TA的每日心情 | 开心
2018-1-19 01:01 |
|---|
签到天数: 1 天 连续签到: 1 天 [LV.1]初来乍到 累计签到：1 天
连续签到：1 天
|
电子图书
| 电子图书名: |
Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options |
| 编者: |
J. Arrillaga,Y.H. Liu,N.R. Watson |
| 内容简介: |
高压直流输电原理及多电平换流器技术。 |
| 所属专业方向: |
电力系统及其自动化 |
| 出版社: |
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
| 来源: |
|
马上加入，结交更多好友，共享更多资料，让你轻松玩转电力研学社区！
您需要 登录 才可以下载或查看，没有账号？立即加入
×
Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options.part1.rar
(4.98 MB, 下载次数: 9)
Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options.part2.rar
(2.09 MB, 下载次数: 10)
/ X/ c$ P4 U; {# g- c' g目录如下
c: y6 I$ [+ t$ ^Contents
: A! f6 W" H% u4 Y2 `: }Preface xi
( y- m1 z( j* }0 Q) q7 S1 Introduction 1
. j9 K8 Y9 \7 |3 B1.1 The Conventional Power Grid 1
" K0 W2 a: \" b8 [( b1.1.1 Power Transfer Mechanism 1
, N* q& n; k$ U! z2 \1.2 Towards a More Flexible Power Grid 5
* h s. O, S7 A1.2.1 Power Electronics Control 5# W. L- R7 l* S0 w- Q( X# I: Q
1.3 HVDC Transmission 8& j" a8 M! ^( t; n8 ?" g/ ^7 p7 I
1.3.1 Thyristor-Based CSC Transmission 109 `# L* i. T" ^- {1 O
1.3.2 VSC Transmission Based on the Integrated Gate Bipolar
1 I: P6 @" J- v0 p/ t$ |Transistor (IGBT) 11
1 `0 j' l# @6 I$ ], x6 n1.3.3 Multi-terminal HVDC 12
5 z* n# i ?- }% W1 Y/ }1 ^; W) _1.3.4 The Flexibility Concept Applied to HVDC 13
, s3 s. z- s1 {- w1.4 Relative Power Carrying Capability of AC and DC Transmission Lines 13
4 ]) E: F' o0 X! a( d9 M1.5 The Impact of Distributed Generation 16
8 y' ?$ R; ~* Y& S1.6 The Effect of Electricity Deregulation 16
8 {2 Q: ?! I4 V9 ]6 j* F- P& ?2 A1.7 Discussion 18" T0 d0 b1 g) N* a
References 19
/ ^. Z7 N; A& O q2 a2 z2 Semiconductor Power Devices 218 Y! c& W) y3 t1 l7 A
2.1 Introduction 210 N; {6 g% B y6 V
2.2 Semiconductor Principles 217 V9 B# G. E! `" o- h: T: s. g
2.3 Power Semiconductor Elements 22
6 W4 n2 q5 y+ a3 c% X1 x2.3.1 The pn Rectifier 22
|. Q5 u9 L6 [9 T. a2.3.2 The Transistor 25
$ }' B8 o4 e0 F' t$ {" O, @2.3.3 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect+ t8 k6 y j& J
Transistor 25
$ E; l3 x. D& U* g2 Q) g2.4 Dynamic Stresses on Power Switches 27% E- m. H9 S2 B) U# ^! R# G
2.4.1 Rate of Change of Voltage dv/dt 276 ]4 J8 _: j( ~# f0 B& v
2.4.2 Rate of Change of Current di/dt 28
: |: i4 K3 t( H! R1 ?2.4.3 Balancing Problems in Series Chains 28vi CONTENTS! _6 [3 l* w- v$ n, _/ r
2.5 Other Switching Issues 290 k6 D( f2 i2 \
2.5.1 Switching Frequency 29! H$ X1 d" R: F
2.5.2 Switching Losses 29* k) H: C0 O) ?) d( N
2.5.3 Soft Switching 29( Y: R* Y* I7 v5 |$ D
2.5.4 Use of Snubbers 30
3 [4 i+ [- v( k& D2.6 Thyristor-Type Power Switches 313 }1 ~* ]9 h" d- g' f, L
2.6.1 The Thyristor 310 V, ^3 K" w' g% t5 g
2.6.2 Gate Turn-Off Thyristor 362 z1 `; t% E/ f+ W
2.6.3 Insulated Gate-Commutated Thyristor 41# r0 Q1 W( Y1 C: K- l3 U/ c; l0 `
2.6.4 MOS Turn-Off Thyristor 42
6 y; x% L' W5 p ~! e0 @2.6.5 MOS Controlled Thyristor 44. ^0 k* ]. N4 h# ]5 t1 j" m# \
2.6.6 Emitter Turn-Off Thyristor 45- ^; Y- I" Q5 W- F8 o9 S! k) \
2.7 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor 47/ y) H- y; D" d: y ]2 `
2.7.1 IGBT (Series) Chains 49
" q }; j% I- Q4 ~3 w2.8 Diodes 51
: P" t1 X' t- s% k3 ]; [2.9 Prognostic Assessment 53
r+ s6 ]( R9 ]6 o r" {" ^2.9.1 Ratings and Applicability 53
1 ? W* Z+ ?) Q/ F: d6 }2.9.2 Relative Losses 557 S* C' T1 j5 d- t+ B
References 56) A4 w" x& l# F
3 Line-Commutated HVDC Conversion 57
|! L: [7 J: D$ a2 K3.1 Introduction 57
& S$ D" t: U$ V3.2 Three-Phase AC–DC Conversion 57& {/ n- d. a9 X }
3.2.1 Basic CSC Operating Principles 58
, L2 h6 `. n+ b% s3.2.2 Effect of Delaying the Firing Instant 58* E6 P$ z; t: C" v; S. k
3.3 The Commutation Process 62
2 R* J: P/ ]% n, {& N& W3.3.1 Analysis of the Commutation Circuit 62% K! M* B# W2 ?3 g5 t, ^
3.4 Rectifier Operation 64' _: l7 z3 N: S& R6 U8 i0 d
3.5 Inverter Operation 67
. d: k5 M" o' r; W7 c6 D& n3.6 Power Factor and Reactive Power 69* _" H5 X# l; {
3.7 Characteristic Harmonics 71# R! p* r) J' }* E- A) g
3.7.1 DC Side Harmonics 72
7 E! U2 e0 ~: k" j3.7.2 AC Side Harmonics 737 H' ~& C, H1 o* j8 h
3.8 Multi-Pulse Conversion 745 x! Y6 B/ L. j
3.8.1 Transformer Phase Shifting 74
1 @" h8 u8 k1 [! y3.8.2 DC Ripple Reinjection 77
- q3 R7 d1 Q: s) [5 Z+ S3.9 Uncharacteristic Harmonics and Interharmonics 81/ |# e/ s/ q* H8 {4 U* @; d6 e
3.9.1 Imperfect AC Source 83
! ?/ k2 q( d$ t3.9.2 DC Modulation 87
4 {) K9 g0 l* ]4 t8 i' @, J3.9.3 Control System Imperfections 88
; y6 V% Y0 d. Y7 o4 ^3.9.4 Firing Asymmetry 88
7 F2 H" c" Z$ P" L" `( S3.9.5 Magnification of Low-Order Harmonics 89* F5 E! y1 o; t
3.10 Harmonic Reduction by Filters 90
; e* v0 S6 }' ~- ^3.10.1 AC Side Filters 90
0 ~. b# C9 L% a, n" b; F3.10.2 DC Side Filters 92CONTENTS vii; B$ a2 z- s- T" a5 i& j. K
3.11 Frequency Cross-Modulation Across the LCC 93, |7 y; m- a1 R3 i
3.12 Summary 94
+ F* R3 v7 r. p1 s, N9 {, ~References 943 B7 B! M. }6 T" g( s; d- ?# B
4 Self-Commutating Conversion 97
8 q h3 ]( L3 ]8 W, C( Y4.1 Introduction 97
* r" ]3 \ b. V* }4.2 Voltage Source Conversion 97
3 ]9 {( Y! R8 B4.2.1 VSC Operating Principles 97
2 g& v% x3 K- h8 P/ N4.2.2 Converter Components 102. l- C- y* e2 u" ~+ a
4.2.3 The Three-Phase VSC 105
- ~$ o& h; l i. Q4.3 Comparison of LCC and VSC 114
) E! l: y/ v! P. J4.4 Current Source Conversion 114
; F/ w+ I+ P$ P- ]4.4.1 Analysis of the CSC Waveforms 116- m. D+ J' n5 y0 {+ D# O
4.5 The Reinjection Concept with Self-Commutation 116
* Y& e! g% V3 `4.5.1 Application to VSC 116
: X* ?8 G0 \/ D, |4.5.2 Application to CSC 121: A/ l/ q3 Z% n0 e) e
4.6 Discussion 124
7 ~% j U/ \' a2 dReferences 125: B4 B7 A- R! P; N5 a
5 Pulse Width Modulation 127* ^6 {# D) n: G6 n
5.1 Introduction 127
! P/ Q$ Y) `: k! x5.2 PWM Operating Principles 127
! @' b0 D! Z! r3 S; {3 v5.3 Selective Harmonic Cancellation 128
8 Y* c4 o ^4 C ^! N" n q% }5.4 Sinusoidal (Carrier-Based) PWM 131
, \& E/ U L$ C! a( R7 D" |5.5 PWM Carrier-Based Implementation 133
8 m Y1 y2 ~2 ^/ M5.5.1 Naturally Sampled PWM 1346 ^' l% E! s4 V
5.5.2 Uniformly Sampled 1361 N- k Z2 h4 d1 P# S% {
5.6 Modulation in Multi-Bridge Converters 137% P& r0 H0 W+ \# J' g, {) H* P9 |# R0 n
5.7 Summary 138( B' W& K& a* X p( z
References 140
1 @) s* H3 A* ]% d, X6 Multi-Level Conversion 141* `0 C* z. [8 F6 J2 ?1 X
6.1 Introduction 141
) z7 a! [2 g4 u. u7 P" G& A# Z3 P8 I6.2 Diode Clamping 142& B! g- W2 [$ t
6.2.1 Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped VSC 142% u/ o" d8 a5 x8 }+ |5 j8 y! h
6.2.2 Five-Level Diode-Clamped VSC 145
j1 x: |4 L. t2 C1 @! m6.2.3 Diode Clamping Generalisation 149# _6 P- r' `/ U5 n7 }2 n
6.3 Flying Capacitor Configuration 154
! A% l1 `: q5 B8 i5 s: F6.3.1 Three-Level Flying Capacitor 154& s; N: D$ g; ^" v
6.3.2 Multi-Level Flying Capacitor 1550 z' }. M- s3 g
6.4 Cascaded H-Bridge Configuration 158) }1 k0 y- C; G' \1 P& ^/ V, ]. W
6.5 Combined PWM/Multi-Level Conversion 161
/ _, t4 P% T+ o- Z6.6 Relative Merits of the Multi-Level Alternatives 164
7 I6 C9 R u4 }$ o: C6 t6.6.1 A Cost Comparison of Alternative Configurations for2 U. Y: Y" A' ?6 V- W2 }1 T& |
Use in HVDC 165
; L' J. Q* D! p# t' k3 JReferences 167viii CONTENTS
3 }+ f2 v7 Q; e3 d4 U2 U" g7 Multi-Level DC Reinjection 169
5 P; _1 w0 ^/ E6 e& b, D, S+ Q. o* B7.1 Introduction 169
- t. S" f! g9 h9 {7.2 Soft Switching in Multi-Level Reinjection Converters 170# m; f: T2 w' A" F
7.3 Clamp-Controlled MLVR 170# Q, T+ W+ B0 i( D0 O" X$ V8 x
7.3.1 Firing Coordination 1746 O# p7 H# ]+ |& d6 N- x
7.3.2 Analysis of the Voltage Waveforms 176% n% N: B, `9 W ^' L1 R0 e2 e. k
7.3.3 Analysis of the Output Current 178
/ s6 `6 {6 t a7.3.4 Capacitor Voltage Balancing 179
" C, r' i1 `- ~( k7.3.5 Dynamic Performance 185
# ?6 h; @1 `6 d9 r$ G7.4 Transformer-Coupled MLVR 187
~" i$ ^" S* A& r- ]$ P" m7.5 Cascaded H-Bridge MLVR 193
( _9 k4 ^- @8 m- Q; w+ }7.5.1 Basic Structure and Waveforms 193
* ]+ x. S5 N, n: T$ d+ G7.5.2 Switching Pattern of the Reinjection Bridges 196 n2 k0 k# G+ B6 {# A
7.5.3 Design of the Cascaded H-Bridge Chain 197* a/ f3 s% A6 F5 P
7.5.4 Capacitors’ Balancing 199- @. r- c7 `( O. y) j# I* j+ ^
7.5.5 STATCOM Application 204
# Q5 {& |- @/ t0 x/ M2 m( m. ~& S3 c7.6 Summary of Main Characteristics of MLVR Alternatives 209, h0 g: F7 j6 P
7.7 Multi-Level Current Reinjection (MLCR) 210' m; Y$ x9 |: w1 s: }! O
7.7.1 Structure and Operating Principles 2109 x) X# t5 Q5 v
7.7.2 Self-Commutating Thyristor Conversion 213
' u3 u5 I O! y7.7.3 EMTDC Verification 216
) k) R, I' T$ h, X# O2 D" B1 J- Q7.8 MLCR-CSC Versus MLVR-VSC 221
$ n2 G5 L" V7 Z' b9 @References 222
! O" F7 S* O1 Y+ q$ [8 Line-Commutated CSC Transmission 225) `) t2 K# g3 P9 y. M
8.1 Introduction 225
& {# o& y& x9 K+ ^: B5 N( p, i8.2 The Line-Commutated HVDC Converter 226& v7 F) d' k% [1 q9 c9 \
8.3 HVDC Converter Disturbances 232; g6 W6 G9 L q' s5 ] W8 N0 u
8.4 Structure of the HVDC Link 2332 O. Z7 a, _# r' {4 G$ z( p, k
8.5 DC System Configurations 2399 R' I% C. \/ I: I
8.6 DC System Control and Operation 242
7 e" N7 e: \3 G8 I2 {+ v! d( O8.6.1 General Philosophy 242
7 ], n% A9 A0 Y3 Y2 g8.6.2 Different Control Levels 243$ _. K! `" E# I- M& _& W# R7 o% G
8.6.3 Overall Control Coordination 243
+ w+ p- ~4 a( A8 U5 Q2 j& O8.6.4 Pole Controls 2454 g* _1 l& r& R- y
8.6.5 Converter Unit Controls 253
`* {# v0 ~3 L; p9 v0 m+ b6 N8.7 AC–DC System Interaction 257( T' u* J* Q( n) l0 H; Z! p
8.7.1 Voltage Interaction 257& ?3 C7 ]# ?5 h3 A
8.7.2 Dynamic Voltage Regulation 258
% [( b; J6 {1 [" ^# ~ ]8.7.3 Dynamic Stabilisation of AC Systems 259
2 V/ v& N, I' h6 M; M5 m/ j8.7.4 Controlled Damping of DC-Interconnected
x, y2 r- Q, G% h. FSystems 260
! [3 S/ C& s. `6 w6 }" Z; @8.7.5 Damping of Sub-Synchronous Resonances 260
& U8 {; A; B5 U8.7.6 Active and Reactive Power Coordination 261
7 D& }9 N; a% b% ]7 H }8.7.7 Transient Stabilisation of AC Systems 261
6 o0 w8 j" C+ ^7 }: {7 k0 q8.8 AC–DC–AC Frequency Interactions 2627 o* M5 M/ {5 L' F3 l7 s5 I
8.8.1 Harmonic Cross-Modulation Across the DC Link 262
8 O2 b# o, d9 z3 Z3 V. F* Z8.8.2 Complementary and Composite Resonances 265CONTENTS ix
8 L" H: [( t. b. q( P8.9 DC Link Response to External Disturbances 266
+ t- }' J' I. p8 u5 l- G8.9.1 Response to AC System Faults 266: T- l9 A& m X7 g, q
8.9.2 Response to DC Line Faults 267 T2 p: }3 P& ^2 D9 I A! f8 f
8.10 Reliability of LCC Transmission 267# y$ e9 ~! Z# {
8.11 Concluding Statements 2737 Z# o) L# i0 M) f3 O# D
References 273! e: a* b4 ~( q
9 Developments in Line-Commutated HVDC Schemes 275
" V5 i* N9 A ~+ h) K! t7 o8 L; |9.1 Introduction 275% S6 u! F. @6 I3 J. s9 U
9.2 Capacitor Commutated Conversion 276
2 o( A0 a( @* b9 u5 u# }: s9.2.1 Basic CCC Operation 277# T' F; P7 Y3 G) X+ _) F) N
9.2.2 Simulated Performance 277- Z6 F2 `( l: j6 Q
9.3 Continuously Tuned AC Filters 280$ u, X& R' W0 ~5 f+ b# }
9.4 Active DC Side Filters 281
2 b2 s4 M9 f4 h/ Q. C) c9.5 STATCOM-Aided DC Transmission 282
( ?/ e, z9 M+ N: q9.6 AC Transmission Lines Converted for Use with HVDC 286
8 y6 y2 \8 g6 S' U& s0 f9.6.1 Modulated (Tripole) DC Transmission 287
2 ~: W" d# J* o9.7 HVDC Transmission at Voltages above 600 kV 288
7 D' A ]0 @: z/ y/ b" `: \7 b4 B, k9.8 Concluding Statements 289
# f% I5 c" Z$ _% s7 ` B6 [0 ZReferences 289
9 b: q1 v" j- [' o- M10 VSC Transmission 2919 i, c- o5 Q0 S- `7 I5 m/ X4 d2 S8 }
10.1 Introduction 291
/ ], |1 W* k5 N1 u$ v2 A# K10.2 Power Transfer Characteristics 292
# P& D) n! g h C1 a7 C10.2.1 Current Relationships 294
# S% U. S; T% J7 d7 d0 ?5 D& u& z10.3 Structure of the VSC Link 296) e% J8 W! `: @3 h8 I5 e
10.3.1 VSC-HVDC Cable Technology 297
" _0 l8 G9 _2 I$ i5 _/ {10.4 VSC DC System Control 299/ p# A% f- B/ P
10.4.1 General Philosophy 299
E4 q# [3 d! |1 m6 h10.4.2 Different Control Levels 302
6 |) c) y7 p5 J$ x/ ^6 ]10.4.3 DC Link Control Coordination 303; t/ Y" m: g V
10.4.4 Control Capability of VSC Transmission 304
& S8 r# i/ Z4 g+ A0 U10.4.5 Assistance During Grid Restoration 305: t0 r" S. S& t7 O
10.5 HVDC Light Technology 306
" X% l$ I6 m; s; A+ z; B10.5.1 Two-Level PWM Schemes 308; N" @0 S- e+ m' r* Y) M
10.5.2 Three-Level PWM Schemes 312
Q0 y. ^9 C8 H) A: q10.5.3 HVDC Light Performance 314
7 s$ D5 l* z3 _& z) `10.6 Other VSC Projects 321, @) y8 u- v- v$ V
10.7 Potential for Multi-Terminal Sub-Transmission Systems 323" q3 B7 h/ w. {+ K- G
10.8 Discussion 324; M4 Z# S( I: |( [2 Q6 ^9 \# _5 t
References 3266 [ W8 W9 x# a* o
11 Multi-Level VSC and CSC Transmission 327" a- J7 B$ i3 s
11.1 Introduction 327' B3 N+ K) W! W7 d5 U
11.2 Multi-Level VSC Transmission 328
' B' V2 l- Y& g t11.2.1 Power Flow Considerations 328
5 @, R8 O9 D4 y8 G$ x3 b) \11.2.2 DC Link Control Characteristics 331x CONTENTS
0 |% x. u- y# _) F! a9 a% y11.2.3 Test System and Simulation Results 332
( z! j5 W- b: p$ |& i1 ~# [/ h% ?11.2.4 Provision of Independent Reactive Power Control 337
& D3 [* i* ^* `11.3 Multi-Level CSC Transmission 341
' r, W7 R# o# n* s6 I1 A5 ?11.3.1 Dynamic Model 343, g* x- W% G$ E9 A! `
11.3.2 Control Structure 3448 D& Q8 Z3 ^3 x/ p$ V' \9 S+ Q
11.3.3 Simulated Performance under Normal Operating Conditions 345
d3 |5 d. [/ L11.3.4 Simulated Performance Following Disturbances 3480 e4 z; b5 n( x# Q- o
11.3.5 Reactive Power Control in Multi-Level CSC Transmission 3529 J9 `9 p9 \7 X) G* a. x7 ^. W- q
11.4 Summary 356
6 U' V1 j4 @3 Z j# k- X# z4 ~References 357
, _0 p, a' }" i8 M) a E6 A- n8 _: DIndex 359 |
|
赣公网安备36040302000210号 )|网站地图
狗仔卡
发表于 2010-8-25 19:57:44
提升卡
置顶卡
沉默卡
喧嚣卡
变色卡
显身卡