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Preface xiChapter 1. Introduction 1
% u6 C' D( M- F/ |2 Q& l& F6 T+ gBackground 1" P5 ~! }6 M: ]" j
Ideal Voltage Waveform 2
/ I: I4 d( b% E9 ]+ rNonlinear Load: The Rectifier 3; T8 v6 {: f6 W1 Z* X
The Definition of Power Quality 6
2 ]4 O: f n: ~! W" J2 i. PExamples of poor power quality 7
7 V( s- m' E0 ~ |* ` ?. KThe need for corrections 9
2 Y1 a# Q* s; n! T& LThe Scope of This Text 9
' v( B7 Q( i7 v( R/ mComment on References 11* L7 z, n" a5 Z ]8 f/ S' e3 S9 P
References 12/ t4 j+ m& k9 U- |- Y) p9 w
Chapter 2. Power-Quality Standards 15
1 l5 m3 |$ \0 @4 _4 z4 i. gIEEE Standards 519 and 1159 15. U7 M( a8 a; u
ANSI Standard C84 17) L3 B1 N! m: t2 u
CBEMA and ITIC Curves 18 X6 I, v/ u7 b) C
High-Frequency EMI Standards 20
' t5 ^% f: y) H6 ^9 W. @/ I5 bSummary 23
m- |! S' B# N# q5 M* q& z. ^' R4 mReferences 24/ ] f2 H; F0 ]2 ?6 s& P; o' Z
Chapter 3. Voltage Distortion 25! ]0 Z3 n! K$ L" _+ x
Voltage Sag 25
: q, l& \! s: O, A# Q3 BVoltage “Swell” 303 ~. s& O i) }
Impulsive “Transient” 30
, i, W2 n" i; @, ~! F1 ^- jOscillatory “Transient” 33
* v; ]1 r t1 R5 p7 w( AInterruption 35- f% N; j2 p ^: K7 E) F" j
Notching 355 C, U4 j1 a( X
Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker 37- x( S" A2 ?- y% j1 R
Voltage Imbalance 40; T5 k4 [& m4 L: Z
Summary 41
6 O- `9 r8 C! W& o: ~9 V; yReferences 420 I+ N! e5 ^2 B/ C
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Chapter 4. Harmonics and Interharmonics 43
! }, P1 r2 m4 H/ JBackground 43' e) c! _/ ^- p9 K4 X5 B9 W
Periodic Waveforms and Harmonics 43
# B+ h* ?9 [8 x9 Z0 F% {( {Root-mean square 47
9 h1 P) c* b! k' t2 `# n: IDC current 49
7 N& U0 I; ^* [$ f2 {/ \Pure sine wave 49
3 x# L- C5 L* M5 H* ESquare wave 49) ?7 k0 p2 W @+ j# d
DC waveform + ripple 50
+ i/ `9 R# t* s% @Triangular ripple 50' j0 Y/ V4 j0 c. o. ?7 L# `
Pulsating waveform 51
1 r- a. P- }6 u: R6 q8 {0 O- iPulsating waveform with ripple 52
- U# h9 T: a+ A) w+ B( eTriangular waveform 52
3 l& V0 q- |# r$ G4 K0 kPiecewise Calculation 52/ q% y& Q: |5 ~; l. s' T
Total Harmonic Distortion 53
% f9 F1 N3 T: ?Crest Factor 53) y" y) e; C3 E
Summary 61
; O* T+ S, o7 ?, R/ CReferences 61
" ?; p6 ?$ Z$ L2 Q$ PChapter 5. Harmonic Current Sources 63
9 n9 k' G# Y9 W" @' H7 x0 pBackground 63
5 e% ~$ P, O3 ^3 t8 T! bSingle-Phase Rectifiers 64
8 k% I& L2 o( B( YThree-Phase Rectifiers 69" b) d9 u! B& |* a! }
The six-pulse rectifier 69 H ]2 p5 `' R i
The twelve-pulse rectifier 70
9 S; T9 P7 h" Y3 f1 MHigh-Frequency Fluorescent Ballasts 71
' A7 g/ ?- X d: @6 {Transformers 723 [1 v+ n% o$ Z- }& x- R/ P+ k
Other Systems that Draw Harmonic Currents 73( _$ A; i" o7 a$ _
Summary 747 ]& ` a5 d3 ]) G+ W. [* |. Q6 _
References 74- a: a% g/ A. g- Z
Chapter 6. Power Harmonic Filters 75( D3 {" f& q$ k$ p
Introduction 75
1 r! P9 e" u" z. O5 @7 R) c. C H# vA Typical Power System 76
0 ?" @6 z6 u& \5 \$ R3 {IEEE Std. 519-1992 786 J# v" q8 }% O0 r' j4 m
Line reactor 79
2 |& Z: m) y, o5 n% XShunt passive filter 811 t5 _; m } Y7 t n6 t
Multisection filters 87
- y9 b+ O$ A# [ CPractical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters 95
8 @) ~6 @+ T6 Q" N8 N, tActive harmonic filters 95
- G8 X/ h( l' c7 D5 r2 ]' S, b. kHybrid harmonic filters 97
: m' ?" S& J& v4 O. }' Z6 w! sSummary 97
+ I9 o4 {& G$ Q/ ^9 ?References 98
. N9 P$ U) I. L% P* FChapter 7. Switch Mode Power Supplies 992 J8 m: ^% U+ a y
Background 99
" [6 l1 l ^/ {* g2 L# c# WOffline Power Supplies 100
: H% F: Y" Q( `: {DC/DC Converter high-frequency switching waveforms$ G* e4 ]+ N/ L
and interharmonic generation 1042 V( h: H$ R8 Q1 V: U% u) |
Testing for conducted EMI 106
# d, m; O# H6 k- o ?2 jCorrective measures for improving conducted EMI 107- v; j+ A- H% j7 `
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; r- r! R6 c) W: i8 K8 iSummary 107$ {# Y* r, H3 W" r
References 108
7 V. D; Q3 |% x5 p$ e+ t/ ^! Z7 BChapter 8. Methods for Correction of Power-Quality
/ z! W4 J0 b9 u" NProblems 109- G& R! f& k; l1 I$ d
Introduction 1094 x( L7 k# Z* y2 w( f: H! T3 Y! m
Correction Methods 110
; j/ R2 k( F" j& U5 @* {6 DVoltage disturbances versus correction methods 111
# u; M' U- q6 p2 kReliability 113
7 X- j" L0 c2 B. D" Z! j) eDesign of load equipment 115/ u$ ^. ?1 T- ^+ J
The design of electric-power supply systems 117
$ x# u% Q9 I' P$ ] x; [% @6 }Power harmonic filters 119
* ^% h2 H% e# @ X$ L* g$ H8 dUtilization-dynamic voltage compensators 119
- t( G$ L+ c. N9 M/ TUninterruptible power supplies 119
2 H/ }3 \% j& sTransformers 120, L! C/ h6 r$ N! ~' g
Standby power systems 122( G# m2 I% y# s
Summary 126
/ L! X' c! P5 u& d( s7 \. ^References 126$ D& `, b" J J( S S
Chapter 9. Uninterruptible Power Supplies 129
+ A+ Z$ i% d5 w2 B9 l, s& w+ cIntroduction 129( L5 Q) @) A3 w+ Q# J
History 131/ M6 i$ @7 a; M9 }" Z g
Types of UPS Equipment 133 r, r5 W8 b) w J4 L
Commercial equipment 1341 d( t4 ~- \+ ~7 F! o
Energy storage 137
3 S; a& s& v8 S: [5 W# b+ }Batteries 138# A1 a4 ~* @- p! g! J
Flywheels 139
% \$ U" j1 T3 V. BFuel cells 141
7 @/ h% c3 o# G0 E9 [Ultracapacitors 144( K# V/ B# ?: } X- g6 S
Summary 145( [" G- n7 y& F, ]- ?7 \
References 145/ _: I3 i, _! b# B8 o) m
Chapter 10. Dynamic Voltage Compensators 147/ t. T6 b2 \$ K/ O# N! ^( Z9 J0 K
Introduction 147
, J9 H. n) l& G; }Principle of Operation 148
# y6 y9 e5 {5 U8 \; MOperation on ITIC curve 151
+ X$ c, Q/ S$ C* MDetection of disturbance and control 152: a. s) M. ]9 a# l
Commercial equipment 153
9 x" D7 l2 A, GSummary 154
! \9 F3 A( n) F- xReferences 154
' j3 G& B& C$ s8 z# N- dChapter 11. Power Quality Events 1554 R5 [5 B, f: L8 o/ J9 A
Introduction 155
* ^- S6 {' T* Q+ vMethod 1 1556 N/ @ @) T9 ?
Method 2 156' }" i0 I; w, g2 {/ u5 x
Personal Computers 156
# Q3 L* W8 S; GPower-quality characteristics 157
0 L7 `5 `& I p' s" v2 g% |Modes of malfunction 160
5 P" S! D- ]3 D9 f Y- KSensitivity to voltage sags and interruptions 1601 t* A4 R `3 l% K2 S# b
Correction measures 1625 l' l0 r3 a$ H- b/ i+ }( h a+ y
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$ n& U; t& ]' U7 t4 ^8 WCorrection measures 164
/ s9 E' w4 r0 x7 oAC Contactors and relays 165" x& c5 O) K4 u: F$ g( ^. ~" G
Operation 165
9 J- k9 u3 h1 a7 XThe Impact of Voltage Disturbance 168
& _6 {1 R8 P; S" S: y6 qCorrection methods 169% K* R1 w- ~, d- Q/ b- t
Summary 170
/ M4 M6 f0 t! r+ SReferences 1708 r# J( J0 j; i
Chapter 12. Electric Motor Drive Equipment 173
& z2 s1 D1 ]/ p1 f t; _1 A3 fElectric Motors 173; ]8 W1 V. K; E3 b% E
Induction Motors 173" ^& V, r- y5 x+ A
Operation 1747 [# N& L3 ]8 l0 n& p
Hazards 174" p9 ^1 |' P0 ?6 O% K8 H* s
Phenomena 175: h$ q5 z6 a' k+ i6 h& N
Protection 176
K* b$ L( z, I! ^" a/ ` U8 xAdjustable Speed Drives 177/ Q8 ~2 R6 `* D& C0 t0 `
Application 178
' ~1 T9 P9 i4 ^% A0 Q& YVoltage disturbances 180
# f I( |- U! u" {Voltage unbalance 181
. y: g( ~0 x [0 @" `Protective measures 183# o: ]/ H' Z/ N. S8 O
Summary 188# D ]) d, {: ~2 g! C% Z5 H
References 188
w3 e9 f8 h" ~! Q9 |- b0 QChapter 13. Standby Power Systems 189
7 r2 q( d$ {: H9 q$ l4 mPrinciples: Standby Power System Design 189# @" C- ~0 ]/ i
Components to Assemble Standby
) ]! m8 o8 }$ U% V2 I I fPower Systems 190
* I ~/ ~( f0 i9 l3 K# ~Sample Standby Power Systems 191# R7 Q! s. }$ c4 c
Engine-Generator Sets 1948 m7 b) i# k) w- c
Standards 195& U- @; S" ` Y; g- l1 c, O
Component parts of an E/G set installation 196
6 ]$ [, w) Y2 \: U( p1 kTransfer switches 198! e7 c2 I4 d/ v( @( {
Summary 200
1 V7 a6 _2 b6 O# t4 f' ?- PReferences 200! z+ [& ?( _; r: ^$ u% W) q
Chapter 14. Power Quality Measurements 2016 B" F- h! a. E$ K7 S( N
Multimeters 201
: |; p }( J! Z; J, SOscilloscopes 202
7 v# Z C! f- q: q) V3 `Current Probes 203: P6 Y2 K6 b2 |; Z- j$ F( B
Search Coils 2041 P9 [' B) @( h7 M
Power-Quality Meters and Analyzers 205* t5 _3 Q/ a1 V: W- L; H; R
Current Transformer Analysis in Detail 205
5 Y' s, a& ~2 wSummary 213
; d. _3 }) p. P% Y% S, o+ A. a8 sReferences 213& t) v' D" B) l$ h+ p
Index 215 |
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