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) B1 \& f% Z0 d- ^) M Preface xiChapter 1. Introduction 1! c$ F! z1 w4 U1 H
Background 1% |# w' Y5 d& F+ [8 e/ R, l
Ideal Voltage Waveform 2
/ h! E8 J% m9 [4 E4 l6 _Nonlinear Load: The Rectifier 3
- ]6 O9 p, P% { s' _The Definition of Power Quality 6
) z& t m4 z/ oExamples of poor power quality 7
/ B$ f. a& ~- ]& w, n$ LThe need for corrections 9
. s8 f5 W, ?4 B: n3 F; CThe Scope of This Text 9. x3 O. ^, j4 ]* D" c4 ?- s6 T
Comment on References 11
9 ]( U' d9 L( D6 D$ S6 WReferences 121 o7 i3 h. b0 w; u4 c4 q. e2 D
Chapter 2. Power-Quality Standards 15) p6 }3 |, Q+ O6 c, `- r, T! Z$ G
IEEE Standards 519 and 1159 15
1 C3 O( U8 s) K; b9 S" R% wANSI Standard C84 17( t1 w8 f7 j2 s. I$ ]! R- U/ E
CBEMA and ITIC Curves 18
/ M( R! l8 g d$ g: z* p5 W* i' VHigh-Frequency EMI Standards 20
* K6 H0 ?# _3 e3 _. V% _Summary 23 ]# H" S% Z! g& O# W* A
References 24
e% `8 N. @! O$ TChapter 3. Voltage Distortion 25
9 T. H7 z/ p R. T& b/ {$ i2 gVoltage Sag 25$ C2 j8 G# z, M/ Z6 G
Voltage “Swell” 30% _, a" G3 v' d- x. S
Impulsive “Transient” 30. m1 l8 J" @' {; P
Oscillatory “Transient” 33+ M6 c1 |1 z# @8 K# \6 c8 U8 @
Interruption 35
/ K8 O5 O8 ~6 `8 I' s: LNotching 35 [5 c( I% V& K% z2 _7 q
Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker 37
* N3 v( v6 L& H% t2 N! D. f5 H* [$ qVoltage Imbalance 40
% A4 w s7 ?( }( C" t% |Summary 41! d' Z, H' n0 a2 o, P: m! B8 r# T
References 42
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1 ?+ r& O, N$ T4 H# Z8 X2 ^2 DChapter 4. Harmonics and Interharmonics 43$ Z; F; n* z4 P1 Q: C$ L
Background 438 f$ s/ i" b5 S! X6 N3 Y% L
Periodic Waveforms and Harmonics 43
3 e+ p6 ~# b$ a3 Q8 j6 T7 SRoot-mean square 477 s8 b# A; Q* _1 S7 |& ~
DC current 49" ^! N- [4 z9 x0 w$ z
Pure sine wave 492 t7 ^$ O* W2 C6 |6 X: }+ {
Square wave 499 m3 x8 f3 t. U/ h' m1 m! l' J6 @
DC waveform + ripple 50
7 |' w* ~0 L: oTriangular ripple 50
5 V2 j3 ?, M. y, P8 }7 JPulsating waveform 512 t! G8 ?4 u0 H
Pulsating waveform with ripple 52
/ H3 o7 i' {# ^( W" s! v5 hTriangular waveform 527 D1 q( @" k4 C6 S# B
Piecewise Calculation 520 B# U5 G1 |9 N T3 E
Total Harmonic Distortion 537 [; F4 F5 z- c3 O; B8 n
Crest Factor 53
5 P0 l' s; y- b3 ?8 }# DSummary 61
0 J, s+ J' b! e& n b8 LReferences 61
7 R) N3 D: u8 L( C' j2 rChapter 5. Harmonic Current Sources 63
9 v9 Z0 ]" ]' @9 n) h- JBackground 63
: `: f! T7 X* d0 I( xSingle-Phase Rectifiers 64
: d/ h' T- D, o1 T# g- f4 X3 `Three-Phase Rectifiers 69
0 a0 Z4 d. ^7 OThe six-pulse rectifier 69
/ a' y6 y; h( g+ d& a$ Q; QThe twelve-pulse rectifier 70
8 |% `% e8 o# j/ E" aHigh-Frequency Fluorescent Ballasts 71
# T& T& M! E7 j% Q8 ATransformers 72
% V% P3 u; j) l) j; mOther Systems that Draw Harmonic Currents 73
9 X9 X) r' s; f0 [' j9 bSummary 744 U& q) x# `! F9 m# k$ ~
References 74* I3 I* K! {, o7 D s0 h
Chapter 6. Power Harmonic Filters 75; K9 r' Q* ^9 t( w1 C2 b7 d
Introduction 75
+ N E' }( n) P8 r5 O: OA Typical Power System 764 f+ F' A9 m6 y( E p8 U: L2 |
IEEE Std. 519-1992 78
; E. p! M/ N( |1 w/ s/ HLine reactor 79/ ^: t! \+ d5 I1 Y: N
Shunt passive filter 81; P; P& I0 a& k
Multisection filters 87
3 S# ]3 Y# j- @% X/ }9 a0 HPractical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters 95. n+ m: R* \( `5 `3 U V; o
Active harmonic filters 953 j: w+ `* Q6 O) ^( ~
Hybrid harmonic filters 97; L8 L* _- q! J$ N6 I! \5 H, ]
Summary 97
3 d3 v% K4 X& \# R8 K. xReferences 989 K: j9 W) l$ h2 ~3 g
Chapter 7. Switch Mode Power Supplies 99: w$ L4 }' g) f7 @. g& b/ C
Background 99
' Q$ ?" o* s+ Z) X B. xOffline Power Supplies 100
+ O" i& X2 k) t+ _2 n# J8 @% V8 RDC/DC Converter high-frequency switching waveforms
" D4 g7 V8 L% Y# i! \0 Eand interharmonic generation 104
5 F* F3 s& ]( c) Z OTesting for conducted EMI 106
1 E' A U$ U6 CCorrective measures for improving conducted EMI 107
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Summary 107
\4 g- M5 C [) s: i' ~% kReferences 108/ t8 k! `: [# ~5 {
Chapter 8. Methods for Correction of Power-Quality$ i: N& a1 Q# Y5 D, I, Z# i$ f
Problems 109$ ?4 b& [5 s X$ Y7 c
Introduction 109
5 u6 u' m8 b: L F4 zCorrection Methods 110
1 f6 T, {" @' @9 h' R3 pVoltage disturbances versus correction methods 111: F9 H. F. B% w
Reliability 113
) d! Y5 N( r0 f q. C5 `( t; ~Design of load equipment 1157 l' @. e. F' s( \% [
The design of electric-power supply systems 117
; U2 P& N2 a) {4 @0 t/ p$ W: {! `7 qPower harmonic filters 1195 m+ d0 O" J5 C- r: L/ Y4 F
Utilization-dynamic voltage compensators 119
$ z6 z$ T4 |* r w# e, Z/ W! wUninterruptible power supplies 119, O, c0 _/ V. S& O h4 J5 p
Transformers 120, l, H1 L P5 y, j9 U" j
Standby power systems 122" T; c0 ]0 K# ]6 G) k. s6 }5 C
Summary 1269 a2 E! C. e6 y& \
References 126
) |) J$ ~0 V& i" z3 EChapter 9. Uninterruptible Power Supplies 129
& q! _) i: f6 t% }+ r+ W, iIntroduction 129/ u- B2 \$ W' N0 g3 w
History 1312 ~& C6 L/ [: {2 |* v. D# H5 R
Types of UPS Equipment 133' z/ C( g$ H6 R4 s
Commercial equipment 134
; P! M+ h& H# b+ R: GEnergy storage 137
, @( K8 O; Q ~8 e& {Batteries 138
1 I$ A/ I. ?! Z! \3 ~Flywheels 1395 X) i2 v& O- l! `; K) H
Fuel cells 141" D6 ~* | c, B$ c
Ultracapacitors 1445 B( v/ T/ s: q% `, e$ z+ T
Summary 1453 S! t0 e' [- W8 J& K
References 145) D0 O8 Z9 A$ ]8 E; L, s. l
Chapter 10. Dynamic Voltage Compensators 147
& u4 S& L* _0 j: l' D" C' }Introduction 147$ T4 A. m1 L+ ~" l. Q
Principle of Operation 148
7 ?8 e8 e+ D a) Q: F7 Q2 `Operation on ITIC curve 151
- }5 J ~9 m$ a4 [ Z$ SDetection of disturbance and control 152
- N" H" `/ F, B- [. j( uCommercial equipment 1536 b% M( w, j9 S4 E2 _
Summary 1546 z" y/ S4 }0 T# H
References 154( L+ y% B- a; l: Z
Chapter 11. Power Quality Events 155+ ]) N4 R4 \1 ? P3 q
Introduction 155
9 I. i& ^6 z EMethod 1 155
- h3 K) ^, I1 P/ g) V, PMethod 2 156* J6 [( }5 m& ^9 h! L
Personal Computers 156
. }: Y8 P3 E6 C- P8 X. |5 rPower-quality characteristics 157* n: r! B1 L, q2 Y8 ]' |" A0 P
Modes of malfunction 1609 F$ @; [, J4 P
Sensitivity to voltage sags and interruptions 1607 x( S: B. R; A2 Y; c
Correction measures 162
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, E, x2 B4 Q8 O R3 z! B7 J) XCorrection measures 1643 J% F# `: j. D& P1 ]! y( f: _
AC Contactors and relays 165- O k" R! I8 M3 G' @. X9 ?
Operation 165
8 I0 O1 q( O8 i: I1 K Y" f1 fThe Impact of Voltage Disturbance 168
; L$ Q! t. d2 u& z1 ^ y, oCorrection methods 169' i. \2 H+ k$ p$ W
Summary 170
9 l6 N* |7 L L- ~- v/ Y5 H }2 |% XReferences 170
+ e7 l- ?' Y$ C& s* h7 xChapter 12. Electric Motor Drive Equipment 173
9 q$ o S2 i1 Q" _8 `7 KElectric Motors 1737 n/ f# E9 V6 [: F5 n6 \+ P+ }
Induction Motors 173; f$ U9 n- f, f2 D' q! d
Operation 174
* b0 q. l& d* ^8 H( }- M& [. tHazards 174
2 [" ^$ n7 J7 F' V. PPhenomena 175* L5 h! U" E4 I4 O7 I `1 ]
Protection 176
, l' ^" m1 n; D/ QAdjustable Speed Drives 177
% S' Z- E' q0 R$ ?; Q1 |$ A/ k# yApplication 178
' `- G. ~1 S7 u, c4 h2 pVoltage disturbances 180. z; @% m1 n% I% h1 p) q& }3 K
Voltage unbalance 181* a$ D% S# I; p5 P4 {
Protective measures 183
# ~9 E( f' m0 C3 g+ \) KSummary 188/ H8 l3 U, V( M! y% Y
References 188! i) t; U. {0 h* d
Chapter 13. Standby Power Systems 189+ O# J' Q, }! [
Principles: Standby Power System Design 189
7 G S& w( i+ d; lComponents to Assemble Standby
! Y A- l1 K) @& N% FPower Systems 190
7 f& M/ V, E) n0 z* _- E; uSample Standby Power Systems 191
7 H& l( q$ _2 H AEngine-Generator Sets 194
6 n, F' ?. h/ W$ MStandards 195
# L5 r% N' g1 \% n# r3 Y" KComponent parts of an E/G set installation 196
- \7 k1 r; M! |& W. K3 r. C$ OTransfer switches 198
# Q! P( T! [. u. j @Summary 200
& t+ {5 A. W3 A4 I$ s4 s1 B) aReferences 200
L% D+ J; b( k, d/ bChapter 14. Power Quality Measurements 201- R6 e5 b: G& U$ k. j$ q
Multimeters 201
/ _6 o, y5 D9 i& u4 \0 t$ z+ COscilloscopes 202) S% s5 }( j, V- H6 Z7 ]' I5 v- [: R
Current Probes 2037 v9 ~" L) @. q* b2 m
Search Coils 204
4 L2 Y/ J; D7 m5 g) xPower-Quality Meters and Analyzers 205; e: v5 L; V, |3 |7 y( x' X
Current Transformer Analysis in Detail 205
$ G. f4 ~; v0 s$ F/ ~0 d/ e9 m* N. ASummary 213* E9 t! F) R( u
References 213/ q" d @" d( P- G
Index 215 |
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