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电子图书
| 电子图书名: |
Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options |
| 编者: |
J. Arrillaga,Y.H. Liu,N.R. Watson |
| 内容简介: |
高压直流输电原理及多电平换流器技术。 |
| 所属专业方向: |
电力系统及其自动化 |
| 出版社: |
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
| 来源: |
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Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options.part1.rar
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Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options.part2.rar
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6 H3 y; x; c# Y+ o目录如下3 r0 E/ b/ j! ]+ o, k2 F! L
Contents
# U$ K0 ^5 g& V& w0 XPreface xi
- t K. E4 ]: k a1 Introduction 1
]5 U3 Z5 _" J/ S$ [' g) E! s5 ~1.1 The Conventional Power Grid 1/ X0 v" A0 U% H" h% h% K, L# {8 {- q
1.1.1 Power Transfer Mechanism 1& v3 B/ \3 P6 N% S
1.2 Towards a More Flexible Power Grid 5" L }; B" x; K3 H. V! N/ y, \! D' ]. G
1.2.1 Power Electronics Control 5
$ D, f2 K/ T8 ?8 F& D# s9 k0 [1.3 HVDC Transmission 87 L, |$ u+ l& {$ W. |$ @
1.3.1 Thyristor-Based CSC Transmission 107 u3 r3 w: Y% ^: H" J% m
1.3.2 VSC Transmission Based on the Integrated Gate Bipolar7 l& I# N) p& V6 E+ d4 F
Transistor (IGBT) 11
6 `4 V" i* K3 Z$ ]1.3.3 Multi-terminal HVDC 12
O p5 k% Y' P1 k1.3.4 The Flexibility Concept Applied to HVDC 13
0 G2 ^8 j" D9 N- j' ?% O1.4 Relative Power Carrying Capability of AC and DC Transmission Lines 13
% B( O6 q; s$ @1.5 The Impact of Distributed Generation 16
# B5 J8 `/ v. ]$ ?0 o' y% ?1.6 The Effect of Electricity Deregulation 16$ O( D- M+ O4 R) h& B% Q
1.7 Discussion 18( k5 p' I" Q; L8 H- l# C7 b4 l' s; I
References 19+ d2 W! D+ l6 ]5 z' A- G
2 Semiconductor Power Devices 21
5 l' ]1 ]/ l+ r+ I2.1 Introduction 21
4 n0 b$ }7 ~9 ~4 Z& y2.2 Semiconductor Principles 21+ N( a/ N& S9 T/ \/ D
2.3 Power Semiconductor Elements 22
: _$ I% p" @7 Q& z' `% U2.3.1 The pn Rectifier 22) v2 R9 X E7 J& [; L$ }
2.3.2 The Transistor 25
" Q/ |! f, ~( L& w; r2.3.3 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect
' D+ n4 b, b8 z. a0 @) ^Transistor 25# S' z) ?% I7 L
2.4 Dynamic Stresses on Power Switches 27# i$ }2 O: R+ u' f. m
2.4.1 Rate of Change of Voltage dv/dt 27; ^9 S$ {% y' \+ o
2.4.2 Rate of Change of Current di/dt 28
& @8 Y2 B7 ?% g. _2.4.3 Balancing Problems in Series Chains 28vi CONTENTS
, K( q1 k6 _$ l4 [1 L' ~" u8 _2.5 Other Switching Issues 29
6 W h/ P2 {& J- s' v2.5.1 Switching Frequency 291 J3 O8 Z0 E, _, T# ~
2.5.2 Switching Losses 295 [) Z+ R; y& ?$ B7 [5 d- D
2.5.3 Soft Switching 29
# [* T+ J h% F @) {2.5.4 Use of Snubbers 30
0 u' l% N) y* L( x) q& T" M2.6 Thyristor-Type Power Switches 31
" s6 H$ j8 S/ Q# N" x6 Z' ]5 b1 H2.6.1 The Thyristor 31
2 W/ K8 h4 G! M: W% f' [" g g2.6.2 Gate Turn-Off Thyristor 36
; V8 N5 |$ }" d& C2.6.3 Insulated Gate-Commutated Thyristor 41) m2 w1 c" K Q3 x
2.6.4 MOS Turn-Off Thyristor 42
5 W: t6 U' C7 g% F2.6.5 MOS Controlled Thyristor 44
4 w# @/ U+ T+ H* b, j* m2.6.6 Emitter Turn-Off Thyristor 45! f) {3 f9 t0 g- u) T. ]; U
2.7 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor 47
0 r, z7 \" Y' N2.7.1 IGBT (Series) Chains 49" I, o, s% R# P
2.8 Diodes 51
- {, ~: M/ C% I) G3 b2.9 Prognostic Assessment 53' r5 \: j+ @6 e
2.9.1 Ratings and Applicability 53
' c- [7 e6 z' Q/ \* `- ?0 U( }2.9.2 Relative Losses 55' ^, D2 d1 p, o$ H1 p8 F
References 565 O5 K" N2 h2 n. I5 N0 c, {
3 Line-Commutated HVDC Conversion 57
$ `' C* ]) M4 }% N3 z) B) M4 L! E/ o6 O3.1 Introduction 57
% J- H8 T5 S. b+ M ~! p3.2 Three-Phase AC–DC Conversion 573 c! {# } i0 \- ?6 q. k8 Q
3.2.1 Basic CSC Operating Principles 58
4 N# C' b$ U) E3.2.2 Effect of Delaying the Firing Instant 58% [' `+ z4 W, Z9 Y% K9 e6 F
3.3 The Commutation Process 62$ n& @# D4 f4 L6 n+ ^* z/ a+ ^
3.3.1 Analysis of the Commutation Circuit 62
+ s2 y& j# L9 g; H5 f9 z- y3.4 Rectifier Operation 64% W; K9 v$ l' {: E3 |. j
3.5 Inverter Operation 67* \1 r J2 J3 q, L7 F3 D a0 n5 r
3.6 Power Factor and Reactive Power 69' O- s3 m- \ n5 L
3.7 Characteristic Harmonics 71: _3 _& T( d5 ^3 J( E2 w6 s
3.7.1 DC Side Harmonics 726 }7 V& z& H0 x" n4 t; k1 G
3.7.2 AC Side Harmonics 733 J9 [* I* `3 W7 f1 \9 r' ~
3.8 Multi-Pulse Conversion 74
# B6 n5 h6 W M p' {. a, L3.8.1 Transformer Phase Shifting 74" _! L; G! y- f# W
3.8.2 DC Ripple Reinjection 77 Y" ]) |; \' i
3.9 Uncharacteristic Harmonics and Interharmonics 81
5 N" `5 L: u* I6 b6 r3.9.1 Imperfect AC Source 83
0 I7 _4 L1 x/ P$ Q/ R$ s3.9.2 DC Modulation 87; u8 B B1 c2 J! i# x9 l! q
3.9.3 Control System Imperfections 88
/ T+ H8 d9 w W3.9.4 Firing Asymmetry 88# ^6 S( z6 Z& R& X t: M2 S
3.9.5 Magnification of Low-Order Harmonics 89% P/ n' T8 V h& c& Y6 C: \
3.10 Harmonic Reduction by Filters 908 n" }& o: v s7 B
3.10.1 AC Side Filters 909 }3 P$ M8 T E
3.10.2 DC Side Filters 92CONTENTS vii
! L5 Y- G3 }! t: V. u3.11 Frequency Cross-Modulation Across the LCC 93
3 p6 w' \* I7 j. X+ ^; Q# G( }8 E9 s3.12 Summary 946 b$ L. ?% k0 k8 u( }$ k+ v3 |
References 94
5 e: {( ^3 Y, R/ V* {, M4 Self-Commutating Conversion 974 n L& K$ l/ y3 r" S3 ~8 b1 X
4.1 Introduction 97% G4 J. ^2 c- l' s p
4.2 Voltage Source Conversion 97& \% {* Q5 T }! C1 D+ Q7 U
4.2.1 VSC Operating Principles 97
" F5 j+ o8 j0 N. w2 H4 |1 h4.2.2 Converter Components 102: _, p( ~' I% ]. s6 Y: E, X
4.2.3 The Three-Phase VSC 105
7 T' r0 W4 [) t8 ~% i' {6 _4.3 Comparison of LCC and VSC 114; K2 R2 \% K: f) m5 V% t
4.4 Current Source Conversion 114: I2 h* h/ v# q; g
4.4.1 Analysis of the CSC Waveforms 116
8 N* }" R @ T- I9 V5 D7 w( l' }4.5 The Reinjection Concept with Self-Commutation 1164 S- u. Y/ [4 g/ o& } C
4.5.1 Application to VSC 116
- C. C$ u, K" D$ b4.5.2 Application to CSC 1216 b" W3 K- Z% ]" }
4.6 Discussion 124
' F% j0 N4 p0 c2 xReferences 125$ Z& u5 n6 @: s& }0 o& m# W
5 Pulse Width Modulation 127
( Q2 k" P3 ?/ V6 S z) O# R0 h$ S |5.1 Introduction 1273 U+ F& Y" o- C
5.2 PWM Operating Principles 127, k( O( z8 C1 @3 L
5.3 Selective Harmonic Cancellation 128+ f' x2 A' a9 m& b4 z
5.4 Sinusoidal (Carrier-Based) PWM 131
, Y& k3 @) o: M7 N* _ c5.5 PWM Carrier-Based Implementation 1336 ^/ Q: [/ X0 a5 M' S
5.5.1 Naturally Sampled PWM 134
/ W) \) d% ^( V4 { N5.5.2 Uniformly Sampled 136
6 {+ s- k3 c, V) C. I5.6 Modulation in Multi-Bridge Converters 137: U" Y- B; e' n% B4 y* m
5.7 Summary 138
) a" t8 K3 z% bReferences 140# N9 O% L3 @# d+ o* ?) s
6 Multi-Level Conversion 141" b1 ~8 G6 s+ n3 d* y1 u; H. {
6.1 Introduction 141
! S4 t+ N+ d$ Y6.2 Diode Clamping 1421 d$ p+ k& p2 N( X
6.2.1 Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped VSC 142
5 d2 ~5 B6 G6 D5 |) ~6.2.2 Five-Level Diode-Clamped VSC 145; N0 N& h$ Q* _
6.2.3 Diode Clamping Generalisation 149, p+ F1 R; [" ^1 k( E
6.3 Flying Capacitor Configuration 154' \! E" _2 Z& O: x9 ^" i
6.3.1 Three-Level Flying Capacitor 1543 J' k$ a$ v/ C. D" Z
6.3.2 Multi-Level Flying Capacitor 155
$ M) t; Q! k; q# g6.4 Cascaded H-Bridge Configuration 158( w ]7 i V3 Z2 M7 R3 ?+ X! h
6.5 Combined PWM/Multi-Level Conversion 161
" F$ B* @" L: u6 d: f: z6.6 Relative Merits of the Multi-Level Alternatives 164/ K+ Y- N9 c+ @
6.6.1 A Cost Comparison of Alternative Configurations for6 q, p9 a" U* u, A+ k/ Y3 b$ b/ u1 z; p% _
Use in HVDC 165* i2 W/ T t' B4 E
References 167viii CONTENTS
/ {: O: ^" C4 S2 L! M) @: h5 L+ V7 Multi-Level DC Reinjection 169
2 F4 Z: D8 z( g7 s+ m7.1 Introduction 169# P5 z2 t) @& i. I1 }
7.2 Soft Switching in Multi-Level Reinjection Converters 170
{/ h- n, o/ k4 @2 L7.3 Clamp-Controlled MLVR 170
7 n& l, M8 z1 ^7 b6 s$ T7.3.1 Firing Coordination 174
* b. J& ~% F' {! L7.3.2 Analysis of the Voltage Waveforms 176+ o) [$ r, l# _4 |0 P% c; K0 H. g7 q
7.3.3 Analysis of the Output Current 1788 D3 h! N* p$ ~
7.3.4 Capacitor Voltage Balancing 179# f/ m9 \# z0 `% }
7.3.5 Dynamic Performance 185
5 s' z ^( _! L- B! Y0 F3 c7.4 Transformer-Coupled MLVR 187
4 }8 ^0 p2 G: B& A. V) ?7.5 Cascaded H-Bridge MLVR 193
* T2 B4 y$ o% ~7 q. G C5 T7 `7.5.1 Basic Structure and Waveforms 193
0 r, L% K$ U! h( d8 Q% \% A7.5.2 Switching Pattern of the Reinjection Bridges 196
% m: J8 ?4 g! k5 \2 Q7.5.3 Design of the Cascaded H-Bridge Chain 197
- c5 V- T# L2 q9 \! b/ E2 |7.5.4 Capacitors’ Balancing 199
& x+ r: X1 L y- k7.5.5 STATCOM Application 204
5 O# @" H3 J5 n$ [7.6 Summary of Main Characteristics of MLVR Alternatives 209
9 [7 l8 @( g- ~/ f7.7 Multi-Level Current Reinjection (MLCR) 210
$ h1 \# S1 D [9 C9 d* G; _7.7.1 Structure and Operating Principles 210
0 G& C3 v, u1 I6 y. F7 A7.7.2 Self-Commutating Thyristor Conversion 213
) S& F# x6 A8 |$ S7.7.3 EMTDC Verification 2161 \1 F8 z, f7 v& }* i
7.8 MLCR-CSC Versus MLVR-VSC 221
# `. a1 U! N( c; D& `' Y/ oReferences 222
4 d+ b/ p" q, B! W9 Y# f7 H, R8 Line-Commutated CSC Transmission 225
6 F( Z# w8 L' _3 }9 _, Z' z( e8.1 Introduction 225' _0 P9 \# t- R0 t
8.2 The Line-Commutated HVDC Converter 226
O0 D ^8 T- N/ b$ a) `8.3 HVDC Converter Disturbances 232* B3 F0 p- O( h8 @+ U, I
8.4 Structure of the HVDC Link 233
$ X% a5 H8 g- v2 @8 Z( q8.5 DC System Configurations 2391 X) E$ N ^& U, E9 G0 |- C! N
8.6 DC System Control and Operation 242
0 c& ^2 V- D, F n' l8 v4 D, c8.6.1 General Philosophy 242, o; d. }( i7 m X9 M" ~% d' U
8.6.2 Different Control Levels 243
2 I: s3 r& [2 t) a2 V9 D8.6.3 Overall Control Coordination 243 d9 P8 T; @% j
8.6.4 Pole Controls 245
j% \0 ]6 ~- E* l3 X8.6.5 Converter Unit Controls 2533 U# ^: r7 G \' |- H, d
8.7 AC–DC System Interaction 257
& O5 f K1 q; E* _* r8.7.1 Voltage Interaction 257
9 V! v- X/ H/ E$ p( d* S" f% @8.7.2 Dynamic Voltage Regulation 258
: X; |6 T$ k5 ~; I- j* c; t8.7.3 Dynamic Stabilisation of AC Systems 259
& Z( }! B# x, }: r8 L8.7.4 Controlled Damping of DC-Interconnected
) ?7 v+ |7 h' X+ XSystems 260% E. x4 |1 w# e2 W
8.7.5 Damping of Sub-Synchronous Resonances 2609 I( h$ m, f+ J
8.7.6 Active and Reactive Power Coordination 2615 w9 f1 S, f/ z. O5 X4 n$ a7 {7 @7 ~
8.7.7 Transient Stabilisation of AC Systems 261" t7 y2 H) j5 d) p2 h& w; Z4 a
8.8 AC–DC–AC Frequency Interactions 262
* }9 }+ l' e# E/ I8.8.1 Harmonic Cross-Modulation Across the DC Link 262
, |6 E# Y; b ] d9 B9 _8.8.2 Complementary and Composite Resonances 265CONTENTS ix
- s2 M) b9 d1 V" ?- U _& P8.9 DC Link Response to External Disturbances 266
0 G& [8 o! p4 D* m8.9.1 Response to AC System Faults 266
0 U- T* ~9 K; q" s/ z/ z" _8.9.2 Response to DC Line Faults 267
; z+ s) N2 y2 @$ K( X8.10 Reliability of LCC Transmission 267
( V) K: x7 D! } ^. R8.11 Concluding Statements 273. G( Z6 W0 f! d% ^9 G8 I
References 273$ W- Y# L5 Q- G. U5 ^9 n
9 Developments in Line-Commutated HVDC Schemes 275
J5 k5 I9 m! H1 C8 b5 \/ m6 K9.1 Introduction 2754 }2 B) \: T1 s" c
9.2 Capacitor Commutated Conversion 276
, m4 a4 {1 j p; F. ?5 ]8 _/ E9.2.1 Basic CCC Operation 277
% x& A1 t b% ]# f9.2.2 Simulated Performance 277
4 ]$ c8 O* g& X7 V/ C9.3 Continuously Tuned AC Filters 280
; j& ?- {* s' Q; S9.4 Active DC Side Filters 281
9 \8 j$ r, V2 {1 Q* ~- B) J4 ~9.5 STATCOM-Aided DC Transmission 282
9 {9 [% m# @4 _) K$ a. G X9.6 AC Transmission Lines Converted for Use with HVDC 286
7 s7 {. w2 U3 e% H- U7 E9.6.1 Modulated (Tripole) DC Transmission 287
& Q9 N0 W6 H, m; l1 n9.7 HVDC Transmission at Voltages above 600 kV 2889 F# d# M- v- K1 Q. u/ ^5 K
9.8 Concluding Statements 289% u" p X1 N' N3 B. g2 m
References 289% t2 S3 F5 s g- r
10 VSC Transmission 2917 m' r" z: h" y7 k% Y6 b( {2 \
10.1 Introduction 291
, N" I7 o) K; l% D10.2 Power Transfer Characteristics 292; b$ }1 j( Y5 o8 i5 p% i1 U6 K
10.2.1 Current Relationships 2942 B0 j& e; P, ~
10.3 Structure of the VSC Link 296: H* Y5 a. d3 z& u8 O
10.3.1 VSC-HVDC Cable Technology 297& k) f/ R% `* U
10.4 VSC DC System Control 299+ g y) b: p0 x
10.4.1 General Philosophy 2990 B4 A! t4 }$ Q* |8 t& p
10.4.2 Different Control Levels 302
7 k6 b4 `: T( s) \' p% t10.4.3 DC Link Control Coordination 3034 C3 A& _3 D: {' U
10.4.4 Control Capability of VSC Transmission 304/ A3 j6 N/ v7 J R7 E
10.4.5 Assistance During Grid Restoration 305
1 ^' D1 o7 p" k' k9 X2 I10.5 HVDC Light Technology 306; z0 G; z1 s( o j9 S
10.5.1 Two-Level PWM Schemes 308
4 n! b/ q1 i: e10.5.2 Three-Level PWM Schemes 312
4 |8 O' q5 h0 F) J9 {5 e10.5.3 HVDC Light Performance 3145 Y) y2 c9 ]9 R2 R8 I* l2 c
10.6 Other VSC Projects 321
$ r9 D# q$ b) b10.7 Potential for Multi-Terminal Sub-Transmission Systems 323
" O) h8 ~/ q+ }10.8 Discussion 324( D# g( B/ G9 l7 d3 I8 f
References 326
/ {5 B+ m( y% f3 g11 Multi-Level VSC and CSC Transmission 327
# R6 x5 c+ S0 e2 B7 z0 x8 g/ o11.1 Introduction 327
7 p$ s- I% T( }11.2 Multi-Level VSC Transmission 328; c: x7 W/ h: I7 ]
11.2.1 Power Flow Considerations 3287 }: h' E* X0 X9 P9 L& K4 {" F
11.2.2 DC Link Control Characteristics 331x CONTENTS5 E2 M8 v C- y6 m7 F; Y
11.2.3 Test System and Simulation Results 332" ^8 w) M% M" j& b! @
11.2.4 Provision of Independent Reactive Power Control 337
7 N6 o3 J, Z; y$ L" Y7 P/ }11.3 Multi-Level CSC Transmission 3412 q" u7 c' c2 ~7 S! L0 _$ X" x6 _. i
11.3.1 Dynamic Model 3434 p$ ?- x- S c/ Z
11.3.2 Control Structure 344
R7 r( E6 ?3 Q2 W2 |11.3.3 Simulated Performance under Normal Operating Conditions 3459 V* G8 t4 K* B+ s+ }. P& E
11.3.4 Simulated Performance Following Disturbances 348
9 U. E. H/ C8 [ U+ X% I11.3.5 Reactive Power Control in Multi-Level CSC Transmission 352
( M! g# n* c0 k E% s: V( q' z: _11.4 Summary 3565 a% G) f* ]4 p+ h# N
References 357; r8 P6 R% o* J, H
Index 359 |
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