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电子图书
| 电子图书名: |
Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options |
| 编者: |
J. Arrillaga,Y.H. Liu,N.R. Watson |
| 所属专业方向: |
电力系统及其自动化 |
| 内容简介: |
高压直流输电原理及多电平换流器技术。 |
| 出版社: |
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
| 来源: |
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Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options.part1.rar
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Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options.part2.rar
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目录如下' a! ?6 {$ Q0 k$ C' ~$ i+ }1 b
Contents
! {0 _$ I" ` `% ` P; kPreface xi
5 h# u* v: R4 ]# u6 z9 b% u1 Introduction 1
: v4 y8 C4 T3 M+ N1 j% H; L1.1 The Conventional Power Grid 1
8 B2 g2 K v4 z/ F. ^. j1.1.1 Power Transfer Mechanism 1
1 _% Y7 R" n1 |1 O1.2 Towards a More Flexible Power Grid 5
) I# ?) E& z* n' {1.2.1 Power Electronics Control 5! G& ]8 I' W/ J1 I, y7 H6 T% U: W
1.3 HVDC Transmission 8- [" N+ ?0 F- K* l- w7 b
1.3.1 Thyristor-Based CSC Transmission 10( @" H/ r, n( P; ?
1.3.2 VSC Transmission Based on the Integrated Gate Bipolar0 i. ?, B, G/ o- u2 A' Q6 i- R& d1 D
Transistor (IGBT) 11 B0 o/ V' {9 U5 k* N) T$ O
1.3.3 Multi-terminal HVDC 12
3 p6 m5 e* J. F1 l* k1.3.4 The Flexibility Concept Applied to HVDC 13' w0 n; ^9 m: |) [: h
1.4 Relative Power Carrying Capability of AC and DC Transmission Lines 13& F4 _+ S. E5 S8 a/ f B1 Y+ |
1.5 The Impact of Distributed Generation 16; S6 x( i8 q) v* p K
1.6 The Effect of Electricity Deregulation 16
9 E6 E, ?2 w. L) P8 R1.7 Discussion 18
0 {# e! y5 V n# ^References 195 k" Z5 w4 l+ i d
2 Semiconductor Power Devices 21
# V+ o; l" W' j2.1 Introduction 214 J% {0 T1 _. {$ [2 y% F
2.2 Semiconductor Principles 21
+ O) V/ w3 H+ F- A2 d0 f$ l6 H2.3 Power Semiconductor Elements 22
" C7 w; K" l C* g& x9 A' B. X2.3.1 The pn Rectifier 22
$ N$ ?$ X q% O/ P9 o0 ~$ D3 c, g* @7 E2.3.2 The Transistor 25
$ V: ]# D6 T( q* W; ~3 ?% h1 ?2.3.3 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect
8 }8 V7 i1 h+ ^. H5 p* _/ kTransistor 25
3 B# _; V+ D$ @& i) s2.4 Dynamic Stresses on Power Switches 278 T' n: _" @. E3 q3 a
2.4.1 Rate of Change of Voltage dv/dt 273 P7 G Q3 z8 u6 g; V p
2.4.2 Rate of Change of Current di/dt 28; B# E) ^# c- }5 N' z5 o
2.4.3 Balancing Problems in Series Chains 28vi CONTENTS
. ?1 L: M. V9 {! l$ V2.5 Other Switching Issues 29
& l( S; j8 Z; o$ ?1 J7 b; j& c2.5.1 Switching Frequency 29
" D, s3 I& K( F8 E) G2.5.2 Switching Losses 29 m0 _& E( z6 a5 d7 d$ J
2.5.3 Soft Switching 29
/ b/ G( I8 X9 I% p2.5.4 Use of Snubbers 30; Q7 Y1 c# x* ?# {" ]- J0 y
2.6 Thyristor-Type Power Switches 31
5 {% w6 }% u# `( k! [ k2.6.1 The Thyristor 31/ i Y- |! k5 v% f- y7 v# ~
2.6.2 Gate Turn-Off Thyristor 36) Y D" T$ A% C0 R v4 u
2.6.3 Insulated Gate-Commutated Thyristor 41! n) r& i m! }' e0 ~- J
2.6.4 MOS Turn-Off Thyristor 42
9 T2 \! F- ]1 a' F2.6.5 MOS Controlled Thyristor 44% \& M+ O% x8 d+ \+ u
2.6.6 Emitter Turn-Off Thyristor 45( E3 g4 w: s9 K6 w' G+ V7 ?
2.7 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor 47
6 r* E( q! y+ b$ y! p. P; R2.7.1 IGBT (Series) Chains 49
+ A& G; j6 U% q, k; _2.8 Diodes 515 L; w" l! [- F, W3 W" U6 {
2.9 Prognostic Assessment 53$ `3 j8 N7 E- O& J7 B% M
2.9.1 Ratings and Applicability 53& {: ~& s& V! x: p2 n
2.9.2 Relative Losses 55
5 c$ A# _6 t+ `" P$ `( v y0 ZReferences 56
$ p3 v* H- B; } F8 n3 Line-Commutated HVDC Conversion 57
* q2 B/ I) {7 o3 l9 U4 I3.1 Introduction 57
X7 i- |3 }1 L3.2 Three-Phase AC–DC Conversion 57
9 J7 k8 B- y6 I) U9 P- t3.2.1 Basic CSC Operating Principles 58
c( G' z3 t3 h4 U! ^2 u6 d6 i1 a3.2.2 Effect of Delaying the Firing Instant 58
1 K' N2 [4 H! V- I0 q% W3.3 The Commutation Process 621 G" T4 L8 e9 A: d. ^- A. ^
3.3.1 Analysis of the Commutation Circuit 62" b. O+ E2 t- z u5 M
3.4 Rectifier Operation 64
' @ \( a) _) c: l3.5 Inverter Operation 67, {* D( F) X# y* z
3.6 Power Factor and Reactive Power 69" m0 x, d Y9 q: L9 J8 a
3.7 Characteristic Harmonics 71* c* ]( u6 i) f1 u% {5 S
3.7.1 DC Side Harmonics 729 E3 J% Y; V7 d! @
3.7.2 AC Side Harmonics 73
( n# { _; a) t* q3.8 Multi-Pulse Conversion 74
s: r. X* k5 |1 G7 [3.8.1 Transformer Phase Shifting 74
; \1 O: a# Z f: C# E. [# P+ A. @! |3.8.2 DC Ripple Reinjection 771 o9 j$ h( u. G: B! e
3.9 Uncharacteristic Harmonics and Interharmonics 81
! n2 w. C. w1 z H3.9.1 Imperfect AC Source 83
1 r. Q7 K, |) N9 G H9 i1 b3.9.2 DC Modulation 87/ A6 ^/ _6 d5 V' p' @
3.9.3 Control System Imperfections 88
) e+ c) m# n( K$ x9 t3.9.4 Firing Asymmetry 88. }1 [: h. o% r6 T0 H7 N# j9 G( \
3.9.5 Magnification of Low-Order Harmonics 896 |; L; ^6 C. _" L$ B1 s
3.10 Harmonic Reduction by Filters 90" u' _1 M; K2 S& q0 _
3.10.1 AC Side Filters 90
/ t4 E9 Q+ c6 O; f2 g) W: F3.10.2 DC Side Filters 92CONTENTS vii' b1 s l" y: A& h+ O
3.11 Frequency Cross-Modulation Across the LCC 93
$ ]3 c! e9 z4 a4 K: Q- g: A, j6 ^3.12 Summary 940 p( T2 D; z7 E
References 94
" H1 E8 B2 |* y8 r4 Self-Commutating Conversion 977 W* |5 C+ y) u( t& E" D" Z
4.1 Introduction 97
) ~9 a& ~0 s2 b3 K0 g0 Q! o' h4.2 Voltage Source Conversion 97. e- [" F3 q1 o" X0 n7 B
4.2.1 VSC Operating Principles 97) u( L3 M% {( ?8 B0 k+ \
4.2.2 Converter Components 102- z9 _# Q/ G, v$ Y2 V+ \
4.2.3 The Three-Phase VSC 105
) T! e t" u J0 C9 z1 d4.3 Comparison of LCC and VSC 114
2 Y: V2 X( A- t5 g' d, k4.4 Current Source Conversion 114" Q0 k! F# d( W; O
4.4.1 Analysis of the CSC Waveforms 116
/ h: }3 t. K: T/ k+ y# Q# }4.5 The Reinjection Concept with Self-Commutation 1163 @ \' S1 k! h# m- [
4.5.1 Application to VSC 116' \' R( P2 n1 c8 U y* z) o
4.5.2 Application to CSC 121" g* A5 w! E' n# O( C" L
4.6 Discussion 124& A8 R+ u5 {) n: t
References 1251 u4 x$ F1 f1 x- U _
5 Pulse Width Modulation 127
8 K2 g6 D1 i; q5.1 Introduction 127
9 k0 w5 Y# O) |0 w) m Q5.2 PWM Operating Principles 127
H! v) p9 }; b) _& U8 ~ E* c& Q5.3 Selective Harmonic Cancellation 128
! |3 b0 I7 D5 @% c5.4 Sinusoidal (Carrier-Based) PWM 131
) ^5 U; U* R" {( H- D* [6 c5.5 PWM Carrier-Based Implementation 133
, |# x$ v! b. c. X7 v# ~5.5.1 Naturally Sampled PWM 134
0 O6 V$ ^- [3 u) M b& u5.5.2 Uniformly Sampled 136
0 ~+ o2 M) |% K5.6 Modulation in Multi-Bridge Converters 137
7 @; {& i9 e ?5 \& b. @, p5.7 Summary 138
) o. d' [4 ?+ w) rReferences 1403 S7 b. f2 `% j# A" ~* k
6 Multi-Level Conversion 141
, d7 E' }# ?4 H- V1 k# }6.1 Introduction 141
) x1 O, [' e' h, O6.2 Diode Clamping 142! P' _2 E" y+ ^4 O/ V; r
6.2.1 Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped VSC 142
8 V+ q0 O0 a! e9 A9 {& E2 h" v6.2.2 Five-Level Diode-Clamped VSC 145( E& D; B/ ] m* L, Y1 q/ z
6.2.3 Diode Clamping Generalisation 149
) K# u0 v b/ o6.3 Flying Capacitor Configuration 154- Y+ R1 ]0 B6 b+ l
6.3.1 Three-Level Flying Capacitor 1546 f1 A. z* x- g1 h. E1 E2 w
6.3.2 Multi-Level Flying Capacitor 155- t' l5 k, `5 q4 A% V
6.4 Cascaded H-Bridge Configuration 158/ E: J# G( u7 A. @
6.5 Combined PWM/Multi-Level Conversion 161/ A: g7 B4 q) r, }0 z" ^1 |
6.6 Relative Merits of the Multi-Level Alternatives 164
+ v0 B/ _# I! Y2 ?2 v' k' ?6.6.1 A Cost Comparison of Alternative Configurations for2 J1 V6 `% a9 @* j& N
Use in HVDC 165- S0 j! x, O/ e. M) u
References 167viii CONTENTS% n* B" n; U0 I$ |, ~
7 Multi-Level DC Reinjection 169
1 l" s; v) K$ ~- l, D, Q' g) C2 f% {7.1 Introduction 169) l5 ]' |! c! F" a, w
7.2 Soft Switching in Multi-Level Reinjection Converters 170
! [. S' t0 X2 k6 o. k4 Q2 y7.3 Clamp-Controlled MLVR 170& K3 b3 r3 b+ t5 ?, d0 ~. d8 f5 |
7.3.1 Firing Coordination 174
' l5 {+ u5 ~7 d" I% Z- L; K3 R7.3.2 Analysis of the Voltage Waveforms 176
4 n1 ?2 ?. W8 q. _& c- w+ ?. j7.3.3 Analysis of the Output Current 178* U/ }, V# X, E7 E9 _3 ^$ Y
7.3.4 Capacitor Voltage Balancing 179, l0 ?% k% R4 d8 L+ k: {. e, F
7.3.5 Dynamic Performance 185
" u" S( A( G, e' _( U/ x2 F( a6 L7.4 Transformer-Coupled MLVR 187
$ m9 i x5 g" ^! o2 M6 w7.5 Cascaded H-Bridge MLVR 193 ^* }* S! C& z1 I, C' g, R
7.5.1 Basic Structure and Waveforms 1936 m2 {8 j4 \# I! z
7.5.2 Switching Pattern of the Reinjection Bridges 196- w$ B# D* W3 D- \
7.5.3 Design of the Cascaded H-Bridge Chain 197$ D7 O/ c0 Q p1 t4 F
7.5.4 Capacitors’ Balancing 199( r Z! w. A) _4 b* ~
7.5.5 STATCOM Application 204
4 |/ | K1 ]* Z8 b4 z: w/ o7.6 Summary of Main Characteristics of MLVR Alternatives 209. x$ I9 l" p6 ]# H
7.7 Multi-Level Current Reinjection (MLCR) 210( D8 Q. L# M( r2 x4 o
7.7.1 Structure and Operating Principles 210
# X" H6 k( ^/ w2 m% A) C7.7.2 Self-Commutating Thyristor Conversion 2133 B% w3 u( Y1 [& x. E8 U
7.7.3 EMTDC Verification 216
3 P( l% Q0 Z4 }% y2 p8 e6 d7.8 MLCR-CSC Versus MLVR-VSC 221
8 x5 M0 O+ S% \4 x* S& }1 PReferences 222- p1 h( W S" N! N1 q ]' R! d
8 Line-Commutated CSC Transmission 225: B+ M9 ` k! C$ G! I5 R, W/ k
8.1 Introduction 2252 g8 B4 ?0 x5 t: R% L' s
8.2 The Line-Commutated HVDC Converter 226; N( e. M( R% [9 G, l
8.3 HVDC Converter Disturbances 232
- _0 N6 t W( @ X) f1 M) @8.4 Structure of the HVDC Link 2330 y2 m! |+ g( i' Z
8.5 DC System Configurations 239: R" y$ B, |. ^# _2 v9 ?2 ?
8.6 DC System Control and Operation 242+ B1 o7 n& _4 ~
8.6.1 General Philosophy 242
- Y" F/ i9 t8 B) E, y) J8.6.2 Different Control Levels 243
9 i# M# B1 l- E/ L7 ~8.6.3 Overall Control Coordination 2438 K+ G1 Q8 _3 t3 ~
8.6.4 Pole Controls 245
& B+ ^8 r0 m Q* X- _' N# ?8.6.5 Converter Unit Controls 253( o4 Q* I9 k1 _/ i
8.7 AC–DC System Interaction 257
, L& H1 D( W6 V. z8.7.1 Voltage Interaction 2570 ]& j, H* J% }2 H! J' X: o
8.7.2 Dynamic Voltage Regulation 258
* |4 W) \% B2 g4 ~2 Y( Y8.7.3 Dynamic Stabilisation of AC Systems 2590 m4 ?+ I! h# n
8.7.4 Controlled Damping of DC-Interconnected
) _2 D1 U6 l3 u9 u5 A: V8 Q2 E# r$ hSystems 260( \* G$ G& K8 a* T* W5 R
8.7.5 Damping of Sub-Synchronous Resonances 2606 h: p8 l. K( h) z" N9 B2 y
8.7.6 Active and Reactive Power Coordination 261
, i8 q* w A6 w/ J' \& [/ c7 N8.7.7 Transient Stabilisation of AC Systems 261
! y& s% R2 I3 d- f) z8.8 AC–DC–AC Frequency Interactions 262
8 a6 |5 I; Y7 T( E8.8.1 Harmonic Cross-Modulation Across the DC Link 2622 w# Q% z$ P6 ^# I
8.8.2 Complementary and Composite Resonances 265CONTENTS ix
$ G8 o3 U7 @ c6 S9 v8.9 DC Link Response to External Disturbances 2669 H! P( d+ I2 ^' ^2 y0 G' f! O3 M
8.9.1 Response to AC System Faults 266
- \; K2 l7 d" a8 \8.9.2 Response to DC Line Faults 267+ N+ K0 L m0 t j6 P9 l
8.10 Reliability of LCC Transmission 267
: d+ L3 _# W3 w% e2 H8 ^' S8.11 Concluding Statements 273
# p$ b7 I" T; [+ F+ _3 `# w0 a- f# _References 2739 I/ n! K8 J! b5 q- x, n5 r" c
9 Developments in Line-Commutated HVDC Schemes 2755 [. S- |" h2 i8 H2 O
9.1 Introduction 275
( L5 h: x. K8 A' @) C0 @* H" o9.2 Capacitor Commutated Conversion 2764 G; }0 u7 W6 |4 L4 b" J
9.2.1 Basic CCC Operation 277
2 M2 T4 x) H# a/ Z' u9.2.2 Simulated Performance 277
2 |$ d, S' e/ Q4 p2 U9.3 Continuously Tuned AC Filters 280
" P1 b& y- H# _% v6 G9.4 Active DC Side Filters 281+ X: ^* t( }- A! i- c6 h+ {
9.5 STATCOM-Aided DC Transmission 282
6 N7 y+ J6 H- ~2 R- b9.6 AC Transmission Lines Converted for Use with HVDC 286
! n0 `$ b' E6 S4 t7 B; K5 o9.6.1 Modulated (Tripole) DC Transmission 2873 r7 E1 T& d. _
9.7 HVDC Transmission at Voltages above 600 kV 288
" b9 d" ]! z _9 @9.8 Concluding Statements 289
/ x5 z# f/ C# e; W& SReferences 289% O6 Q0 O8 K/ L# ?& L8 f
10 VSC Transmission 291
9 B3 h0 \# R2 c4 h& h10.1 Introduction 291
# D. z) ]& ~9 x; }10.2 Power Transfer Characteristics 292
1 S, i" D9 m! x10.2.1 Current Relationships 2947 L: q J* D3 j v& u
10.3 Structure of the VSC Link 296! A3 \' m, o' v& J& G7 z
10.3.1 VSC-HVDC Cable Technology 297
" ?' @/ H' _# {10.4 VSC DC System Control 299
% q# u" n8 x0 _ L7 [( r6 S10.4.1 General Philosophy 299
3 O' i) v5 D; y7 \10.4.2 Different Control Levels 302
3 y' b' @& @1 r. ?& Z) d* W10.4.3 DC Link Control Coordination 303) w% L- ^4 w8 y& @( n5 t. U
10.4.4 Control Capability of VSC Transmission 3045 \7 r& h! W0 h i# n
10.4.5 Assistance During Grid Restoration 3059 B: _9 f' V O ^
10.5 HVDC Light Technology 306
& ~( C& j6 F, |9 j10.5.1 Two-Level PWM Schemes 308
0 `/ a2 e* F2 R" x+ W& ^10.5.2 Three-Level PWM Schemes 312+ g% f9 V- r" u# e) M
10.5.3 HVDC Light Performance 314) v9 S' h- T- g
10.6 Other VSC Projects 321# O" d8 B9 N' @& q" ^+ Y M* F
10.7 Potential for Multi-Terminal Sub-Transmission Systems 323
% Q' ~4 ]8 r3 ? e6 I10.8 Discussion 324: h0 A$ S# ]+ `& Y' P
References 326
. }* c9 { u* D. z) X. w11 Multi-Level VSC and CSC Transmission 3279 s" Q* q/ }2 Y6 m6 U8 H, L
11.1 Introduction 327
/ I$ V5 w4 d7 ~- m1 @11.2 Multi-Level VSC Transmission 328
6 g d: v6 w* K7 d( O: H11.2.1 Power Flow Considerations 328; r* D ^- v" ~' u. r$ `& P
11.2.2 DC Link Control Characteristics 331x CONTENTS p, y3 |: K9 y4 i4 B4 U" `
11.2.3 Test System and Simulation Results 3325 }/ p2 |6 V* i l
11.2.4 Provision of Independent Reactive Power Control 337 N! }5 i* D1 l5 K
11.3 Multi-Level CSC Transmission 341
# d6 ]. a3 H/ ?$ `; _) T11.3.1 Dynamic Model 343
. M2 L2 z3 v/ c& u& v( E/ f1 ~3 Z11.3.2 Control Structure 344
" c0 i3 Z- z1 a5 x( w* A0 l11.3.3 Simulated Performance under Normal Operating Conditions 345
M9 u, d x% y11.3.4 Simulated Performance Following Disturbances 348
. O3 v4 E( i, q, b) J# J) b/ I11.3.5 Reactive Power Control in Multi-Level CSC Transmission 352$ f+ f. Z4 P& V' a% v* c
11.4 Summary 356( i3 j5 Y/ }/ Y3 Y+ o1 m& U( ?3 N
References 357
) `. U5 Z: K+ n, U' y3 g7 v, HIndex 359 |
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