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电子图书
| 电子图书名: |
Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options |
| 编者: |
J. Arrillaga,Y.H. Liu,N.R. Watson |
| 内容简介: |
高压直流输电原理及多电平换流器技术。 |
| 所属专业方向: |
电力系统及其自动化 |
| 出版社: |
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
| 来源: |
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Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options.part1.rar
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Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options.part2.rar
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5 Q" F& K, B* Q% @9 ^/ P0 I目录如下
, Q1 p" d2 X9 z" t' g( K) i% H: kContents
4 ?+ D7 w9 C/ ^9 R) T- t+ a/ d& rPreface xi
8 e5 |1 Z2 V! c1 J, K1 Introduction 1% f6 r9 B4 o' P8 h/ u
1.1 The Conventional Power Grid 1% B$ z& D4 n0 O! l
1.1.1 Power Transfer Mechanism 1' g1 ?* I o! G F0 e
1.2 Towards a More Flexible Power Grid 53 w9 N, G, ?( V8 `8 `0 Q
1.2.1 Power Electronics Control 5
, U. M+ v- X6 X1.3 HVDC Transmission 8. v$ M5 Q1 F4 E; f. g! h; a
1.3.1 Thyristor-Based CSC Transmission 10$ A" h2 S8 b5 `' h2 i
1.3.2 VSC Transmission Based on the Integrated Gate Bipolar
+ P4 S0 \8 |" V- D( l0 Z8 |) pTransistor (IGBT) 11
7 _& p7 K0 {$ G' S( w o1.3.3 Multi-terminal HVDC 12
" l4 K" F' q9 l3 Z6 s* \3 a1.3.4 The Flexibility Concept Applied to HVDC 13
6 Z' \( R! A$ z- v% U- {1.4 Relative Power Carrying Capability of AC and DC Transmission Lines 13
* [: S+ ]5 h+ n. w/ W3 W1 j1.5 The Impact of Distributed Generation 169 T% k7 @9 e' p, c; r1 g
1.6 The Effect of Electricity Deregulation 166 f% l8 E3 K B. r) K1 P( }9 N
1.7 Discussion 18
5 D$ s$ M4 [" W8 w' M# xReferences 19" U2 l4 k3 [8 W5 [* N$ |
2 Semiconductor Power Devices 21# M& F9 T2 I1 t: I1 H1 O
2.1 Introduction 21
! E" J, A1 e9 @% |( |( Y* O. Z2.2 Semiconductor Principles 21! R* _- e' M2 Z( G, ]; U
2.3 Power Semiconductor Elements 22( `" z! W U% q/ K' M
2.3.1 The pn Rectifier 22( D& j( w) V( H
2.3.2 The Transistor 25
+ i: F% i. a% o- f# |2.3.3 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect5 h- t! O, j/ v- X; e
Transistor 25/ @- Q$ r5 K, _: ^. e9 `/ \1 w2 M
2.4 Dynamic Stresses on Power Switches 27* p9 \2 s1 Q* U+ q& M$ C& {' \2 x
2.4.1 Rate of Change of Voltage dv/dt 27
* R# I9 H7 z# v5 S, s0 w, r2.4.2 Rate of Change of Current di/dt 285 h0 }" s# M1 R8 B: M# l
2.4.3 Balancing Problems in Series Chains 28vi CONTENTS# j5 Z8 M1 y3 M' X$ |
2.5 Other Switching Issues 29, a" f+ z1 G3 u v! j
2.5.1 Switching Frequency 298 o V, w' p4 ~0 t
2.5.2 Switching Losses 29% Y9 T' o' P' }; V, W$ ?: E
2.5.3 Soft Switching 29
1 ?! C5 V5 z: {% F# p8 U2.5.4 Use of Snubbers 30
' p: P% g M; V, K' N: g2.6 Thyristor-Type Power Switches 31
# k8 M1 z5 v( N3 T9 C" u+ q2 C2.6.1 The Thyristor 31
8 A q, T5 T* V* q& B3 w% G2.6.2 Gate Turn-Off Thyristor 368 }2 \4 p* v6 w( P
2.6.3 Insulated Gate-Commutated Thyristor 41
: u" h2 D4 E7 Q, `7 r$ ~4 f* t8 l. \+ d2.6.4 MOS Turn-Off Thyristor 426 l9 p9 j$ v# L+ X
2.6.5 MOS Controlled Thyristor 441 M" L+ L1 ^6 Z' p/ F
2.6.6 Emitter Turn-Off Thyristor 455 Q; G9 ~9 B& E) z' R2 p
2.7 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor 47
8 T' H. }& e' H0 y* b' T2.7.1 IGBT (Series) Chains 49
* _& }- _5 u- n, p' R2.8 Diodes 513 b- K2 m: Q8 E
2.9 Prognostic Assessment 53$ S! X1 L. L& ?5 {5 g
2.9.1 Ratings and Applicability 53* j6 y' F# n* w# U
2.9.2 Relative Losses 558 }0 u" u5 y1 \! T* o
References 56$ b/ f4 V1 _; A& ? _
3 Line-Commutated HVDC Conversion 57* N! K) T+ c L$ `; W
3.1 Introduction 57
/ c/ J4 d" e. D L; ]/ H3.2 Three-Phase AC–DC Conversion 57 R- i1 z! F7 x
3.2.1 Basic CSC Operating Principles 58* e2 E/ b: @" ~( c" d
3.2.2 Effect of Delaying the Firing Instant 58! g7 e% @& X$ p6 O$ T7 A1 l
3.3 The Commutation Process 623 _, ^2 c2 |' q; {
3.3.1 Analysis of the Commutation Circuit 62
* R# W: ?3 k# i+ A0 |0 P6 s3.4 Rectifier Operation 64: ]2 F4 X. ~( h. T# H3 Z' J
3.5 Inverter Operation 67
, e# E5 X0 z* r8 H4 D2 D3.6 Power Factor and Reactive Power 69# Z3 o* {' B8 a4 f
3.7 Characteristic Harmonics 712 k- i# a! @& E8 Z
3.7.1 DC Side Harmonics 72
w5 ]1 D* e1 s3.7.2 AC Side Harmonics 736 k# [5 j9 {) N3 z. `4 ^7 J
3.8 Multi-Pulse Conversion 742 U2 Q, X; n6 j, h
3.8.1 Transformer Phase Shifting 74
% `" \6 l+ u v8 P& F/ c( V1 \3.8.2 DC Ripple Reinjection 774 K* l" W, J: w9 R4 s! q4 }( |
3.9 Uncharacteristic Harmonics and Interharmonics 81 {# P- Z7 y" v
3.9.1 Imperfect AC Source 83
/ u. f4 g- y3 f/ s+ U3.9.2 DC Modulation 87
5 n2 Z% Z( v! C5 H% o6 O3.9.3 Control System Imperfections 88
3 ]! R2 _+ { \- F7 y3 X8 |7 h3.9.4 Firing Asymmetry 88
2 l# Z8 e9 s3 _3 G% ] i M3.9.5 Magnification of Low-Order Harmonics 89
6 t5 e2 D& O( R0 S9 j8 ~; |3.10 Harmonic Reduction by Filters 90$ I; M$ y) f; `8 u( Q0 E( Z' v V
3.10.1 AC Side Filters 90
; r. R% f4 O* g3 y$ u D [3.10.2 DC Side Filters 92CONTENTS vii
( d' w3 j" Y: i$ R2 I# f( w! e3.11 Frequency Cross-Modulation Across the LCC 93
- {. ?3 a! G: @& ~+ @: y3.12 Summary 949 r! f, h. w% ~7 U' C
References 94; K' H$ ]3 p. v9 I; L
4 Self-Commutating Conversion 973 T0 ~" B! a6 L! B# L5 e" A7 f
4.1 Introduction 97/ y# v$ }5 y: V2 m5 g2 C, A% _
4.2 Voltage Source Conversion 97
! g4 X. h: b" A5 ]; N+ B+ T5 J2 o4.2.1 VSC Operating Principles 97: T# l6 I9 t- t- H
4.2.2 Converter Components 102) U8 [/ U$ r1 H$ r5 C# r4 D
4.2.3 The Three-Phase VSC 105, d; h, j" a' X
4.3 Comparison of LCC and VSC 114 g% |; h0 V N+ H9 R; t
4.4 Current Source Conversion 114. i9 H% f# _+ K3 _4 P n& w
4.4.1 Analysis of the CSC Waveforms 1163 o2 p1 ~" T6 K8 T- { ]
4.5 The Reinjection Concept with Self-Commutation 116" H5 I2 |% d! K1 Q& m3 T. Q( H# _# U
4.5.1 Application to VSC 116
1 L* T* C' K, y7 ^4 e( R" E4.5.2 Application to CSC 121
?: I. [- h& C4.6 Discussion 124: K6 N; W1 j# o) d2 L5 y0 D
References 1250 s0 u4 u Z# Z+ d" T
5 Pulse Width Modulation 127* k* }5 m+ f) V$ K8 E
5.1 Introduction 127: p" B3 H* m: V9 s' [5 X. m0 Z: @
5.2 PWM Operating Principles 1272 V& s) ^ ]" y5 @* f6 b9 N2 J
5.3 Selective Harmonic Cancellation 128
7 H, X. [$ v& D9 M, {' Q2 y5.4 Sinusoidal (Carrier-Based) PWM 131* I* s6 I( {" M2 U+ A: t* `
5.5 PWM Carrier-Based Implementation 133$ \9 V5 }- M6 t) p8 p
5.5.1 Naturally Sampled PWM 134* ^+ y! i+ s, ^" P- A+ C/ Z# K
5.5.2 Uniformly Sampled 1361 D- H2 n; c$ L; z) R! q
5.6 Modulation in Multi-Bridge Converters 137
7 G: x+ n5 a$ E- @3 D2 l5.7 Summary 138
) m2 w" O* c, jReferences 140
6 Q/ t- w9 x) s# p3 @5 `6 Z3 `3 ]& M6 Multi-Level Conversion 141
" P% [4 Q; ] O6.1 Introduction 141
) {& X% ^ F3 A3 e* j/ O6.2 Diode Clamping 142" O& u0 F( ` N, c4 L& B
6.2.1 Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped VSC 142" M( K9 M r, y8 I
6.2.2 Five-Level Diode-Clamped VSC 145; X! H0 b: H- H8 ]/ ^* m
6.2.3 Diode Clamping Generalisation 149
/ L6 c W/ {& [ P6.3 Flying Capacitor Configuration 154" u0 J2 S3 o3 s# L7 j$ V
6.3.1 Three-Level Flying Capacitor 154# x5 q" t% ~* E; q
6.3.2 Multi-Level Flying Capacitor 155
2 _/ s4 u; B6 A% E6.4 Cascaded H-Bridge Configuration 1585 y" h, Q. e! D$ @1 {$ t
6.5 Combined PWM/Multi-Level Conversion 161/ [, K- d4 s& u1 M% k
6.6 Relative Merits of the Multi-Level Alternatives 164
1 J; B6 ]$ T7 C+ p6.6.1 A Cost Comparison of Alternative Configurations for
7 V+ C. T# c/ N& U" a% CUse in HVDC 165) Q/ U: J0 b" K0 C2 ~7 o
References 167viii CONTENTS
# f1 `' e/ J6 o6 ^7 Multi-Level DC Reinjection 169
% R v# a; E# _: x7.1 Introduction 169
% |5 |" y6 [9 f' ]5 g7.2 Soft Switching in Multi-Level Reinjection Converters 170
: C2 B0 ?$ c0 d& r7.3 Clamp-Controlled MLVR 170
. A$ }. @$ P1 w& i; {7.3.1 Firing Coordination 174( e+ i0 O& P. ~+ s5 k
7.3.2 Analysis of the Voltage Waveforms 176
: A& I- W) O7 a1 `7 V: q7.3.3 Analysis of the Output Current 178
' D: L, h) [3 J6 C7.3.4 Capacitor Voltage Balancing 179& K; z- m4 E9 c+ q1 j, n
7.3.5 Dynamic Performance 185
. ]* k! A4 g* T3 ^% b' H! F7.4 Transformer-Coupled MLVR 187* v: f7 o3 [, P& I5 a. t
7.5 Cascaded H-Bridge MLVR 193
8 P8 I/ V9 ]! E7.5.1 Basic Structure and Waveforms 193
/ U7 b I8 W9 N4 A! r f# T7.5.2 Switching Pattern of the Reinjection Bridges 196
' g; f) N* O# A2 q7.5.3 Design of the Cascaded H-Bridge Chain 197( O) E" a+ x4 @+ G* W9 S" }# s7 \ j
7.5.4 Capacitors’ Balancing 199
. n0 \3 G# y. d( X' v7.5.5 STATCOM Application 204
. r" H- G& y2 y; z% ^0 B- @6 U; o+ n7.6 Summary of Main Characteristics of MLVR Alternatives 2098 L4 t5 F! Z8 P% @1 ?
7.7 Multi-Level Current Reinjection (MLCR) 210
3 }7 G+ f9 p+ a% R- ~7.7.1 Structure and Operating Principles 210$ r# R0 L _# h* X* R+ [: j) A
7.7.2 Self-Commutating Thyristor Conversion 213
3 O* o$ ~* B$ Q- T0 v7.7.3 EMTDC Verification 216, b1 U7 J- @1 s4 M: } c1 \$ H
7.8 MLCR-CSC Versus MLVR-VSC 2217 j, W/ d1 ^7 M6 N9 I& J
References 222
4 r3 _9 m1 P6 p0 o. I8 Line-Commutated CSC Transmission 225
$ L: K3 l5 h7 h# R* M# z8 e+ {6 e$ L8.1 Introduction 2253 }% e: s5 Q; a3 j! S4 Q9 j
8.2 The Line-Commutated HVDC Converter 226
M7 a( s; w! v6 V5 c* E0 l- e8.3 HVDC Converter Disturbances 2321 F: V4 `+ j3 i7 p, f- B! T, S
8.4 Structure of the HVDC Link 2332 P+ J, e6 q" s
8.5 DC System Configurations 239
+ R/ v% [1 `3 A9 {% ^; J9 R8.6 DC System Control and Operation 242
/ B- z8 U6 C. o' W, `" V0 {8.6.1 General Philosophy 242
, h0 x! ~! ]! V5 L3 \% v8.6.2 Different Control Levels 2436 Y3 ^* U) Y. p
8.6.3 Overall Control Coordination 243: B4 p% A3 Q6 P7 B
8.6.4 Pole Controls 245
/ [; X! ]) I3 ?0 F. Y8.6.5 Converter Unit Controls 253
1 ]- Q8 X2 t3 ]8 A# q5 w8.7 AC–DC System Interaction 257# h }8 |1 z) c( y0 O3 D+ c# Z
8.7.1 Voltage Interaction 2576 {4 }6 _" ?' e4 R; r; H2 e2 E s
8.7.2 Dynamic Voltage Regulation 2588 C0 O. d# X- ?- M1 {: O( B
8.7.3 Dynamic Stabilisation of AC Systems 259
+ \. r' G3 M8 S5 Q1 C8.7.4 Controlled Damping of DC-Interconnected/ N; }; |& [; s* j/ h5 v) a! v
Systems 260 j) P5 p1 [+ L1 k" A) b* e: C
8.7.5 Damping of Sub-Synchronous Resonances 260# D# Y. U3 `1 a' L1 b" p- D2 C4 t
8.7.6 Active and Reactive Power Coordination 261
8 I! `2 } b/ ^5 A/ ]8.7.7 Transient Stabilisation of AC Systems 2619 o2 O$ M! ~! y. G c. n5 ^1 [; j
8.8 AC–DC–AC Frequency Interactions 262
7 {2 W5 `& F/ ^, G8.8.1 Harmonic Cross-Modulation Across the DC Link 262
5 U8 ^! [; K/ `+ m4 {8.8.2 Complementary and Composite Resonances 265CONTENTS ix9 f* B3 N. K. A
8.9 DC Link Response to External Disturbances 266" B+ O+ |+ J# C2 g) P8 }6 b8 d# A
8.9.1 Response to AC System Faults 266
7 s2 i" ?9 c/ v3 P/ i) N8.9.2 Response to DC Line Faults 267# @7 v* \: V) O( D0 F
8.10 Reliability of LCC Transmission 267
' C R; |+ M M3 s" A- n8.11 Concluding Statements 273; k4 g0 U1 s/ [% N
References 273
+ ~% H) U, r! m0 U; C+ @9 Developments in Line-Commutated HVDC Schemes 275
# K& O9 N( @ c9.1 Introduction 275
% ~+ K& x; h$ Y7 Q" b$ b/ E2 q. C9.2 Capacitor Commutated Conversion 276
1 ~& o1 w' g/ F( H' i0 T7 Q* z# i9.2.1 Basic CCC Operation 277
7 X$ ~3 o0 d2 U9.2.2 Simulated Performance 2771 M: h8 G( c2 Q
9.3 Continuously Tuned AC Filters 2806 \* r1 r6 M. Z+ l1 [$ ]
9.4 Active DC Side Filters 2817 y. Q3 G/ V, b( p
9.5 STATCOM-Aided DC Transmission 282
+ K `9 s9 R" s9.6 AC Transmission Lines Converted for Use with HVDC 286
& m+ Q: x( O1 N: t" T* [9.6.1 Modulated (Tripole) DC Transmission 287- g# ^. c& F; B1 j
9.7 HVDC Transmission at Voltages above 600 kV 288: d" Y5 s6 A3 X7 W9 O2 G1 g# C
9.8 Concluding Statements 289
* U' ^) H) }" b" GReferences 2898 T" L- X) ~ N$ ?. o4 d Y
10 VSC Transmission 291* T; }+ y) r% n
10.1 Introduction 291
; T. ^1 i3 C, ^/ U; h# }10.2 Power Transfer Characteristics 292
9 f: _/ E) p) I$ A. N10.2.1 Current Relationships 2947 W. D+ A9 w. ^
10.3 Structure of the VSC Link 296
# O9 q" Q+ D* T- n6 H- [10.3.1 VSC-HVDC Cable Technology 2971 L- @" c3 }3 C, F% G
10.4 VSC DC System Control 299
; B* h: n4 X7 ]0 I$ \4 q10.4.1 General Philosophy 299
0 J( a, { f6 [$ V3 a* d8 d( o10.4.2 Different Control Levels 302
+ j% v9 C1 ?* q+ Q ^3 w! @10.4.3 DC Link Control Coordination 303- n& b6 H7 O- H3 M2 j1 q9 K
10.4.4 Control Capability of VSC Transmission 304
7 s; R& Y$ r4 N3 j10.4.5 Assistance During Grid Restoration 305
4 ?( ~( K1 j5 o4 ~0 j7 f, \10.5 HVDC Light Technology 3065 U" {- C: i, v: Y& D7 Y
10.5.1 Two-Level PWM Schemes 308
! q1 w; H- ~6 i5 ?10.5.2 Three-Level PWM Schemes 312
" U+ D; S1 r. s10.5.3 HVDC Light Performance 314
/ r% K5 u' D# e( A2 @& |$ {10.6 Other VSC Projects 321% U; s* }+ l6 P( l) L- @
10.7 Potential for Multi-Terminal Sub-Transmission Systems 323
4 I+ U" D; Z8 } J10.8 Discussion 324
6 W0 x/ x* B! qReferences 326- O) i, b. v; s) h; @
11 Multi-Level VSC and CSC Transmission 3274 g+ @- G3 G( J
11.1 Introduction 327
, j! p: ?* V* M11.2 Multi-Level VSC Transmission 328( e" b% Y! q% W# ~
11.2.1 Power Flow Considerations 328
. W7 G- G: j6 k: d& u11.2.2 DC Link Control Characteristics 331x CONTENTS8 T" | ^# G& H' X. L
11.2.3 Test System and Simulation Results 332
% g1 D0 B( O$ V# {' Y; }11.2.4 Provision of Independent Reactive Power Control 3378 e0 ?4 Y& X7 K3 d8 m1 c
11.3 Multi-Level CSC Transmission 341
9 p: X' b0 _+ J, w" _11.3.1 Dynamic Model 343
" Q+ W0 x# D% K, e( Y0 c. C11.3.2 Control Structure 344
* p0 q( K6 t: i) ~, K _11.3.3 Simulated Performance under Normal Operating Conditions 3454 H. V8 }6 K% j: i4 Z! L
11.3.4 Simulated Performance Following Disturbances 348: v4 }# z( w$ U( c/ I
11.3.5 Reactive Power Control in Multi-Level CSC Transmission 352
8 ?% S, I/ Q2 e6 L& }6 g2 ~# U11.4 Summary 3560 A8 p' @* |3 n/ L8 v
References 357
2 @ `8 i Q) J1 rIndex 359 |
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