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电子图书
| 电子图书名: |
Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options |
| 编者: |
J. Arrillaga,Y.H. Liu,N.R. Watson |
| 所属专业方向: |
电力系统及其自动化 |
| 内容简介: |
高压直流输电原理及多电平换流器技术。 |
| 出版社: |
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
| 来源: |
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Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options.part1.rar
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Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options.part2.rar
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7 f" D$ v$ i1 @; L ^目录如下+ Z# P+ n( [; \1 `( N4 R5 v
Contents
6 B% _. P; O# u* BPreface xi
1 q: k& e2 C0 t1 Introduction 1, l2 v \7 `+ R g1 a8 H6 J1 k/ t
1.1 The Conventional Power Grid 1
2 R- C7 k1 c3 l8 e& W& @1.1.1 Power Transfer Mechanism 1
. g- s! Y* f4 s1 W1.2 Towards a More Flexible Power Grid 5
/ v* W1 f1 `# [$ I; q; j, T+ s1.2.1 Power Electronics Control 55 b2 D, q* h0 ?- F4 r" p f
1.3 HVDC Transmission 8
# x& q+ V0 m; a1.3.1 Thyristor-Based CSC Transmission 10# b, T( z7 Q! g7 v2 ~$ r3 t t9 y
1.3.2 VSC Transmission Based on the Integrated Gate Bipolar f# H! S$ M$ L: n1 E5 [
Transistor (IGBT) 115 a) N; y9 o+ O7 p7 z( _ e; [
1.3.3 Multi-terminal HVDC 12+ b5 g/ d4 U5 G9 e& B* s# K
1.3.4 The Flexibility Concept Applied to HVDC 13
* I- M, H( X. y" Z# h! k1.4 Relative Power Carrying Capability of AC and DC Transmission Lines 13
$ I/ H1 n! a6 {1.5 The Impact of Distributed Generation 16. o4 ?. c( S4 ]
1.6 The Effect of Electricity Deregulation 16; ~' [4 l, P8 j
1.7 Discussion 18. q& S2 v# y, _' {" N/ R4 R- b
References 19( U5 Y9 W" q+ S9 g) C* r) s9 R
2 Semiconductor Power Devices 219 v9 a% Z3 b3 b8 {# e' G, u. W
2.1 Introduction 21 {$ B& s: Y Y6 h$ n3 A! J
2.2 Semiconductor Principles 21
' l, Z3 p6 S6 \ f2 A* s2.3 Power Semiconductor Elements 22. N) O3 t% m( ^" d- K
2.3.1 The pn Rectifier 22
- h: l' v. ~1 ?, |8 T8 j2.3.2 The Transistor 25# w8 N2 r/ p; t% P) V$ \ Y
2.3.3 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect
# \# S# n4 [/ HTransistor 25
8 _; {# |3 @# W% J# Y) W( Z: d# y2.4 Dynamic Stresses on Power Switches 27& l( G# x5 e3 e; h
2.4.1 Rate of Change of Voltage dv/dt 273 b( m- I5 m3 R* k+ r; `5 F
2.4.2 Rate of Change of Current di/dt 28
( L# n' D) P! f3 p6 \2.4.3 Balancing Problems in Series Chains 28vi CONTENTS! I+ V2 K) _2 z" j; B! E
2.5 Other Switching Issues 29: x- F x) m* Q% B
2.5.1 Switching Frequency 29
% U, F) d* O0 J; c$ j* x1 [2.5.2 Switching Losses 29
; T' z; v M" x. L: {* X3 D2.5.3 Soft Switching 298 \: q3 J/ Z, V# Z3 J1 E# k. `& ~0 S- z; o
2.5.4 Use of Snubbers 30
+ W# [; ^3 Q1 h# o; f$ N2.6 Thyristor-Type Power Switches 31
! p) G: e4 E' ?% Y, c2.6.1 The Thyristor 31, _1 c6 o T' W' W6 w% j
2.6.2 Gate Turn-Off Thyristor 36" |7 |$ W9 R0 Q) C; j) n: ^
2.6.3 Insulated Gate-Commutated Thyristor 41
& W8 J# @" o( ?8 T C2.6.4 MOS Turn-Off Thyristor 42
3 g& m% Q% n9 \* L& ?* d; X! l7 j5 H2.6.5 MOS Controlled Thyristor 44
) e- [' J# X6 ]. f0 _2.6.6 Emitter Turn-Off Thyristor 45
6 O a" Q4 [: N& Y) q2.7 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor 47; F, ^! a5 g& o* g4 S0 B9 C
2.7.1 IGBT (Series) Chains 49
7 B+ g' ~" R# I2 u2.8 Diodes 51
3 R+ l" o5 x" b( r6 k2 y2 _! Y- y2.9 Prognostic Assessment 53 h& N" I, R/ i
2.9.1 Ratings and Applicability 53
+ u& c; Y4 _8 X0 ~ j Z2.9.2 Relative Losses 554 ~ _5 @# K7 p' p' r
References 56
6 K+ W/ S* w# v- x, ~& H- g$ k3 Line-Commutated HVDC Conversion 57
4 {/ ~$ D( @7 a; |, Y6 k1 S. h! l3.1 Introduction 57
. ~% g( z1 F9 ^0 q6 s+ E3.2 Three-Phase AC–DC Conversion 571 C4 Z* t0 U& ~
3.2.1 Basic CSC Operating Principles 58
6 E) [5 W& n9 d* _ T3.2.2 Effect of Delaying the Firing Instant 58' q: _$ \7 A) T) t
3.3 The Commutation Process 62
. v4 s, k# h% q5 }" Q+ |/ V3.3.1 Analysis of the Commutation Circuit 62
4 ~+ t- ]3 \1 X$ g3 s/ {3.4 Rectifier Operation 64
( |* A: }) d& ?3 v i+ b3 F3.5 Inverter Operation 670 A {2 @# W) j+ K- Z: ^# m9 H
3.6 Power Factor and Reactive Power 691 o$ G/ O. e: U
3.7 Characteristic Harmonics 71
: [4 Q' J6 ~& |$ B3.7.1 DC Side Harmonics 72
% Y" R" Z! W- N$ r' A3.7.2 AC Side Harmonics 73/ t) T4 q" f# L$ J5 d/ ?( H \
3.8 Multi-Pulse Conversion 74
, x& ?% k5 l; U( {3.8.1 Transformer Phase Shifting 74" i7 F/ O& K$ h, o
3.8.2 DC Ripple Reinjection 77* ~1 }) K% E* n1 y- w$ p/ P
3.9 Uncharacteristic Harmonics and Interharmonics 814 \+ Y4 B' c- u0 L
3.9.1 Imperfect AC Source 83
. f* d: o) E! {4 B0 l3.9.2 DC Modulation 87( v* m9 g% C! Q8 W
3.9.3 Control System Imperfections 888 C5 o1 Q5 {) B
3.9.4 Firing Asymmetry 889 V9 A2 S5 Z Z! G) E
3.9.5 Magnification of Low-Order Harmonics 89/ s' l& ~2 q) X. l/ }
3.10 Harmonic Reduction by Filters 902 `* o/ p# C6 ^2 ?# l. R
3.10.1 AC Side Filters 90# a4 d9 B) |6 w: S3 ]+ C# j {& t. ^% X
3.10.2 DC Side Filters 92CONTENTS vii
" o$ ]& E7 ^1 n( i3.11 Frequency Cross-Modulation Across the LCC 938 N4 J M# f! M' [
3.12 Summary 94
# B% G/ q7 Y! x& k1 B: C3 hReferences 94( C+ i0 Y, Y+ _2 b, @& l
4 Self-Commutating Conversion 979 z, p% w! F( H. b
4.1 Introduction 97
: E9 k; P n' n2 N% E3 l4.2 Voltage Source Conversion 971 H) S1 J z1 I) q3 w% W9 e
4.2.1 VSC Operating Principles 976 a& G* k' _3 n
4.2.2 Converter Components 102& a) D: ?: F8 k3 M7 z, u, y
4.2.3 The Three-Phase VSC 105$ p1 x4 y* [$ m3 x. I$ }: E! o
4.3 Comparison of LCC and VSC 114$ G' d) b" p1 ?- }/ d% J: D! X
4.4 Current Source Conversion 114
) j: O$ q2 I3 l# K& m& P4.4.1 Analysis of the CSC Waveforms 116; |# K& L9 L) f& O5 X" Z3 T
4.5 The Reinjection Concept with Self-Commutation 116% A, N b" M: u- C! M
4.5.1 Application to VSC 1164 t8 y# a/ a; B5 U3 l7 D
4.5.2 Application to CSC 121
" a8 `4 e. {0 Z# A x4.6 Discussion 124
, S. Z2 i- F2 ~8 i9 gReferences 125
3 ~8 c! G& I) K- r5 Pulse Width Modulation 127% s2 X! Q: C) W8 j! T- d
5.1 Introduction 127
& b' U" g7 ?5 o0 I2 M' J: _5.2 PWM Operating Principles 127
3 k$ J- M6 v8 _0 W( C. I2 f5.3 Selective Harmonic Cancellation 128
0 k# b4 J) G2 u5.4 Sinusoidal (Carrier-Based) PWM 131$ W' T6 J' z) B. q% K
5.5 PWM Carrier-Based Implementation 133& c8 J5 l. k1 |- Z4 w& a1 Q
5.5.1 Naturally Sampled PWM 134
% s) g8 E2 ~/ S L* N) z& k5.5.2 Uniformly Sampled 136
# e7 S- o; }" f& G5.6 Modulation in Multi-Bridge Converters 137
' @, X0 ?0 E- l; _# C: o5.7 Summary 138, F5 {( h* r( w& M; Y
References 140. S) m6 ~8 B# o! R
6 Multi-Level Conversion 141
, F' c' I2 l8 P& X# \6.1 Introduction 141: C" I' P' w' f3 I7 _
6.2 Diode Clamping 1422 Z5 A4 n# o+ M' ^5 Q
6.2.1 Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped VSC 142
+ W0 T7 N2 C8 { g% W; R6.2.2 Five-Level Diode-Clamped VSC 145
! X; U O. \, P$ y m6.2.3 Diode Clamping Generalisation 149; B. r% S1 x3 x% t4 Y
6.3 Flying Capacitor Configuration 154( B3 N" B; `9 A+ u6 @" J+ Q
6.3.1 Three-Level Flying Capacitor 154
0 i) F: Y' y1 h8 `2 a7 |( v+ k6.3.2 Multi-Level Flying Capacitor 155( F6 _, C2 l4 f
6.4 Cascaded H-Bridge Configuration 158. q Q- L3 B9 ^* E( k( t
6.5 Combined PWM/Multi-Level Conversion 161! v$ a- q# ^# E! x/ [
6.6 Relative Merits of the Multi-Level Alternatives 164# L( L% E1 A2 x3 r4 I
6.6.1 A Cost Comparison of Alternative Configurations for
" V# B# f3 G5 K7 K X! R' HUse in HVDC 165" |, I! ]) L, w' z6 j
References 167viii CONTENTS; l3 k5 c* t* Q7 _
7 Multi-Level DC Reinjection 169
}/ |7 @: X" d" e/ ^" j7.1 Introduction 169
6 m% S# P5 j, x' U' I5 w; I4 O7.2 Soft Switching in Multi-Level Reinjection Converters 170
& S2 |$ e( T2 j7.3 Clamp-Controlled MLVR 170! @3 ?# ^( _, u+ ?3 o1 o
7.3.1 Firing Coordination 174- w2 \8 ?+ Q+ }+ ^
7.3.2 Analysis of the Voltage Waveforms 176
2 e% C C9 L$ [! ?4 k- Y7.3.3 Analysis of the Output Current 1785 Q% ^$ O" A3 u
7.3.4 Capacitor Voltage Balancing 179
, o# D0 @+ S- T7 g* G7.3.5 Dynamic Performance 185
; N" y. M& m( U: @0 W0 p0 M3 T7.4 Transformer-Coupled MLVR 187* Y# w+ m/ Q# t& s0 n6 w: ~
7.5 Cascaded H-Bridge MLVR 193& ~+ ^1 w2 D' X' S8 C6 }% P% o1 p- Y2 y
7.5.1 Basic Structure and Waveforms 193
% |2 P, l) [: Y; a3 U6 l7 S6 m0 v7.5.2 Switching Pattern of the Reinjection Bridges 196! H1 r) v* M$ V7 h
7.5.3 Design of the Cascaded H-Bridge Chain 197% L% n; b5 F8 S3 ^% g( m
7.5.4 Capacitors’ Balancing 199; S9 e a' t8 E. w! t/ t
7.5.5 STATCOM Application 204
, r' Z _2 {$ H% f) G7.6 Summary of Main Characteristics of MLVR Alternatives 209
, t& R$ i9 c' ~& J5 }0 q7.7 Multi-Level Current Reinjection (MLCR) 210: M% |% s, I% o8 O+ d
7.7.1 Structure and Operating Principles 210& z9 J0 T& P+ b6 O; _! r
7.7.2 Self-Commutating Thyristor Conversion 213
$ z V4 ~3 g' e y2 y( p: \3 I7.7.3 EMTDC Verification 216$ c* i0 K; R' y9 }
7.8 MLCR-CSC Versus MLVR-VSC 221, B0 l7 F$ }: U7 n$ F$ Y
References 222% r4 |7 q9 G4 d; `: h
8 Line-Commutated CSC Transmission 225: F7 S3 O6 f) t
8.1 Introduction 225
+ M" Z) J* M6 g- p- e/ {5 ^" i8.2 The Line-Commutated HVDC Converter 226
7 u8 I4 F4 \( S3 p- M6 p8.3 HVDC Converter Disturbances 2328 D5 {8 F: M" }8 H6 b7 {3 i7 e' T9 r
8.4 Structure of the HVDC Link 233
! W$ B" x4 w( z' W8.5 DC System Configurations 239
4 E3 J* C, z* F: F5 [/ i |; V6 \8.6 DC System Control and Operation 242
" Y* q9 C9 `* u* ~+ X8.6.1 General Philosophy 242
" x" O/ y5 G% a8 Q# p. J' X5 J1 x8.6.2 Different Control Levels 2432 y% G- _% o/ D: [
8.6.3 Overall Control Coordination 243
9 |' y% \/ ]3 C1 ]0 X8 K, H8.6.4 Pole Controls 245$ t9 R1 }$ q0 I# d( k
8.6.5 Converter Unit Controls 253
/ [* v' P: h' d3 {6 y& P' S8.7 AC–DC System Interaction 257
3 p! L2 f+ f6 n8.7.1 Voltage Interaction 257- W" E! y, h# ]2 e. R) ^
8.7.2 Dynamic Voltage Regulation 2582 k* w; z% L* d# q) V* g$ Y
8.7.3 Dynamic Stabilisation of AC Systems 259
& N. F, E+ n* d5 t& j1 b1 m8.7.4 Controlled Damping of DC-Interconnected) C5 q( W$ m6 m/ h
Systems 260; P5 D* V. ]; V
8.7.5 Damping of Sub-Synchronous Resonances 260
2 p) C- s& H J) g3 T8.7.6 Active and Reactive Power Coordination 261
* E# I5 {" ]( j1 B0 `0 W8.7.7 Transient Stabilisation of AC Systems 261
% f" J4 r7 ~' m; V, e8.8 AC–DC–AC Frequency Interactions 262 K/ ~, \7 c) f9 S3 X
8.8.1 Harmonic Cross-Modulation Across the DC Link 2623 y6 s$ q$ H, u2 h
8.8.2 Complementary and Composite Resonances 265CONTENTS ix/ G( H' \& G( O( L9 R
8.9 DC Link Response to External Disturbances 266
& B# n7 \2 `7 h% R: b6 Z1 \8.9.1 Response to AC System Faults 266
' m( u' d3 R. y- u8.9.2 Response to DC Line Faults 2675 g& x! p2 X% F' h; |% H% ?
8.10 Reliability of LCC Transmission 267
. h0 N: A$ D. f8.11 Concluding Statements 273
8 Y# [% k' G( M6 Y" |References 2734 T+ b1 {. f5 {3 p; x
9 Developments in Line-Commutated HVDC Schemes 275
+ T* _, b4 P; K1 J4 W( P9.1 Introduction 275
8 {% o: z7 z6 s& Y, M9.2 Capacitor Commutated Conversion 276
' d0 r5 W9 X4 r+ W! b- L6 k9.2.1 Basic CCC Operation 277* e* J( V8 I2 d/ s9 H' x$ h. A
9.2.2 Simulated Performance 277
+ ]% y7 W& m9 G* V. X/ T5 }9.3 Continuously Tuned AC Filters 280
2 e$ X& s+ U1 Z7 d5 m, S( @6 i9.4 Active DC Side Filters 2812 s, e6 u' T2 A+ n' i
9.5 STATCOM-Aided DC Transmission 282. p: a9 A3 `- g4 j0 k m
9.6 AC Transmission Lines Converted for Use with HVDC 2862 d' e* ~/ X6 Q6 m' Y4 x% n+ g% Y
9.6.1 Modulated (Tripole) DC Transmission 287
" R0 ~1 A4 L! F' R9.7 HVDC Transmission at Voltages above 600 kV 2888 R4 ?5 J, R$ ?( t
9.8 Concluding Statements 2899 j8 E" j: f( ]+ @$ V4 L
References 289( C* I6 F4 Y" P8 b4 [ P8 z% o" [
10 VSC Transmission 291
: { g, J" M9 k/ w1 p8 S! S. t h10.1 Introduction 291
# y( B; M% g; v r( }, _& ?3 M10.2 Power Transfer Characteristics 292
8 n5 H1 Z* G0 u10.2.1 Current Relationships 294
+ B# l1 _) Q# O; \: t" m9 x! n10.3 Structure of the VSC Link 296
: @ c- G8 u8 J6 w0 ^% O10.3.1 VSC-HVDC Cable Technology 297, U( N1 H9 ?, c( N1 d6 L& c2 s
10.4 VSC DC System Control 299" @ l( z7 f; b: j: R
10.4.1 General Philosophy 299
; v7 X3 e0 @% G, K0 c$ u* o6 S10.4.2 Different Control Levels 302
( I8 v: n2 w2 y: Z10.4.3 DC Link Control Coordination 303$ X- s' h- f6 m0 P* C- \2 Y; c
10.4.4 Control Capability of VSC Transmission 304
4 ]' |5 {8 S1 ~8 S" a" H6 H10.4.5 Assistance During Grid Restoration 305% c; l: R& ^5 g3 p* J
10.5 HVDC Light Technology 306
- A7 h' }/ A$ r8 z* d10.5.1 Two-Level PWM Schemes 308% L, P* i- U" N
10.5.2 Three-Level PWM Schemes 3127 R9 Y( k& r" v' T
10.5.3 HVDC Light Performance 314. }& V) a; D2 P+ P& [- Z
10.6 Other VSC Projects 321. V5 o" [* o1 j9 [
10.7 Potential for Multi-Terminal Sub-Transmission Systems 3235 n$ R& ]+ c" B+ d
10.8 Discussion 324; y9 s3 G5 M \0 J$ v/ r1 K
References 326
, g; O/ \# b$ b11 Multi-Level VSC and CSC Transmission 327
1 q M5 w; k- b+ A! i& l11.1 Introduction 327
" U+ @! N2 b: v' e" l4 z11.2 Multi-Level VSC Transmission 328
( t0 A% X, i V+ G8 r; N4 T8 u. s11.2.1 Power Flow Considerations 328
1 S( n0 S% E* q7 w- {$ _+ Q) B11.2.2 DC Link Control Characteristics 331x CONTENTS
* I9 {5 z# z7 g+ C L8 C" d( v" I11.2.3 Test System and Simulation Results 332
- `& w5 E+ i2 a! y% G$ ~6 Y0 L11.2.4 Provision of Independent Reactive Power Control 337
) L! `1 p0 p4 W o* v11.3 Multi-Level CSC Transmission 341
; |7 G t& U5 ^9 S0 u3 r- R0 q11.3.1 Dynamic Model 343
$ a6 X/ [" Q/ m: S3 a9 M: e11.3.2 Control Structure 344
' a+ g( ~' |4 y# V. D11.3.3 Simulated Performance under Normal Operating Conditions 345) O i0 k: q$ J; E ^7 w3 E
11.3.4 Simulated Performance Following Disturbances 3487 J# ?7 y9 |- }% ^- a. t
11.3.5 Reactive Power Control in Multi-Level CSC Transmission 352* k0 V8 y* n9 |! D! I- p- A5 F* j3 p
11.4 Summary 356
- w6 K6 K. {9 P& WReferences 357
1 }* O2 I4 m5 W' ~+ UIndex 359 |
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