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Preface xiChapter 1. Introduction 18 }! Z4 F2 e- k% h. j. O8 M$ U
Background 1
1 [; e* v- Z' M( [Ideal Voltage Waveform 2
9 ?+ d. h% m) |Nonlinear Load: The Rectifier 3
/ q3 [& \3 s) ^7 v& T) dThe Definition of Power Quality 6* l) f: n! g* H9 G- V3 f7 d
Examples of poor power quality 7; \9 d8 Z% a7 R L2 r6 d, U, N
The need for corrections 93 i7 Q9 `' r' a1 o, o
The Scope of This Text 9
% r) v3 B/ U1 K% [" {2 @* ?8 H; sComment on References 11
" \9 \8 k; K* h% VReferences 126 u2 D" t, H2 X
Chapter 2. Power-Quality Standards 152 @2 u/ j' y3 n6 U
IEEE Standards 519 and 1159 159 k5 A; J9 d! z8 i2 d3 W
ANSI Standard C84 172 A4 u" {2 o2 v# ]3 ] Z
CBEMA and ITIC Curves 18
, g" I6 h3 }9 eHigh-Frequency EMI Standards 20
7 c7 U6 H# _, rSummary 23
6 f: c& J8 z1 TReferences 24
+ b8 J/ r B6 I' f: Y. \Chapter 3. Voltage Distortion 25 i; |- l" ~5 E( y
Voltage Sag 25; _. V6 p% ~( L. L" j2 v
Voltage “Swell” 30
! ~, t/ g4 I3 O4 ~Impulsive “Transient” 303 M, G" Z) u; i
Oscillatory “Transient” 33+ M3 Y4 I- { O1 I( S$ h/ ^5 @+ J5 y) r
Interruption 35
: q/ J8 k! a, V! n3 PNotching 35# T: r, B; ^8 p) E; J, |3 y
Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker 37
' B! Z: ]( g9 QVoltage Imbalance 40
) \& u" A9 o: H1 [; CSummary 41/ t& n* C5 V, B9 U0 n
References 42
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g* c5 K/ Y! c. G5 t# zChapter 4. Harmonics and Interharmonics 435 {1 n1 s9 _# Q8 p U/ j; i
Background 43
1 V9 g$ s: G9 V0 |4 |. ^# v; }1 n; t- }Periodic Waveforms and Harmonics 43
& _" I4 o" T) Z" ?9 D) ~4 RRoot-mean square 47
3 M0 K' ]) F. b7 v4 ?7 V7 bDC current 49
" c! X! \- V; w( [" tPure sine wave 49" e4 Y" u$ C) q) A% |& R/ g
Square wave 49
& H% A3 T* U4 f7 K- UDC waveform + ripple 504 b% [( E/ ?! k8 q& \
Triangular ripple 50# y# O# M9 L& R( V+ p) s
Pulsating waveform 51
, k2 c. O+ A3 n0 H- O/ SPulsating waveform with ripple 52! L* Z( P; h; j1 F. c5 B
Triangular waveform 52
/ w9 ^& ^& f" r+ lPiecewise Calculation 52( v: w& L( W5 p' n$ Z# j
Total Harmonic Distortion 53
/ @- K+ W' }) u: Q$ Q& B% S4 n5 A* w0 tCrest Factor 53) {% }7 s8 X3 }0 ~. p9 \& Q
Summary 61" @% g* O _! R6 X9 m" Q
References 61# ]9 [: \( e5 M) O* y; n0 f( ]5 D
Chapter 5. Harmonic Current Sources 63/ S; [+ f1 _/ D+ a
Background 632 {" B6 |: k: j
Single-Phase Rectifiers 64
: K; e/ u& y" H" T- G5 jThree-Phase Rectifiers 69
) K! R" N8 M4 U# F4 sThe six-pulse rectifier 69
" T: J* }2 r( |! B7 M! RThe twelve-pulse rectifier 70
; H. [7 K* c. l, z9 l& WHigh-Frequency Fluorescent Ballasts 71
# k" g( I9 {7 s3 e2 YTransformers 72/ J( k {. w" B: D7 B ?
Other Systems that Draw Harmonic Currents 73
/ d- L H. Y/ d* K" P" s" _2 oSummary 74
0 Q( p/ D1 i0 m$ Y' iReferences 74* ]( j% \( T G* c' I& N
Chapter 6. Power Harmonic Filters 755 B% }; Z3 G, t: d$ k s! E+ R- S
Introduction 75/ S2 g/ N& E' J2 c, w: P( [
A Typical Power System 76
- l' T( h5 ^3 e0 v. M7 e( U' AIEEE Std. 519-1992 788 _- E9 h" H' c! i+ d" c2 Z8 S
Line reactor 79! ]9 Q( b, O, Q! A
Shunt passive filter 81
( Z1 w8 r1 f$ o/ i) |Multisection filters 87' [: T" _# c* g* N
Practical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters 95
8 N( V& E- K# R* {; j% S" H' rActive harmonic filters 95( F+ X# h J: M" L" `9 p; F% [
Hybrid harmonic filters 97
3 y# o8 ]) b9 T* l& S% LSummary 97$ D& N- [' }; f8 J6 w
References 98, f0 g1 T- {/ Y' ^
Chapter 7. Switch Mode Power Supplies 99
! M) H9 }0 I5 P6 @1 r) V2 kBackground 99
! |9 P# V5 c3 q2 v: g5 kOffline Power Supplies 100
/ a( U( U7 k. T6 f6 ^! FDC/DC Converter high-frequency switching waveforms: D, D" i2 O9 {1 L
and interharmonic generation 104
- ~: o6 C* b' ?- Z$ `& k, DTesting for conducted EMI 106
. a$ }) u. Y0 U! f: C6 f0 ACorrective measures for improving conducted EMI 107
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Summary 107
! T) \6 O9 x. ]+ T5 w0 bReferences 108* o2 {6 \; g8 \3 q* A5 ^6 x* L
Chapter 8. Methods for Correction of Power-Quality" h* u4 \% A' {# a4 H4 o% Y
Problems 109
6 o' e- Y; p! c8 Y W5 V6 L5 `Introduction 1092 b+ ]3 O5 Q- @" o: ], i
Correction Methods 1101 k! _& B5 a6 ]# ^7 r6 ?
Voltage disturbances versus correction methods 111
- V4 }( ^/ z8 Y. N4 lReliability 113) z: |4 T$ ~& [% n7 i0 H
Design of load equipment 115& F5 d4 ?% n% S' ^4 m% U# t0 g% k* P
The design of electric-power supply systems 117
* {1 D9 l) p3 n: j0 APower harmonic filters 119
: c7 d$ ^8 d0 r1 h- NUtilization-dynamic voltage compensators 119
% w0 e4 N4 ~" v# z: xUninterruptible power supplies 1190 S5 ~' i0 }4 Z; b9 i
Transformers 1207 [ U2 j% j: ?4 g3 g9 F5 o$ a5 z! Y! g
Standby power systems 1221 `. n9 m2 S. J3 L6 E$ ?& P
Summary 126
c/ \+ B0 x3 J& Z; R. {7 I% }References 126
- d, f# |! o" w5 M% _) k0 m1 m$ IChapter 9. Uninterruptible Power Supplies 1293 o6 [8 v# K5 @, ]4 w1 b$ I: x0 X
Introduction 129
' [4 G, e+ k" O/ CHistory 131+ Z8 B4 H4 ]5 b
Types of UPS Equipment 1338 `' ^0 B q0 ^3 `2 t4 P8 C
Commercial equipment 134
4 I: M- t* A( C7 z4 \Energy storage 1379 y( H R; I9 n' G/ L5 ]3 X9 s
Batteries 138
+ O2 X* `. q0 E8 p d+ h& _5 sFlywheels 139" k( O% I9 O+ C/ h) R3 h
Fuel cells 141
4 H0 G* |4 h }$ G# U# ]Ultracapacitors 1441 w3 x2 D8 l# c/ a/ G
Summary 145
$ n, G+ [9 ?1 O, z/ F8 jReferences 145
- w; Q* Q. U# T+ o0 `Chapter 10. Dynamic Voltage Compensators 147" v- L7 Y" s9 n0 G: C
Introduction 147. \9 @, Y, D, p5 u" Q/ V8 I
Principle of Operation 148
8 V7 M: D$ @1 K8 qOperation on ITIC curve 151. H* J" Y5 {% W! g( Y, Z \
Detection of disturbance and control 152 e8 U4 g( [) J
Commercial equipment 153: E4 i; D E1 O/ q7 w/ e/ `" q
Summary 154$ r. G" U! D' X: F$ o* n2 g
References 154
$ s* h; }$ K4 E9 V% q/ zChapter 11. Power Quality Events 155
2 N9 I3 J- A4 x: L* yIntroduction 155, k; f- [( v9 }7 \; j2 m
Method 1 1557 a9 c2 b: J {% e9 b
Method 2 156
Z$ h. \4 g/ H$ k6 _Personal Computers 156
9 |! S6 S+ W4 H) I5 XPower-quality characteristics 157& {$ c: u7 ]/ A3 O+ g$ F+ w" k* J
Modes of malfunction 160
$ o+ @7 w( _/ ~9 C' \) PSensitivity to voltage sags and interruptions 160
+ L J% z" W, U, ]4 b8 [Correction measures 162
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5 G) O! w a6 E- q* j RCorrection measures 164
7 F' W" e8 g; b- y7 k) y0 G/ n, oAC Contactors and relays 165
" [& t5 R; N) ?# QOperation 1650 U0 m' q+ u+ r3 C
The Impact of Voltage Disturbance 168- b6 B; j: }# L" y W4 e: I! b
Correction methods 169, M6 [5 p3 I- x: n5 p. j$ i0 S
Summary 170; r) E0 X8 j2 L7 U. S0 H
References 1700 n6 Y7 \; d; P& u& b
Chapter 12. Electric Motor Drive Equipment 1733 z% c, _. O4 A9 P6 ?
Electric Motors 173
# V5 ~* o7 |9 p, y3 \+ F, y" t" l( mInduction Motors 1732 X& @' O9 C% D- Y! P
Operation 1740 K: ^6 Q) y$ @5 K( S
Hazards 174
" N: g- w5 K1 q* iPhenomena 1757 Y* E9 J8 G! ~7 \
Protection 176
9 l0 t: h1 h) N R5 L# F: DAdjustable Speed Drives 177
9 m0 t! u' ~/ w8 QApplication 1783 c+ \( h3 }' |1 ?
Voltage disturbances 180; _3 g5 |8 f- T( \7 N5 E+ u5 w+ h; x
Voltage unbalance 181
1 X# a* B i+ X. D* z/ H) F9 C# wProtective measures 183
7 K0 G, Z1 N7 @5 aSummary 188" l; c5 A7 y E5 C7 K" N
References 188' r0 D. r) P+ ?1 Q: [' S' T, r
Chapter 13. Standby Power Systems 1896 F" e4 L+ X2 I/ ^7 w F! [( y
Principles: Standby Power System Design 189
# L3 w; p+ n& x: ^+ fComponents to Assemble Standby! ^+ A7 V: M2 [- ?! _
Power Systems 190 U. A" H* q- G: j
Sample Standby Power Systems 1915 |* V% G- _8 ^ S
Engine-Generator Sets 194
# V, k) ~( o) S' M. Q) n7 @Standards 195
4 Y* r+ K h5 u" k* w$ @Component parts of an E/G set installation 196
- U/ C& O7 e/ b6 DTransfer switches 198
0 A% M1 w# M/ J# b3 w: {% Z) nSummary 200, g- u9 H7 g$ }
References 200
7 X- O, s+ A# }% jChapter 14. Power Quality Measurements 201( c6 i7 x2 Z! M% Z; u) l+ R
Multimeters 201
5 ?' e+ G1 y1 o6 s& d9 `/ OOscilloscopes 202
- q9 b' t/ I# N( Q" J- ?; w5 VCurrent Probes 2036 k5 R( J, D+ ]& l0 w; ?
Search Coils 2046 {, U5 N9 o8 l- L D& m
Power-Quality Meters and Analyzers 205
; |0 z% L- i0 A/ \/ w. q' [Current Transformer Analysis in Detail 205 G3 U0 d: g& A" _$ r k
Summary 213, n K I/ X: S) Q& u0 M! ` [
References 213
4 V1 D/ N% G4 Z! j) E* iIndex 215 |
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