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电子图书
| 电子图书名: |
Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options |
| 编者: |
J. Arrillaga,Y.H. Liu,N.R. Watson |
| 内容简介: |
高压直流输电原理及多电平换流器技术。 |
| 所属专业方向: |
电力系统及其自动化 |
| 出版社: |
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
| 来源: |
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Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options.part1.rar
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Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options.part2.rar
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# f3 V( n+ k; O) C* v8 k: z目录如下" m7 h x4 S/ V
Contents% D; Q8 N" B6 ^2 n+ ]
Preface xi1 W0 j. W6 R) l4 ~( D
1 Introduction 1$ W# u3 z& f6 M! h. a, f- {
1.1 The Conventional Power Grid 1
/ S5 u' p# D& H5 t+ T# T+ {! |1.1.1 Power Transfer Mechanism 1
+ `" F" N) }% ~5 r0 M' @* \2 x; X1.2 Towards a More Flexible Power Grid 5* L9 i1 t2 z/ h& B5 w k0 Q* Q
1.2.1 Power Electronics Control 5
1 c' F% @ G6 L' X! L* r5 o) [1.3 HVDC Transmission 8
6 K& l- G) x' a9 `, ^1.3.1 Thyristor-Based CSC Transmission 10
0 G' j/ {5 v* U* h3 L6 X' O1.3.2 VSC Transmission Based on the Integrated Gate Bipolar: y: v. X0 L8 Y5 b1 U, i; q
Transistor (IGBT) 11
q& r% z4 w$ W: ]0 \; z1.3.3 Multi-terminal HVDC 12# K5 c3 E3 U& ^5 Y) B
1.3.4 The Flexibility Concept Applied to HVDC 13' [' v2 r. p& [+ N4 ~
1.4 Relative Power Carrying Capability of AC and DC Transmission Lines 13
/ h3 O* [3 v" p- M5 S4 p- ^0 H1.5 The Impact of Distributed Generation 16
c) Z! w0 p- T. l. `5 q% f$ d1.6 The Effect of Electricity Deregulation 16
3 N. |6 e$ c C1.7 Discussion 18' h3 e8 [5 ]" d3 k8 {
References 199 q) D1 i! U6 P/ w# ^3 `1 Q
2 Semiconductor Power Devices 210 S" w/ M* `! p% N8 n$ f4 S
2.1 Introduction 21. p, Q- ?! P" B: [' Q( V& N
2.2 Semiconductor Principles 211 J+ m+ f* L/ x* c
2.3 Power Semiconductor Elements 22
- V4 r5 z/ t5 E& \ m( J2.3.1 The pn Rectifier 22
/ Q+ `2 D& }, w2.3.2 The Transistor 25
+ y7 p8 D7 ~5 N. i! ]/ h0 g2.3.3 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect4 B+ h- v# }5 R1 k
Transistor 25. H# ^3 {% ]+ A( R0 x
2.4 Dynamic Stresses on Power Switches 27, s- f! g$ s1 i3 {, p
2.4.1 Rate of Change of Voltage dv/dt 271 a( p2 @1 ^7 X2 ^; h$ {% C
2.4.2 Rate of Change of Current di/dt 288 W0 T) o) C- ^ \9 Z+ L
2.4.3 Balancing Problems in Series Chains 28vi CONTENTS# W) ~- e0 x- M q8 `8 U% Y& v
2.5 Other Switching Issues 29& g$ L' V I6 w; v7 M
2.5.1 Switching Frequency 29
% Y% ]9 G/ s5 \6 ]2.5.2 Switching Losses 292 s* @' h" b6 x% S
2.5.3 Soft Switching 29. U4 k+ c7 w0 a7 ~7 j j2 T
2.5.4 Use of Snubbers 30 B$ F) `, W6 S; u) v
2.6 Thyristor-Type Power Switches 31
3 E% S5 S' L$ L. t. E2 {' O- j2.6.1 The Thyristor 31
3 @1 ` @4 d. q& B$ @* N G" ` R3 g2.6.2 Gate Turn-Off Thyristor 36
- S" F* [; Z: i5 D* M3 A3 e2.6.3 Insulated Gate-Commutated Thyristor 418 G1 z' j$ Q% w4 Z- u7 ]% {; h
2.6.4 MOS Turn-Off Thyristor 423 o1 Z0 }$ `, |# i: A5 ~: A) a
2.6.5 MOS Controlled Thyristor 44
9 h, M3 X) y! j) a% B$ d' L2.6.6 Emitter Turn-Off Thyristor 45
/ {; x+ Q0 I9 @$ R* F( h2.7 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor 47
9 E6 q; |% U. g2.7.1 IGBT (Series) Chains 49
: R) L& N4 ^$ I. d2.8 Diodes 51+ G3 k f. p% P
2.9 Prognostic Assessment 53; f3 Z/ V. O6 S# w7 j0 g$ N
2.9.1 Ratings and Applicability 53
. P6 c) ]( Y+ F- K2.9.2 Relative Losses 55+ Q f/ L4 j+ \: B( ~: P- [- H: m
References 56
5 z/ M+ t6 b" y% |3 Line-Commutated HVDC Conversion 57: A6 U, s9 Y: Q+ w' U, H9 ?5 t
3.1 Introduction 57
" q! z6 D" O7 i) f3.2 Three-Phase AC–DC Conversion 57
; \5 W+ |5 R2 O8 f& ^0 V7 l& p/ h3.2.1 Basic CSC Operating Principles 587 L; M) L& F- N) K/ F
3.2.2 Effect of Delaying the Firing Instant 58% [8 m& {) V" F& J; a5 q! [5 v
3.3 The Commutation Process 62$ r. B2 ^) R7 }
3.3.1 Analysis of the Commutation Circuit 620 ^% S. H/ p, r8 {
3.4 Rectifier Operation 64$ S9 W" `2 ^ _% F# j7 A/ g& d
3.5 Inverter Operation 67# T& F# B: h" }0 O
3.6 Power Factor and Reactive Power 692 H6 w7 D% ?* C" u I: D( A6 _+ e4 y
3.7 Characteristic Harmonics 71/ ^! `5 D& q4 S4 O0 k/ Z
3.7.1 DC Side Harmonics 72
1 X7 H: A q+ I' {9 o9 z3.7.2 AC Side Harmonics 73
) U& R% G7 x0 M: ] b: x3.8 Multi-Pulse Conversion 74# a% r) u8 t0 p4 ?- D+ Q
3.8.1 Transformer Phase Shifting 748 Y ?! O+ Q( ]% S4 M7 S; s' c' z9 n
3.8.2 DC Ripple Reinjection 77
V4 Q4 j9 P. W& j6 M3.9 Uncharacteristic Harmonics and Interharmonics 81
; C& r" F9 j/ P: J1 _* W3.9.1 Imperfect AC Source 83
k8 }% w, X/ Q6 {6 m8 R: r3.9.2 DC Modulation 87
$ m1 P7 x8 _6 @$ d0 j3.9.3 Control System Imperfections 88# t9 \/ a1 L0 {+ } M" n" C
3.9.4 Firing Asymmetry 884 }2 Q$ l/ u9 n: i
3.9.5 Magnification of Low-Order Harmonics 89, H5 C+ z7 g& d- ~) ?
3.10 Harmonic Reduction by Filters 90
6 b! R6 h& |7 e9 D0 V! g3.10.1 AC Side Filters 90
7 s8 [9 ?" }- A1 Y& K) @- j- x9 F+ l3.10.2 DC Side Filters 92CONTENTS vii3 Q+ l# g) w8 }0 C- c: D5 @
3.11 Frequency Cross-Modulation Across the LCC 93$ l& n- P* n( ^6 Z! w
3.12 Summary 94* r8 j0 g7 R- |1 s/ f' ^5 ~# E
References 94
$ l, ]# d: o& u/ S( c! `- }4 Self-Commutating Conversion 97
; T2 v: W+ _1 s# l, p/ d4.1 Introduction 97
& U5 E+ q4 `" l4 Z+ f4.2 Voltage Source Conversion 978 O: E3 Q; U. y
4.2.1 VSC Operating Principles 97
8 a- Q5 G: g0 L: b* H4.2.2 Converter Components 102
, U& k' d3 F" }! s- L$ L) l4.2.3 The Three-Phase VSC 105
8 S! L4 K) b$ Z$ ?1 p% t0 w: ~4.3 Comparison of LCC and VSC 114 J4 A0 G8 \( d( |( V; [2 B
4.4 Current Source Conversion 114% b, O* Q6 b. d9 M/ ~9 c& V
4.4.1 Analysis of the CSC Waveforms 116" b( ^5 u, k7 j$ ^
4.5 The Reinjection Concept with Self-Commutation 116! d" Y8 M5 F; k! `2 u; s
4.5.1 Application to VSC 116
$ z/ P; \: Z/ S! `# j) k4.5.2 Application to CSC 121
; z' D& G5 m7 Y4 U4 k2 F4.6 Discussion 124
9 Y! u/ X# |( U# a1 n: N4 ^References 1259 d8 O5 Z5 {5 {6 a9 `
5 Pulse Width Modulation 127$ ]1 D7 X9 F; x" _) }
5.1 Introduction 127 k, z3 r3 h! b+ L5 ?$ ^$ C" f
5.2 PWM Operating Principles 127
/ }. Z% S6 L9 Q% t5.3 Selective Harmonic Cancellation 128' w2 E( h- p* E2 h3 g
5.4 Sinusoidal (Carrier-Based) PWM 131
7 @, X0 I8 Z! ?4 \' M c5 a6 g0 q5.5 PWM Carrier-Based Implementation 133+ j+ I! K; R; Z( ~; i# \4 o- w: h9 T% P
5.5.1 Naturally Sampled PWM 134( q7 c- c: ]' T
5.5.2 Uniformly Sampled 136
7 u% I# p& S- d5.6 Modulation in Multi-Bridge Converters 137
' U7 h& o Q* N" e* i% q# s5.7 Summary 138/ [+ r' X: M) K" o1 q
References 140
; t2 @( M3 T8 K5 @ t6 Multi-Level Conversion 141) a1 ^. F" B; j; p
6.1 Introduction 141
" o- U$ ~( [7 S/ U* f! U6.2 Diode Clamping 142% s' l( ]0 V+ w" O
6.2.1 Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped VSC 142: s! ?) R, D, x/ e A' d1 A" s3 U) p
6.2.2 Five-Level Diode-Clamped VSC 145, s% j' q- f1 P5 [& ^2 D
6.2.3 Diode Clamping Generalisation 149 R; Y5 T3 \$ R
6.3 Flying Capacitor Configuration 154& ]; ^! P2 a/ }9 X
6.3.1 Three-Level Flying Capacitor 154( b9 k1 c# d6 j0 E9 W5 a
6.3.2 Multi-Level Flying Capacitor 155* Q# `4 X' F& J j
6.4 Cascaded H-Bridge Configuration 158: u7 p" v5 b. F( Q! P; k
6.5 Combined PWM/Multi-Level Conversion 161
1 [6 _+ ]; R) p& a' X6.6 Relative Merits of the Multi-Level Alternatives 1641 Z* T8 D# v7 c
6.6.1 A Cost Comparison of Alternative Configurations for
7 g( ~2 k3 ~9 n2 mUse in HVDC 165
/ T* h/ s" U" tReferences 167viii CONTENTS
4 w+ z. m# k& H2 p$ ?7 Multi-Level DC Reinjection 1697 P' ~8 g; p* O W; S2 i$ V+ F
7.1 Introduction 169
0 D; O2 R0 c& k& b- ]7 E3 p# r7.2 Soft Switching in Multi-Level Reinjection Converters 170
6 y# z4 e2 H# g' ^6 M( O7.3 Clamp-Controlled MLVR 170
! _+ Y$ r6 c. u7 Q7.3.1 Firing Coordination 174
% F0 `6 U" @' h( l t+ i; q7.3.2 Analysis of the Voltage Waveforms 1762 m5 [! H" K f5 [8 E
7.3.3 Analysis of the Output Current 178
! _, O; m7 b' ?# X- j9 m( D- K7.3.4 Capacitor Voltage Balancing 179
0 U& z2 P8 w1 F+ s, {7.3.5 Dynamic Performance 1853 m4 l% K& M5 o) B
7.4 Transformer-Coupled MLVR 187
* N5 N+ j x! q- y7.5 Cascaded H-Bridge MLVR 193( {1 F j! w1 l; W# P1 c/ s
7.5.1 Basic Structure and Waveforms 193: ^" M# Q) _; P1 M$ G' M
7.5.2 Switching Pattern of the Reinjection Bridges 196
. l# O8 f2 B1 f- w ~- `: Z' [8 {7.5.3 Design of the Cascaded H-Bridge Chain 1975 Y* @% U* g9 z! e6 b. ]
7.5.4 Capacitors’ Balancing 199: y6 D& h9 F/ ?+ ~ X5 r
7.5.5 STATCOM Application 2048 J, ]$ V* U( K& _
7.6 Summary of Main Characteristics of MLVR Alternatives 209
/ U3 J; V3 @% ]* u# U5 N2 N5 T" C' }7.7 Multi-Level Current Reinjection (MLCR) 210
5 T; y6 \( q: H# U7.7.1 Structure and Operating Principles 210! z8 U5 P' g0 o, x% [6 x8 F+ A. V* w
7.7.2 Self-Commutating Thyristor Conversion 213) v% H ?5 `0 x$ e) g+ R, F
7.7.3 EMTDC Verification 216
' t- m% g2 M. x R0 }7.8 MLCR-CSC Versus MLVR-VSC 221
6 B# }2 c, b* TReferences 222# J, {4 g) T0 J% o3 C8 E
8 Line-Commutated CSC Transmission 225
( h* K6 D0 h6 D9 a8 M8.1 Introduction 2259 v% T! `" p5 q
8.2 The Line-Commutated HVDC Converter 226) t0 p0 l7 r+ D# B) ~2 r
8.3 HVDC Converter Disturbances 232
4 N0 ~9 [% q5 z5 B& [# P8.4 Structure of the HVDC Link 233
8 O/ i* k3 {7 p, B2 V8.5 DC System Configurations 239
- M; x* k/ r8 h3 }2 J8.6 DC System Control and Operation 242
) @2 _2 S% p( {2 W5 N8.6.1 General Philosophy 242
" f3 N5 h# X* G7 }8.6.2 Different Control Levels 243
9 c, s8 j/ T% M8 }! k8.6.3 Overall Control Coordination 243
# ?. X7 b6 G/ r1 K6 X% u8.6.4 Pole Controls 245
& w5 Z% B/ f" K- v/ s4 N8.6.5 Converter Unit Controls 2534 i' S8 z, L% l. i1 }9 n- q/ ]8 d
8.7 AC–DC System Interaction 257
: L$ H7 x8 i3 v7 C) V8.7.1 Voltage Interaction 257
- i; K3 v0 M4 f% D$ ^, j! b8.7.2 Dynamic Voltage Regulation 258
- {8 N7 x% i& F8.7.3 Dynamic Stabilisation of AC Systems 259" {7 ]( S8 i% r8 f' i: V& o* L& J
8.7.4 Controlled Damping of DC-Interconnected
; ]; }% l$ @# {3 y2 eSystems 2602 \( ?! f3 z+ h/ q8 \0 u
8.7.5 Damping of Sub-Synchronous Resonances 260
5 R% K* m" Z' }: z8.7.6 Active and Reactive Power Coordination 261. a/ @+ R2 g `& S, D
8.7.7 Transient Stabilisation of AC Systems 261
+ P4 ^" J4 P7 K8.8 AC–DC–AC Frequency Interactions 262& S6 t. C" X( I0 s" f+ A8 E0 d8 Y
8.8.1 Harmonic Cross-Modulation Across the DC Link 262
* }' l- v( r# o! K* D$ f7 G. _8.8.2 Complementary and Composite Resonances 265CONTENTS ix
7 h8 C) N& F9 J0 i2 G8 V( E8.9 DC Link Response to External Disturbances 2660 z5 o! f; Q4 b) g1 f
8.9.1 Response to AC System Faults 266
: w w$ H1 g& U z l" L6 ~8 U8.9.2 Response to DC Line Faults 267
* O+ U# l( w5 R- R: _$ R8.10 Reliability of LCC Transmission 267
* E! W$ B y/ |5 L+ v0 M8.11 Concluding Statements 273
# r4 i9 G- h) t2 N! OReferences 273
4 e/ @/ S' Y% f7 K0 w9 Developments in Line-Commutated HVDC Schemes 275
0 b; p& h& `8 T5 c! S+ C b$ F9.1 Introduction 275
( M# D. f" z% E4 J' J9.2 Capacitor Commutated Conversion 276
0 ?6 [3 D: _5 ^& c: L* |9.2.1 Basic CCC Operation 2774 d& k( f5 S7 b: m2 E
9.2.2 Simulated Performance 277$ ^" h. d! W& p' A2 A% A
9.3 Continuously Tuned AC Filters 280; Q5 s1 w. h! M1 n# W. C8 ]+ S
9.4 Active DC Side Filters 2814 Y6 \& w9 { N. J
9.5 STATCOM-Aided DC Transmission 282
# z" W3 u$ m/ v9.6 AC Transmission Lines Converted for Use with HVDC 286
4 K- g, B. t( x- ?) A9.6.1 Modulated (Tripole) DC Transmission 287
6 e' t% n5 p' M1 M! x9.7 HVDC Transmission at Voltages above 600 kV 2885 I# @" y! M3 d0 l, _4 B
9.8 Concluding Statements 289
8 @9 ?- s; m9 ~0 LReferences 289
/ W, n5 n0 t' a. [! t" g6 T4 o; F10 VSC Transmission 291
- A( B: A* s7 t- E10.1 Introduction 291$ G3 B9 N% S+ i) Q; y9 |% ?( G$ ?- N
10.2 Power Transfer Characteristics 292; S3 j, t. Y2 M! a
10.2.1 Current Relationships 294( h$ U$ e' x, `9 m9 r$ @' J
10.3 Structure of the VSC Link 296$ N! L; ^* r Y& n& ^- C
10.3.1 VSC-HVDC Cable Technology 297
" x/ |1 s& r) f% i$ a10.4 VSC DC System Control 299
7 r$ X$ q# i! C# d0 t) k1 h2 L10.4.1 General Philosophy 299
# o4 x& Z4 W- l7 g) L; [% i10.4.2 Different Control Levels 3024 M: M5 `% v. d1 k; U* e
10.4.3 DC Link Control Coordination 3031 ?5 j$ e5 ^- ^3 N
10.4.4 Control Capability of VSC Transmission 3041 Y6 q* K9 M! Z- x5 `3 d
10.4.5 Assistance During Grid Restoration 305
. c4 H9 U& s/ Z$ T+ e0 F+ E; [10.5 HVDC Light Technology 306
4 P3 q) j, @3 F% T2 i: b1 s! I: H+ P10.5.1 Two-Level PWM Schemes 308
' U) m0 |2 u7 [10.5.2 Three-Level PWM Schemes 312
# m/ e6 u8 ~9 |4 C2 M10.5.3 HVDC Light Performance 314
. T0 W8 O3 R$ ?. l& o10.6 Other VSC Projects 321) T9 u2 g* R7 x! _8 e
10.7 Potential for Multi-Terminal Sub-Transmission Systems 323) y- H8 }6 W$ A" ?! h2 B( f2 N; t2 g- O
10.8 Discussion 324$ t: ^- s) I6 n2 g/ @/ a
References 3263 V8 i7 _; J* Y- e+ [
11 Multi-Level VSC and CSC Transmission 327
! {3 O. K0 P% h" V; V11.1 Introduction 3276 @- k8 t" K/ R8 |; ]
11.2 Multi-Level VSC Transmission 3284 n$ J2 J* q" h: V3 @$ \
11.2.1 Power Flow Considerations 328, X& u/ J T; D, L- f" ]
11.2.2 DC Link Control Characteristics 331x CONTENTS* b& W8 O0 c7 {' `5 i. n8 q [- V$ u% v
11.2.3 Test System and Simulation Results 332
0 V' G( [$ |: A, M$ M11.2.4 Provision of Independent Reactive Power Control 337) A" Z: H2 r$ p& I' { w
11.3 Multi-Level CSC Transmission 3418 m; @7 S$ e) T5 }4 S5 F. ~
11.3.1 Dynamic Model 3433 ]1 F; w( V( O% T
11.3.2 Control Structure 344
( {% V1 E, H) {, I* I11.3.3 Simulated Performance under Normal Operating Conditions 3459 J# F% ^4 F4 g7 Q: g+ [
11.3.4 Simulated Performance Following Disturbances 348% {; f0 r& \8 k) U3 C' a0 y
11.3.5 Reactive Power Control in Multi-Level CSC Transmission 352
$ ]8 y) g( t4 v2 X# j11.4 Summary 356
( B' J* M, Z- ~& q _, I: yReferences 357
% ^1 G2 n+ m- Q- OIndex 359 |
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