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电子图书
| 电子图书名: |
Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options |
| 编者: |
J. Arrillaga,Y.H. Liu,N.R. Watson |
| 所属专业方向: |
电力系统及其自动化 |
| 内容简介: |
高压直流输电原理及多电平换流器技术。 |
| 出版社: |
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
| 来源: |
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Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options.part1.rar
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Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options.part2.rar
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' @4 V2 } `% i目录如下, c! V9 v$ ~. L- `8 g
Contents
" H% ^2 K: c+ R! X. G: Z3 Q+ YPreface xi
2 H5 `. g9 D$ ^% P4 [8 E% j' B1 Introduction 1; S) ?' v, `' w
1.1 The Conventional Power Grid 1! H: `+ T+ H C; a6 X- d8 v1 |
1.1.1 Power Transfer Mechanism 1
" S) N+ J0 D0 C& u- W( A1.2 Towards a More Flexible Power Grid 5
4 M H% i) r0 O$ W7 v4 ?9 ?1.2.1 Power Electronics Control 5
m' }, O2 f) T# u* I1.3 HVDC Transmission 81 o( c6 J( b* \ s1 |: R% G3 {
1.3.1 Thyristor-Based CSC Transmission 10
w) f; E2 l1 W8 I% E9 C( \1.3.2 VSC Transmission Based on the Integrated Gate Bipolar
1 G3 h. H9 h8 u( w% H5 wTransistor (IGBT) 11
* x( S! ^4 h0 c G$ j% Q$ v& l1 X" R. m: ]1.3.3 Multi-terminal HVDC 12- S6 H, j! b$ J0 j# a+ p
1.3.4 The Flexibility Concept Applied to HVDC 13; E, Z( c! h8 x
1.4 Relative Power Carrying Capability of AC and DC Transmission Lines 13+ X$ @+ l. {) ]( ~& \5 ^
1.5 The Impact of Distributed Generation 16
o7 O H* z/ Z( e4 r5 Z9 F# ^1.6 The Effect of Electricity Deregulation 16
" C0 j. |/ F, m+ R0 n) j; q1.7 Discussion 18# ?& H& j! t( I& R( U8 {4 Q
References 19! _5 _1 T0 J1 E
2 Semiconductor Power Devices 21
9 w' B. A9 T9 L7 s, \! J2.1 Introduction 21
) {% ?/ I6 a' @+ U& T; d2.2 Semiconductor Principles 21
) o4 y0 \/ p4 q r. ?* e8 H/ A/ V2.3 Power Semiconductor Elements 227 L: f6 K5 e. f+ H5 \7 Y! l
2.3.1 The pn Rectifier 22' ^# u& w* C( H3 u% Z8 u
2.3.2 The Transistor 25
3 L$ _/ X' Q+ P2.3.3 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect
& {& O. f$ \: m% W# @8 ] B- a2 m }Transistor 252 |: f" |* t. q
2.4 Dynamic Stresses on Power Switches 27
- }3 s) C4 C8 Z. G: R5 H$ K8 P2.4.1 Rate of Change of Voltage dv/dt 271 R+ m6 B0 U) s/ R) y0 K
2.4.2 Rate of Change of Current di/dt 28! \1 z1 T) ]! n/ D* ^$ Y1 t. f
2.4.3 Balancing Problems in Series Chains 28vi CONTENTS% Q+ z( ]' v' z$ {+ t7 i
2.5 Other Switching Issues 298 k7 A# U6 E; `0 \. g; _
2.5.1 Switching Frequency 29
) E9 @, g- H* H% }2.5.2 Switching Losses 291 p" @3 t& Y' e+ ]
2.5.3 Soft Switching 298 `- Y3 ^; U9 Y( }3 D
2.5.4 Use of Snubbers 30) h6 y7 t! S) Q9 Q" [0 Q+ c
2.6 Thyristor-Type Power Switches 31
9 a& C* b$ h" g8 p2.6.1 The Thyristor 31
3 p v+ \6 y$ N: u1 J* Y# ^2.6.2 Gate Turn-Off Thyristor 36! Z( D8 ^: f' T5 E$ n
2.6.3 Insulated Gate-Commutated Thyristor 41
% G& q. h/ v1 h& {2.6.4 MOS Turn-Off Thyristor 420 A; y0 t& N+ Z* l
2.6.5 MOS Controlled Thyristor 449 ?) @* N& [/ x, T7 t- ?
2.6.6 Emitter Turn-Off Thyristor 458 }: k0 S0 o( L, J: f6 X+ D6 d
2.7 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor 47
. ~! }% \0 e0 H8 p2.7.1 IGBT (Series) Chains 49
& G4 ~/ h4 P0 u* @/ k6 {" k2.8 Diodes 51
. c, m1 N. l3 G6 {2.9 Prognostic Assessment 53
+ b, Q# S6 o) Q: d' Z2.9.1 Ratings and Applicability 53
2 l. Y0 M* T7 u$ v* P2.9.2 Relative Losses 556 v, O, o# U- Y) C b- C* b! g
References 56
6 I; H/ q& k/ s, N, t- E3 Line-Commutated HVDC Conversion 57
, \; p5 q' E6 Z* l: ?" p3.1 Introduction 573 u( M5 W+ ~' t4 X9 H8 Z
3.2 Three-Phase AC–DC Conversion 57
9 Q( w+ h; |' H* m s! E0 `3.2.1 Basic CSC Operating Principles 58
+ N# {2 o( S5 e1 z3.2.2 Effect of Delaying the Firing Instant 58, l# N2 {% K0 q' y; a& _! t
3.3 The Commutation Process 621 F* s. [( }: S; E
3.3.1 Analysis of the Commutation Circuit 62# G0 L: h6 D! ~" H8 z$ f; H# R2 H
3.4 Rectifier Operation 64" g# l) K# _7 i I& X
3.5 Inverter Operation 67% x" O5 V3 f; o' e
3.6 Power Factor and Reactive Power 697 |4 g/ f/ v! w# k2 _
3.7 Characteristic Harmonics 71" k, k! X5 o0 N1 b6 V5 \! l1 l; m
3.7.1 DC Side Harmonics 72; I3 k: K' u, |- \$ t
3.7.2 AC Side Harmonics 73
u6 Z/ w0 z- M. |. K1 z3.8 Multi-Pulse Conversion 74
4 t' S; d( m7 P" m6 H* O3.8.1 Transformer Phase Shifting 74
$ n$ z2 F7 A9 {5 J- G1 k) z" g3 R3.8.2 DC Ripple Reinjection 77
! g8 k8 F5 }+ t$ T2 g3.9 Uncharacteristic Harmonics and Interharmonics 81; V q$ n1 |* l% F! a N( [7 _
3.9.1 Imperfect AC Source 837 N$ I8 H! E& C* n( S( S/ y" t/ _* |- F
3.9.2 DC Modulation 87
. ~4 X1 S2 i# `. Q1 l1 m3.9.3 Control System Imperfections 888 Z3 I! l" q7 e: ]
3.9.4 Firing Asymmetry 88
' X6 @) ^2 G) h3.9.5 Magnification of Low-Order Harmonics 89( S5 Z {3 g" q$ H
3.10 Harmonic Reduction by Filters 905 d# D$ C7 O1 c/ }- c
3.10.1 AC Side Filters 90( j( `9 c4 s% a, T# I
3.10.2 DC Side Filters 92CONTENTS vii
$ [4 S' T2 i7 V$ o3.11 Frequency Cross-Modulation Across the LCC 93* w& z, _0 D m' L9 h+ W7 y
3.12 Summary 94
3 _* Q+ S$ l& I9 h- W0 hReferences 945 \9 f' g+ d+ k5 G O
4 Self-Commutating Conversion 97
, K% z5 N+ A+ R: I g& n, ` l4.1 Introduction 972 s. l6 w0 N) T% B
4.2 Voltage Source Conversion 97
9 {' x' Q- @- ? l! ]1 z' w4.2.1 VSC Operating Principles 97
9 L% O. Y( t. z3 K' _+ b4.2.2 Converter Components 102
1 p8 E# u9 W" M8 O4.2.3 The Three-Phase VSC 1051 f( z7 M' U: }) t" [0 V; e
4.3 Comparison of LCC and VSC 114 y7 Q# M) h% ?
4.4 Current Source Conversion 114* B! H8 t4 R. x' c% Q
4.4.1 Analysis of the CSC Waveforms 116
2 b& J/ Z1 B' u, f# y% \. E$ |4.5 The Reinjection Concept with Self-Commutation 116' g4 }' ]7 A2 j% c
4.5.1 Application to VSC 116
# _, W/ k; A3 k! _4 E' D0 [4.5.2 Application to CSC 121, ^7 i6 |# g7 n2 p% v! Y
4.6 Discussion 124
. H1 Z0 x3 e0 b6 cReferences 125
5 g( D( r8 K2 ~, P/ l1 Y5 Pulse Width Modulation 127- b0 T* [' J/ ^% h$ j& G/ O3 l. S3 v
5.1 Introduction 127, _3 S" q+ x* f
5.2 PWM Operating Principles 127+ r) S! j+ w. I6 q, {# ^" l: E3 P8 a
5.3 Selective Harmonic Cancellation 128' a' C. { ^( N( |& z- |& ~
5.4 Sinusoidal (Carrier-Based) PWM 131
2 x0 R4 \7 q: l$ n& o5.5 PWM Carrier-Based Implementation 133
; P2 b" z# l A+ ~; E* R# h5 X5.5.1 Naturally Sampled PWM 134
! |& A# l1 \* K4 b1 e5.5.2 Uniformly Sampled 1369 T' Z8 r! i4 V0 R B+ E: ]/ _
5.6 Modulation in Multi-Bridge Converters 137
( E$ T' b1 A! }$ j5.7 Summary 138
! E7 l7 A4 d/ G1 B7 zReferences 140
3 n9 D# I; e" ~8 D% \6 Multi-Level Conversion 141: v4 r; K. Z5 z2 w O( I4 L8 p W2 r
6.1 Introduction 141! E- V$ A: Z& G2 ]# G j* L% {
6.2 Diode Clamping 142& d; u9 v3 u% i, [
6.2.1 Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped VSC 142! z Y' [# o4 Y1 j. C! v2 {, S) f
6.2.2 Five-Level Diode-Clamped VSC 145
. V: a4 C, B7 F3 c x" E6.2.3 Diode Clamping Generalisation 149
: E: Y: x& W. d4 b6.3 Flying Capacitor Configuration 1542 x8 v2 g# E! U# O6 u
6.3.1 Three-Level Flying Capacitor 154
v, `' @( R! s$ B; U k6.3.2 Multi-Level Flying Capacitor 1553 F6 F8 u8 X1 P; g B
6.4 Cascaded H-Bridge Configuration 158
8 K2 s* T1 M" g& K7 E6.5 Combined PWM/Multi-Level Conversion 1619 O1 N5 E- H- m `% a" I$ W5 C
6.6 Relative Merits of the Multi-Level Alternatives 164
- ?: b0 e! ?. L6.6.1 A Cost Comparison of Alternative Configurations for& j4 m/ B5 h- O, Q' p3 q2 R) {
Use in HVDC 165
# N; r% V% ?4 J6 {% s, m- D! ` T' W. mReferences 167viii CONTENTS
9 B2 U& }8 h6 z$ J( ]% J/ |7 Multi-Level DC Reinjection 169; ^% I4 z# ]8 X+ u$ ]' Y
7.1 Introduction 169- e; ~0 d" t( ^2 k
7.2 Soft Switching in Multi-Level Reinjection Converters 170. N1 r- w! Z9 H: E* T" n1 ]
7.3 Clamp-Controlled MLVR 170
1 v( c7 N* u$ Y7.3.1 Firing Coordination 174" o0 J& c& L- b6 ], e
7.3.2 Analysis of the Voltage Waveforms 176
, c; s. g7 Y6 G* q7.3.3 Analysis of the Output Current 1787 f& a8 N3 U# Y* y/ m/ D! h/ z S0 x
7.3.4 Capacitor Voltage Balancing 179$ R' L0 _# i- s7 x/ L0 J4 p/ S9 @. \8 c/ T
7.3.5 Dynamic Performance 185
0 o6 c- b1 x$ }* D7.4 Transformer-Coupled MLVR 187
" H- r* Q$ h' h( s; ?2 z6 b7.5 Cascaded H-Bridge MLVR 193
! F# C7 A9 k8 r; a8 P7.5.1 Basic Structure and Waveforms 193
i- U$ o5 j$ W, c6 Y7.5.2 Switching Pattern of the Reinjection Bridges 1967 C# w2 ~$ t5 ]2 M3 J# h; a7 S2 t1 R
7.5.3 Design of the Cascaded H-Bridge Chain 197( \9 _' Q7 Q* H# F; h: g5 X+ @9 @7 X/ f/ X7 ]
7.5.4 Capacitors’ Balancing 199& Z& n& L) p0 ^9 w6 Q+ Q: P
7.5.5 STATCOM Application 2049 t, n# H$ p' Q
7.6 Summary of Main Characteristics of MLVR Alternatives 209
7 `* L5 ^% I5 V7.7 Multi-Level Current Reinjection (MLCR) 210
" w. @6 l* j9 s, ]7 @7.7.1 Structure and Operating Principles 210# ]- i) @7 s$ |" s6 X
7.7.2 Self-Commutating Thyristor Conversion 213/ [, r1 T0 v7 t1 b
7.7.3 EMTDC Verification 216. X a7 I6 e+ p( E; D# p2 b
7.8 MLCR-CSC Versus MLVR-VSC 221' U# D; O o2 g- |4 f$ R8 O9 Y2 O6 U
References 222
- B) A T! S4 P* n: Q4 K" V8 Line-Commutated CSC Transmission 225 A( g" V! ~; H/ h& k, n
8.1 Introduction 225
9 B P7 @/ C5 G8.2 The Line-Commutated HVDC Converter 226
4 c+ S" F# D# J, S3 V6 G3 u! @4 L8.3 HVDC Converter Disturbances 2325 E* p3 z; i3 t) R/ I0 P
8.4 Structure of the HVDC Link 233
/ ]* w: e9 Q5 i- r2 r( z8.5 DC System Configurations 2395 B/ T! J* o/ [
8.6 DC System Control and Operation 242, ^0 P& R( n J% b9 G
8.6.1 General Philosophy 2423 L% z6 W' ^4 T5 E0 {3 u y
8.6.2 Different Control Levels 243
" i0 b6 b& d2 Z9 u: D8.6.3 Overall Control Coordination 243
. |5 V9 T0 g2 Z+ U5 o+ K; Y6 s' y8.6.4 Pole Controls 245
' Y( t0 C1 [) N( ?8.6.5 Converter Unit Controls 253. \4 A' s3 F' Q+ X7 V
8.7 AC–DC System Interaction 2574 u( W' n" E1 y! v5 }3 M
8.7.1 Voltage Interaction 257/ ^; e' B2 b5 j* x* ^
8.7.2 Dynamic Voltage Regulation 258$ d( W3 O9 ~6 F
8.7.3 Dynamic Stabilisation of AC Systems 2590 \2 `7 I/ [, H; ~* ^9 J9 O
8.7.4 Controlled Damping of DC-Interconnected
; r0 l0 _' y9 E" GSystems 260
' \0 [+ G2 w, c6 _, y- l3 C8.7.5 Damping of Sub-Synchronous Resonances 260
4 V4 v0 V9 H) \7 P5 B% A9 t0 U8.7.6 Active and Reactive Power Coordination 261
: |0 k& a+ o n [1 Y+ ]8.7.7 Transient Stabilisation of AC Systems 261- Y4 w; i' {3 s* H8 ^
8.8 AC–DC–AC Frequency Interactions 262: v E5 j# b A4 }
8.8.1 Harmonic Cross-Modulation Across the DC Link 2624 j" P! Y( w0 {: E- `% s- P8 w
8.8.2 Complementary and Composite Resonances 265CONTENTS ix+ x8 y" ~6 @6 ]# c4 p
8.9 DC Link Response to External Disturbances 266
7 c8 x- a' k! C+ I% G _. d8.9.1 Response to AC System Faults 266
' {! D/ N4 ~) K6 t8.9.2 Response to DC Line Faults 267
3 l/ t8 \7 P8 \, g8.10 Reliability of LCC Transmission 267
, u$ g: R+ R O! n8.11 Concluding Statements 273, H, A3 {+ t: |% F0 m. D) m# z
References 273" \% g r( W. }! X: }; H
9 Developments in Line-Commutated HVDC Schemes 2750 i/ l; }* P( \& I
9.1 Introduction 275! U) W; f9 ~0 m2 H/ C
9.2 Capacitor Commutated Conversion 276
% t; F. u' i0 x4 l, R9.2.1 Basic CCC Operation 277
/ D' E/ c; b% u. u* V( n+ W- m9.2.2 Simulated Performance 277
2 e) y8 E1 l h9.3 Continuously Tuned AC Filters 280# D1 g2 d7 J" a! `4 N! V: ?( y
9.4 Active DC Side Filters 281
+ H/ m. \& G0 q; r: [ x5 N9.5 STATCOM-Aided DC Transmission 282
# |' q- O) h; ?( A; H$ s8 ^, |9.6 AC Transmission Lines Converted for Use with HVDC 286
5 d$ I& s3 _0 j4 I S c9.6.1 Modulated (Tripole) DC Transmission 287, ]. I4 D: Y/ t0 x' D. ]. m' A
9.7 HVDC Transmission at Voltages above 600 kV 288
$ o9 }, @( f/ r, n# }; v9.8 Concluding Statements 289
2 c: Q, e" P* { K- P n! gReferences 289
, Q& h# _' @5 q4 w" P10 VSC Transmission 291# \3 ~9 f. {! v- l/ y
10.1 Introduction 291. L! h/ E ^1 Y3 h7 C& \1 L! B
10.2 Power Transfer Characteristics 292
0 h G T: x/ T, N F10.2.1 Current Relationships 294
" T& @% {" X3 z10.3 Structure of the VSC Link 296
- \- ?9 ?; ?, |7 a& P! B2 g- I# s10.3.1 VSC-HVDC Cable Technology 297
/ T' A" E$ ]% q: W10.4 VSC DC System Control 2999 V4 b' q1 |' M+ E
10.4.1 General Philosophy 299
/ R/ N, g- T7 ?& L10.4.2 Different Control Levels 302
1 p8 o% `( v. O: ?$ ~& n10.4.3 DC Link Control Coordination 3032 Z/ _2 z2 \, N4 h& k0 [) t4 ?" ~
10.4.4 Control Capability of VSC Transmission 304
3 \- P6 `8 Y. n4 I10.4.5 Assistance During Grid Restoration 305, G. O# u) i. M/ O/ J, I! O
10.5 HVDC Light Technology 306& L" i1 q% v2 ?: z
10.5.1 Two-Level PWM Schemes 308
! r. Z6 W. R/ M/ g. V) c$ O# ^10.5.2 Three-Level PWM Schemes 3129 }% z, t: D, }; a* h( q
10.5.3 HVDC Light Performance 314! x& b, p1 V* ]: e* w- W
10.6 Other VSC Projects 3215 y' @3 s( }, P" D
10.7 Potential for Multi-Terminal Sub-Transmission Systems 3232 l& Y3 b. x4 |' E& O' J% C
10.8 Discussion 324& E$ B1 S; E8 x: B/ Q: q
References 326$ Y/ S- k: t3 z. y5 u. C& S
11 Multi-Level VSC and CSC Transmission 327
6 i+ L' P9 N: ~11.1 Introduction 3274 S, |5 f- N7 N0 a
11.2 Multi-Level VSC Transmission 328
/ H$ b0 ?! D8 ^7 G11.2.1 Power Flow Considerations 328( d9 i! U1 G \
11.2.2 DC Link Control Characteristics 331x CONTENTS2 @9 s8 j4 h X+ H* U
11.2.3 Test System and Simulation Results 332
6 |" ~! l6 D4 o$ d/ a8 I9 m- h" H11.2.4 Provision of Independent Reactive Power Control 3372 ^8 n5 {- E9 f6 a
11.3 Multi-Level CSC Transmission 341
! u9 g: A) a! v: }( Z4 v11.3.1 Dynamic Model 3435 {% o8 X8 U9 ~3 P" j
11.3.2 Control Structure 344+ {/ m* Z# ]2 _: ?3 U6 X3 m
11.3.3 Simulated Performance under Normal Operating Conditions 345
1 U3 r' }# M# R5 i9 _11.3.4 Simulated Performance Following Disturbances 3484 u Y9 H$ h$ ^5 l
11.3.5 Reactive Power Control in Multi-Level CSC Transmission 3524 P# W6 v9 Z; N" Y9 ^& R
11.4 Summary 356
( D: x+ Q. K, C# EReferences 357/ o3 P v) e# R: b
Index 359 |
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