o/ n# HImpulsive “Transient” 30
& y; a$ W' Q+ O- B; t1 iOscillatory “Transient” 33
# ]1 z' `1 }5 FInterruption 35
& J4 y9 K q# ^' ^" b) mNotching 35
8 ?. S8 B! u. W+ X5 HVoltage Fluctuations and Flicker 37
1 x! M) \' O7 ]- M0 }Voltage Imbalance 40" U8 o3 c( V7 z. T! b
Summary 41* H* W7 X. P6 U1 g9 t4 P3 O" f0 d
References 42) E- }% E# |: w0 m. Z
4 ?8 i$ {% M' r
Chapter 4. Harmonics and Interharmonics 43
) ?' u0 ]! U& W' p6 a$ ZBackground 43
9 n2 [1 C+ K+ g% NPeriodic Waveforms and Harmonics 433 h4 w, o0 y3 L' e
Root-mean square 474 O% h% ?- P2 n, G' a5 e
DC current 49
; `; P4 ~7 f; L. b" @Pure sine wave 49
0 f- h5 ?7 L1 q! r1 ~9 NSquare wave 496 C. A5 p# [, ?% e; J @ s
DC waveform + ripple 50
5 L( D: Q, y9 c- TTriangular ripple 50; c4 g/ F! V `
Pulsating waveform 512 o1 W- w* |7 W+ s7 l- T6 q- B
Pulsating waveform with ripple 52/ ~ A4 G2 w& @2 g
Triangular waveform 52
+ M8 Z2 I' ?4 g2 W [4 ?Piecewise Calculation 52
6 p7 ?( x/ x" _0 y! BTotal Harmonic Distortion 53' Q5 x1 n; G$ X1 G- T- X$ i c% }( a
Crest Factor 53
3 a3 @7 h; Z5 k5 M: _, n) [Summary 61
o$ e* s0 n- [References 61% f0 j& [6 Z+ Q
Chapter 5. Harmonic Current Sources 63
0 p5 T0 I+ F* |" R( f1 TBackground 63
& G' a: h! X* [* ]: {Single-Phase Rectifiers 64& r6 P+ e. r$ G7 O" _5 D' c+ I' n
Three-Phase Rectifiers 69
9 W: E% q& B5 o; H9 kThe six-pulse rectifier 69" ^: z3 i$ g. F( m
The twelve-pulse rectifier 70
2 {' b- ]0 ?7 I+ WHigh-Frequency Fluorescent Ballasts 71
( S8 G/ H, |, n% P/ \* S4 RTransformers 72
4 {/ `7 u6 J3 b( j/ p1 d7 P7 TOther Systems that Draw Harmonic Currents 73. k; w& I7 W1 ] }, _. Q) x. `
Summary 744 H4 r' c( O! h$ I4 L; w
References 74
8 _& s( K2 F! {; TChapter 6. Power Harmonic Filters 75
) a* B( [4 N1 U& A7 ^6 UIntroduction 75
]' k( [1 W' w' r& K! sA Typical Power System 76
: m+ v9 Q( D! p; S6 V3 n$ UIEEE Std. 519-1992 780 s" I2 ~+ F" a+ Q" Z" B4 q
Line reactor 79
# \3 V; F( w% Y3 TShunt passive filter 81
- P& Q" p' _4 B* N6 l, uMultisection filters 87
5 B3 K; R9 F/ x& p) zPractical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters 95
# G4 N, _5 m/ E( t7 m0 u) L9 P5 UActive harmonic filters 954 d; p! q+ z' a7 q
Hybrid harmonic filters 97
! d4 `, C+ p$ I YSummary 97( b" W- |' Q' U! N1 s. d: n
References 98
! G& ] w: c4 v2 A# p6 |Chapter 7. Switch Mode Power Supplies 99# A0 R1 H1 M% }- j" A
Background 99
% B3 O8 S9 M9 P' \Offline Power Supplies 100" J" Z6 e* O p- w8 b+ `; V" Q; M
DC/DC Converter high-frequency switching waveforms
# i: l0 ~ y9 q K9 I9 m2 v" F/ jand interharmonic generation 104
& i+ n) l' [! j u3 z% ^) WTesting for conducted EMI 106
. I$ B3 P. Y6 H5 vCorrective measures for improving conducted EMI 107 D8 _8 x8 n# C. Z j
6 K0 E; d; u$ q. q: w N
" m/ r; c( [: D% b. d6 n; aSummary 107
! J) ^: a+ h+ I7 G9 t2 E4 F, x; MReferences 108- X! ~" ~2 T* o2 k" h6 D$ @; ?, p
Chapter 8. Methods for Correction of Power-Quality
J1 f' U7 h+ m! s) @Problems 109
D2 c$ r4 x/ w, |1 sIntroduction 109
0 J: N6 ?! [: vCorrection Methods 110/ b; m4 I$ C" \) J7 B2 ~
Voltage disturbances versus correction methods 111
& _4 t+ U# M- f8 WReliability 113
0 b6 R. f* N5 |( hDesign of load equipment 115
1 X& ]. { h$ }1 ~The design of electric-power supply systems 117
9 C2 _9 Y6 ?: M `! v7 x" nPower harmonic filters 119
. X2 a- x( ?* a1 E5 e( ]) N) B0 VUtilization-dynamic voltage compensators 119% C) o/ D# f& N/ Y% l1 u! S6 Z
Uninterruptible power supplies 1193 m6 n) P( N8 _/ u8 j0 a0 p
Transformers 120
* y0 J4 \/ ?: u9 ^7 b3 V4 UStandby power systems 122& _8 U1 e9 N* c+ D$ N: z! r
Summary 126$ S5 g" O ]+ V- {0 T
References 126
: M/ ]& G1 \5 L$ }Chapter 9. Uninterruptible Power Supplies 129/ o0 w& x3 r1 w& d9 ?
Introduction 129
4 U, S" [% ^1 e6 ^ e5 XHistory 1316 H/ A' x5 M0 o: w, p2 P t& p3 p
Types of UPS Equipment 133" \9 K7 k2 m2 {& A3 D' q9 v7 \( w" m; g& A
Commercial equipment 134
; h8 T: J# }4 v- X- ^! y6 WEnergy storage 137
& G4 t3 t5 f" B( |1 o% C* {2 NBatteries 138
. u! A8 u6 @2 I1 I6 ]0 t. eFlywheels 139
. Y- U/ d& S& z; d' F# G4 z3 ~7 eFuel cells 141
+ W; i1 D1 S6 G( sUltracapacitors 144( |$ }# S, V s. `, A% d
Summary 145
( K5 P- w5 { @; N" MReferences 145
/ m2 H2 l, v: S! ]Chapter 10. Dynamic Voltage Compensators 147+ F8 ~# y) F2 q) T, f
Introduction 147
% L6 h- E. S Z) c* \9 tPrinciple of Operation 148
0 s/ a6 K( V! ~; g. u8 BOperation on ITIC curve 151
: F; o- P9 w1 CDetection of disturbance and control 152
& M P9 z4 M& LCommercial equipment 153
( \/ R2 j# Z6 Y% T" A1 _3 CSummary 154
+ W. D) ~/ H, d2 [6 \- BReferences 1543 P; e9 x# g Y6 W4 f
Chapter 11. Power Quality Events 155
1 x4 \2 v0 _; i% m" D. uIntroduction 155
# w# b4 y! p% v Z7 ?7 {# b# kMethod 1 155
& P& P. g, M7 Z# WMethod 2 156. w$ T. W% \: I) W7 v# v1 I; D
Personal Computers 156: @& @2 `0 p! q7 r9 [* M: N$ S2 j( `
Power-quality characteristics 1579 `' P, i Y/ e9 B* r, I" o
Modes of malfunction 160& x4 w. y% Z ^& ?; n! }/ x
Sensitivity to voltage sags and interruptions 160
* E* b8 U: D6 V; RCorrection measures 162
% w. J) ~7 ?! M, Y$ C7 m" K7 ^$ K4 [# Z. ]
: J$ W7 }8 S8 F% M) fCorrection measures 164
1 R/ f9 r4 T vAC Contactors and relays 165
9 _# I4 C+ V! s4 c: i, {0 d. t" J+ GOperation 165 a* j7 J1 w: l% `) n! }
The Impact of Voltage Disturbance 168- K4 a+ ] }/ a! f. Q; ]8 [; J
Correction methods 169
( L" @' X Z: ISummary 170
G# V# F$ w! w3 m* fReferences 170
7 e, @( E& q# A( {5 U& U9 kChapter 12. Electric Motor Drive Equipment 1731 L& s1 V6 y& i9 A' S
Electric Motors 173
$ z9 J# X+ ]& Q+ j. QInduction Motors 173
3 V6 u4 l0 D) H* Q$ f- }Operation 174' b, N: T) I% |1 n+ i
Hazards 174* v5 U0 ]4 Q+ N
Phenomena 175
0 p3 [! L2 b* r) h _Protection 176
. ]) b2 u% k+ {6 N7 W5 L- [1 KAdjustable Speed Drives 177, \, q/ W$ ~1 @1 ?9 c; `2 ?/ ]3 f
Application 1786 @1 U$ [2 e9 _6 o6 I
Voltage disturbances 180
% T4 U5 k" q6 ]- YVoltage unbalance 181
% C7 f/ O8 e/ o; v6 ?4 j7 g; QProtective measures 183
1 w3 m2 I# {# F* [; X9 ~Summary 1888 Q- p$ U" s4 K/ C, {8 V
References 188( m l9 B0 W( j: R4 d8 \
Chapter 13. Standby Power Systems 189$ ^$ h A/ {$ V
Principles: Standby Power System Design 1890 p7 d3 @0 ~% J5 O3 @9 w- h4 e8 o
Components to Assemble Standby3 H$ g, M, m! @! X( V) G5 w3 |
Power Systems 190- z, r: }, H g* ^% K, `8 j
Sample Standby Power Systems 191
2 R! s# R% p3 B/ p$ t/ MEngine-Generator Sets 194
. w8 Q) E u6 ~Standards 195" y& |! G" E. e' j# [
Component parts of an E/G set installation 196# s- a* C+ O5 l7 s% S: ^# p& r/ M
Transfer switches 198
?. r6 x! V6 }- C0 {0 MSummary 200
' a' a" G! g5 _References 200' ]5 L- A6 a1 w9 N
Chapter 14. Power Quality Measurements 201
5 H& C- G& Y1 r$ p8 s+ O2 b& [8 IMultimeters 201
1 B( L, ?) ^. V0 D2 V' GOscilloscopes 2028 c2 t7 i# c0 v# }
Current Probes 2037 `- Q# w2 l3 i+ Y% I% a% n
Search Coils 204
- s) i! o7 ^' r$ l4 A8 VPower-Quality Meters and Analyzers 205( Z1 K% }( O* ^ E9 N
Current Transformer Analysis in Detail 205* f" ^( @- d' _# g; h
Summary 213
$ b, l3 h% [# H) l$ R' e! FReferences 213 M e K$ H, T" a1 R) h
Index 215 |
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