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Preface xiChapter 1. Introduction 1
0 ^- j& c: d7 w5 t6 X- nBackground 1+ t9 Y, ~' d3 K0 o
Ideal Voltage Waveform 2* }3 d2 [+ t1 W5 p% y
Nonlinear Load: The Rectifier 3
5 y$ G6 Z% C" }: d$ z3 }6 ]5 pThe Definition of Power Quality 6
4 G, C3 J* {7 O* e" K8 K/ F0 rExamples of poor power quality 7; E4 s6 p; f1 q7 K* u
The need for corrections 9$ B' k0 {- [2 A; O( c! s4 i( \
The Scope of This Text 9# F' K( e* R: w# x! m- W, c. {
Comment on References 11" Q8 C! b0 F) h5 G
References 12
# X, l1 [6 o( Z2 l" _Chapter 2. Power-Quality Standards 15: S& l" A3 R0 {8 h3 W! P, s' y& m
IEEE Standards 519 and 1159 15
0 o% |1 s J% P5 |8 D0 T) a/ `) u4 pANSI Standard C84 17
% A) d5 `# N J! H' F& ~2 c4 tCBEMA and ITIC Curves 18
0 g/ A4 r5 t; f+ x+ ZHigh-Frequency EMI Standards 20/ ]; m7 K/ E g# [; |- j) ^
Summary 23
) r: G. u5 Q& w& [References 24
4 h7 q- r$ s! b( A" KChapter 3. Voltage Distortion 25
) T" M. o6 g8 }Voltage Sag 25" e" [4 T& s. ]
Voltage “Swell” 30
0 e6 w: ]$ S+ o/ Q: M P+ NImpulsive “Transient” 30
1 N5 ~5 h6 [, p3 m2 ~! w( TOscillatory “Transient” 332 z7 {$ S3 C. C0 A# k
Interruption 35( ? @( I1 p! W! s
Notching 35( F+ f3 |/ D& ~
Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker 375 W0 |% x$ E- ^2 L
Voltage Imbalance 40% c( ]$ o7 A, u9 N
Summary 41
]9 Y: w1 C% c' Y' |3 lReferences 42; i- P) [6 Y; @0 r% r
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Chapter 4. Harmonics and Interharmonics 43% D9 G: O8 A% `* a/ k8 |
Background 43! p$ R2 B+ E8 u2 N8 E9 S
Periodic Waveforms and Harmonics 430 ~9 Q, d- b8 \2 x/ i
Root-mean square 47
! D$ a( d% h0 v& Y- zDC current 49 y% Z- T ~1 c3 P/ ]( q
Pure sine wave 49
. X$ Y' F" `% D+ U4 ~" i0 A" d( SSquare wave 492 f$ m5 z$ z0 A* g0 D. o" v
DC waveform + ripple 50# T J) B7 _0 V6 D0 Z6 ]
Triangular ripple 50
* x8 z+ Z) g' L; K' F/ lPulsating waveform 511 l0 K& x$ a# w
Pulsating waveform with ripple 52
|! h) ]9 G( o# @! v: @Triangular waveform 52
7 e2 d: j3 ~0 v: c6 c6 V0 APiecewise Calculation 52# B/ k/ h1 f0 |1 F
Total Harmonic Distortion 53
# S6 w% O8 v) D# W2 ?& a+ x; oCrest Factor 53
4 J8 m/ n& M6 D$ |1 `2 C' LSummary 61
5 I/ X. z0 O/ J. x& `References 613 U: |. i% B+ E7 s9 b
Chapter 5. Harmonic Current Sources 630 _$ S! v! x8 K% M! _1 N
Background 633 s5 d6 S4 A2 C1 K
Single-Phase Rectifiers 64
) d& c% q: K8 vThree-Phase Rectifiers 69! w- `) [' B* `. D1 \& b1 C# N3 a
The six-pulse rectifier 69
g5 L3 V; N; x9 a. |6 N/ tThe twelve-pulse rectifier 70
k/ |, f6 c- V7 qHigh-Frequency Fluorescent Ballasts 71
/ m7 B' z2 a9 lTransformers 72
! E- G0 f9 P ~% }5 b* WOther Systems that Draw Harmonic Currents 73
0 R1 H' \6 D$ H, }Summary 74
& U6 ]* E, |8 \! c4 kReferences 74% _9 X! u0 [$ a# V. r& }* A
Chapter 6. Power Harmonic Filters 75 @" |- [ c {8 S8 D3 }& v, h
Introduction 75
1 d; l4 [5 A( i/ N" J4 q( x% UA Typical Power System 763 c/ S$ Z% M# H M% T
IEEE Std. 519-1992 78
! d. A: S" D9 R+ _ S# X8 RLine reactor 79
0 O9 o* S; U! f N1 h+ D; \2 cShunt passive filter 81
0 G- N, n, N9 CMultisection filters 87, n1 U$ f$ V* S! f8 N( {. n# k+ B
Practical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters 95
, m& @1 |3 E y8 d* }8 J* B, u2 zActive harmonic filters 95; ?! \( C" \- }& d- D( Y" n
Hybrid harmonic filters 97
3 v% M& f4 t+ R* G. i/ F$ v# bSummary 97
. n4 q5 X; l7 _( D2 r+ L; kReferences 98
" w1 m! c. k0 x |8 Y! uChapter 7. Switch Mode Power Supplies 99( z0 d6 l4 ~; W& y3 |- N' Y
Background 99& m* v5 f# M: d- M0 x8 P4 U6 F8 V
Offline Power Supplies 100& N4 i" k: N* i, E; M0 P
DC/DC Converter high-frequency switching waveforms
: Z c$ g0 S# h3 I# band interharmonic generation 1043 b. L6 B% @7 b& A# T
Testing for conducted EMI 106
3 X. d- |5 D2 S H0 C( kCorrective measures for improving conducted EMI 107
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) r7 {0 }1 W( W! ?Summary 107
' H' l! C/ O) Y0 u2 s, IReferences 108. i. {9 @/ |+ S# p+ e) e, ?
Chapter 8. Methods for Correction of Power-Quality9 ~$ c3 o2 K. ~
Problems 109
! O7 ], N+ p. ?9 mIntroduction 109
/ X* G2 E! l! N9 {Correction Methods 110: _$ }7 e% o2 h& H3 {
Voltage disturbances versus correction methods 111
. |- g* n6 Z; N* RReliability 113
3 C) A& u: f8 A, b6 E0 i+ rDesign of load equipment 115
1 _8 ^' Y* a) q7 |( n' i3 lThe design of electric-power supply systems 117
# \2 G% {9 Y2 \* j9 l- zPower harmonic filters 1195 e5 i1 e; i. v3 N* {5 ~
Utilization-dynamic voltage compensators 119
# G( [) y7 g) P, K9 E ]Uninterruptible power supplies 119. s3 k; _! D& h, i, @: ^: M" I
Transformers 120
& ~$ {0 l, R" c' [1 ?Standby power systems 1220 y. p' ` t; \ v# t
Summary 126
3 v7 J6 O% H6 H4 t. d; v2 eReferences 126# W0 n! N6 D2 y; W2 ^) v. |
Chapter 9. Uninterruptible Power Supplies 129
. h* w8 k6 Z8 l( s* w# UIntroduction 1290 h: t2 }. [+ Y1 B
History 131
% O. s# A! Y. ~8 J4 b6 uTypes of UPS Equipment 133
) U& S$ ^( j FCommercial equipment 134; _ I0 w4 Z( w+ X S2 Q# ?) K
Energy storage 137
7 ?# J0 z! u# F" ^; ^Batteries 1380 k. i( _3 |; c" n
Flywheels 139
+ }9 Q/ T' s7 G9 X8 t6 d" @+ A" ^0 jFuel cells 141
& j3 q& ?8 O& ~Ultracapacitors 144* T1 d) G9 r- @
Summary 145" V* \1 B3 ]4 j. I f
References 145
3 ]+ j& S2 u, B) u! DChapter 10. Dynamic Voltage Compensators 1474 a$ `7 q6 q! d5 I; r
Introduction 147
5 h( M {3 i! e/ K# DPrinciple of Operation 1487 }7 K+ ~( ]$ P6 l
Operation on ITIC curve 151
1 Y2 W1 ^% b0 ~; s& n) Z+ W7 G' ~Detection of disturbance and control 152" X5 s+ w% i7 [0 m
Commercial equipment 153
4 P0 T- b+ \* d/ Q# |+ C0 R1 ]Summary 154
5 E1 r2 G# \" g/ P8 J( h! S+ CReferences 154
5 _, d4 ^$ M! P" g$ d2 wChapter 11. Power Quality Events 155
: t, m% Z! d7 }; O, i3 R* XIntroduction 155' Y) i, V" ]5 x) c0 G, n
Method 1 155
- g) q6 M6 J! D t9 m: u% L8 `Method 2 156, w+ @6 X4 y8 i! t, E: ~; b' c
Personal Computers 156
; y; G2 y8 ?$ t" TPower-quality characteristics 157
2 w; _8 s: |: {7 \3 \Modes of malfunction 160
* K' W2 f$ V# y4 r6 W8 Z7 A! oSensitivity to voltage sags and interruptions 1605 L X$ f+ y) k; g- A0 F
Correction measures 162
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Correction measures 1644 e8 I8 `' @' ^2 H& u
AC Contactors and relays 165
' h6 @: C7 m1 l$ v: KOperation 165% i2 z( s: z+ w1 s0 S( n+ V$ ^
The Impact of Voltage Disturbance 168
- C+ \4 A# S1 qCorrection methods 169
: Y9 j3 V& z$ \" {$ ^( T# wSummary 170
7 @$ |8 s* B( R. J# Z+ a1 P! cReferences 170# U1 W" t: T- r1 }0 Y
Chapter 12. Electric Motor Drive Equipment 1734 v( P1 y d8 x N7 ]0 |$ u2 ]8 c; b
Electric Motors 1733 r* F+ h( |$ D& Y2 B
Induction Motors 173
' s" _3 @ U* H5 [. u8 K/ ZOperation 174' x# b0 \. n" F! I
Hazards 174
$ B) t& V' o4 T) D/ i3 {Phenomena 175
# @2 Q# ]2 |' `0 Q3 k$ R& b; CProtection 176
' o m' _- _2 G ]1 KAdjustable Speed Drives 177
8 ~+ P, ]% Y1 H: e3 [: p4 c6 V# CApplication 178$ k0 F5 J6 \' u# ~ L# A6 z. i0 ]
Voltage disturbances 180
& ` V# E6 o, }% V, ~; i0 k: yVoltage unbalance 1810 _& k8 R! [) d
Protective measures 183
" }* z% c7 `! D' @Summary 188
. a/ T" i |, }% l) ZReferences 188) \8 i! O/ N4 s+ n
Chapter 13. Standby Power Systems 189
# E0 y E) k( N8 \0 a' a" v; WPrinciples: Standby Power System Design 189" X8 A8 E' D' j: `
Components to Assemble Standby1 ~+ q" C3 o- ~8 C( S7 u9 ~
Power Systems 190
' w9 w5 F" ~- I% o7 hSample Standby Power Systems 191
& g; G! p/ y+ r% b; A: HEngine-Generator Sets 194
# T- Y c. S# BStandards 195) j% }0 d$ F& G" `' f1 Y& T$ G
Component parts of an E/G set installation 196- ^% ^8 B Z. K. s
Transfer switches 1985 @8 M& ^% ?9 R; \. p
Summary 200
& U/ [/ J H7 P+ f- BReferences 200
% q6 `" H, c$ B5 O6 }% k p1 |Chapter 14. Power Quality Measurements 201/ X% |7 s3 H; U# W, _ P
Multimeters 2015 D- t; `; g0 B; H
Oscilloscopes 202
* \" U0 e6 m8 U$ n$ G$ @5 M) y* BCurrent Probes 203' q8 [, y2 g# Q7 b& B; u+ d
Search Coils 204
! ~! v5 ^5 U, i1 yPower-Quality Meters and Analyzers 2058 Q, S. h0 F& m U7 D6 J1 h
Current Transformer Analysis in Detail 205" Y: R8 ~/ z# X' J8 |5 a: c
Summary 213; J% b6 C1 p- r: W3 `1 _0 N
References 2131 @, N" G8 u6 |/ Z; B* r
Index 215 |
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