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电子图书
| 电子图书名: |
Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options |
| 编者: |
J. Arrillaga,Y.H. Liu,N.R. Watson |
| 所属专业方向: |
电力系统及其自动化 |
| 内容简介: |
高压直流输电原理及多电平换流器技术。 |
| 出版社: |
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
| 来源: |
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Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options.part1.rar
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Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options.part2.rar
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* e/ w+ c5 A! P- j5 y7 _目录如下
: b2 R5 b! ^3 s$ z# lContents
8 \2 ]7 P* V$ E$ `4 f- F$ SPreface xi! r& x6 J6 ]$ p( X1 {- O
1 Introduction 11 h. N! C& E3 Z' H: a$ K
1.1 The Conventional Power Grid 1
* w% z/ \$ s7 E- M' B% {- e. S, j' G1.1.1 Power Transfer Mechanism 15 q" E9 H6 s0 ?$ j! `7 a
1.2 Towards a More Flexible Power Grid 5
5 H v9 A% _# _4 Y h+ ^8 j# l: p1.2.1 Power Electronics Control 5
9 d8 x9 z5 l+ S% @( [( b9 R" y1.3 HVDC Transmission 8
( Q2 D: @ Y/ l# x; T( c) i* Q1.3.1 Thyristor-Based CSC Transmission 10% w; H0 w: L# Y+ }4 p* e( C
1.3.2 VSC Transmission Based on the Integrated Gate Bipolar" |- F2 e1 e/ J
Transistor (IGBT) 113 r- [# U. [" N! Y2 o+ Y
1.3.3 Multi-terminal HVDC 12
- u; D& F, e6 M4 E. `4 B1.3.4 The Flexibility Concept Applied to HVDC 13
, W+ ~" V& o' j- r/ u! p6 G/ l w1.4 Relative Power Carrying Capability of AC and DC Transmission Lines 13" G G) N* J! h
1.5 The Impact of Distributed Generation 16
/ m5 z1 p( ] k* L1.6 The Effect of Electricity Deregulation 16. J% u9 i; }- t) `& M( \8 L5 r
1.7 Discussion 185 k/ p3 s" r) W1 P( r* |: d( ]6 k( ^; S
References 19
( C G$ k: ^" }$ m2 Semiconductor Power Devices 21
" n! E. l& E; g2.1 Introduction 21
6 d; y$ O, _. g: u2.2 Semiconductor Principles 21
3 W! n! K5 s8 E4 A, q2.3 Power Semiconductor Elements 22' n# {# ~7 q' x: u: J
2.3.1 The pn Rectifier 223 ~. g& G. }' }/ ]. o4 f; H
2.3.2 The Transistor 25& l0 E; D% q! @+ E0 n, ?
2.3.3 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect
# k) `. b6 A6 L6 c- hTransistor 25
$ {- X; T( a1 |4 ^/ P2.4 Dynamic Stresses on Power Switches 27. Z; b2 d( s/ m( C% K) ]
2.4.1 Rate of Change of Voltage dv/dt 27- Y! U) u% }. Z% ?1 e4 D( p! I. V
2.4.2 Rate of Change of Current di/dt 28! n- o/ S" L) U$ ~
2.4.3 Balancing Problems in Series Chains 28vi CONTENTS) R; |% |2 e9 x6 Q$ J
2.5 Other Switching Issues 29 r4 d. V$ Q) O) p' P# y1 @
2.5.1 Switching Frequency 29
& G; q3 ^1 S" E, c0 U4 Z2.5.2 Switching Losses 29% C# N% [( C" @4 k1 r4 W
2.5.3 Soft Switching 29
6 b w" V3 i- P2.5.4 Use of Snubbers 308 C& K, q/ L. v' P
2.6 Thyristor-Type Power Switches 31
0 D& o4 [3 k9 ^- L1 X2.6.1 The Thyristor 31" h2 G J8 k) A k0 ?
2.6.2 Gate Turn-Off Thyristor 36
/ d r4 q; l) Z) ]/ r2.6.3 Insulated Gate-Commutated Thyristor 41* a1 n3 s+ Z5 C% \. W
2.6.4 MOS Turn-Off Thyristor 42# M @2 y0 X1 C
2.6.5 MOS Controlled Thyristor 441 M6 X: J5 |* o; a+ P4 T* J+ c
2.6.6 Emitter Turn-Off Thyristor 45
( H- }( f' E. c% ~" i4 }2.7 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor 470 e, Y" [% v; b8 ~
2.7.1 IGBT (Series) Chains 49
4 L& }# i, }$ v6 D: }' |2.8 Diodes 51) ~! K3 K# G6 Q4 l4 }, `8 N
2.9 Prognostic Assessment 53$ j1 g8 `9 t3 S! K- A+ Y
2.9.1 Ratings and Applicability 533 D' a: A# ?6 o8 d8 W
2.9.2 Relative Losses 55
0 u b6 d6 a4 ?: |6 yReferences 565 Z0 J- B3 t6 J* u6 q; L' j
3 Line-Commutated HVDC Conversion 57: j- |; P, `8 @! m
3.1 Introduction 57, N1 o1 M2 ` m- I9 m; n6 a
3.2 Three-Phase AC–DC Conversion 57! q* ?7 B3 x$ t7 |) s8 C
3.2.1 Basic CSC Operating Principles 58
! N3 Y8 j, S- x/ {7 f3 ^3.2.2 Effect of Delaying the Firing Instant 58
/ q T7 C! ^. W+ F6 u' h* l3.3 The Commutation Process 62% ^6 s. H8 Y `6 q" z* n3 B4 B% M
3.3.1 Analysis of the Commutation Circuit 62! f( p/ h( U* S7 @
3.4 Rectifier Operation 64* n' ?) V$ B( a" j, |, K
3.5 Inverter Operation 67* N' c) l5 c7 z' z2 x
3.6 Power Factor and Reactive Power 693 m8 B: W# {# c6 J
3.7 Characteristic Harmonics 71
, y2 l7 v' l) C- F% K; }: x3.7.1 DC Side Harmonics 724 d9 y4 Y+ d3 S$ y6 s
3.7.2 AC Side Harmonics 73
. C8 `" h, _/ [* L% M3 s3.8 Multi-Pulse Conversion 74! ?0 X4 { y+ W) l
3.8.1 Transformer Phase Shifting 74
s8 s8 Z! T3 L+ W# B D9 K* i5 T3.8.2 DC Ripple Reinjection 77
4 q% z7 m2 f- w4 O' H" [% k/ X3.9 Uncharacteristic Harmonics and Interharmonics 81
/ p. ^1 E7 d8 C" O: |, j' g3.9.1 Imperfect AC Source 83
7 Y: r% p" X5 r ^$ ~" P( L3.9.2 DC Modulation 87
( r) e( `6 R2 }3.9.3 Control System Imperfections 88
' C9 O0 {! |. q( M3.9.4 Firing Asymmetry 888 S4 P! X7 ~/ S2 |
3.9.5 Magnification of Low-Order Harmonics 89: `8 T9 f# I% s9 j4 o% b$ c# i
3.10 Harmonic Reduction by Filters 90
4 ?1 y9 o7 d0 J) n* V3.10.1 AC Side Filters 90. F2 E8 h+ d( N5 g+ |. E. v# e2 [7 e
3.10.2 DC Side Filters 92CONTENTS vii* o# L+ ~ z2 i" n
3.11 Frequency Cross-Modulation Across the LCC 93! j, X; }, g, \! I6 V
3.12 Summary 94: @5 O9 X, ]6 _3 G
References 947 ~7 |. N. H7 F+ M6 ]' M A, {
4 Self-Commutating Conversion 97( H; |: a* v/ n/ f
4.1 Introduction 97
% ^4 O2 k( l1 o; T6 i4.2 Voltage Source Conversion 97
2 K, L+ N- O) r. l4.2.1 VSC Operating Principles 97, N6 m3 K6 K3 z* n; F8 J
4.2.2 Converter Components 102
8 f* `" ^$ S* W4 Z4 w4.2.3 The Three-Phase VSC 105
@! `+ }1 u5 v, g4.3 Comparison of LCC and VSC 114
4 h, s' k, g" q8 E8 R4.4 Current Source Conversion 114
) c" A0 I" z. S6 L4.4.1 Analysis of the CSC Waveforms 116
$ D! m( k/ S4 a4.5 The Reinjection Concept with Self-Commutation 116
# x' r" ~! S) Q" T$ t& t9 }4.5.1 Application to VSC 116$ Z* @- w8 U: \- H/ {
4.5.2 Application to CSC 121
$ e# D; e9 {$ s+ v% e3 L( j4.6 Discussion 124
! V# N5 \% G# W, y4 O6 [0 oReferences 1257 X8 I- Y, A' h! s
5 Pulse Width Modulation 127
$ u N+ ?8 O: z4 G/ |5.1 Introduction 127
9 z. }6 e7 O& J5.2 PWM Operating Principles 127$ |; V F: _; ^/ w. Y5 M; E
5.3 Selective Harmonic Cancellation 128" | a- O( E+ K/ [
5.4 Sinusoidal (Carrier-Based) PWM 131
% b- |) q# O% m" M" [; }5.5 PWM Carrier-Based Implementation 133
2 y. {% {* _3 p. w5.5.1 Naturally Sampled PWM 134
" ^& O9 i) T" v5.5.2 Uniformly Sampled 136; {& l7 G6 D6 D# z& B: T, s6 r
5.6 Modulation in Multi-Bridge Converters 137
8 z5 O7 P: K5 x5.7 Summary 138! |4 Z5 |( n; a, z, m9 E/ `% J
References 1407 v: g+ [! k( J
6 Multi-Level Conversion 141 W+ x+ P& ~" D9 X/ B. ], h
6.1 Introduction 141( h5 @ U: x& J
6.2 Diode Clamping 142
7 ]* I* M+ D7 m' i, @6.2.1 Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped VSC 142: z$ x* ]' p) n, {+ O; n
6.2.2 Five-Level Diode-Clamped VSC 145
6 ]# O X- L9 L& y6.2.3 Diode Clamping Generalisation 149: w4 }( ?$ d' Q' i& B0 R9 |
6.3 Flying Capacitor Configuration 154
. l2 p1 A% I y6 [6.3.1 Three-Level Flying Capacitor 154# M7 `; T& S' `3 V% A6 s' O
6.3.2 Multi-Level Flying Capacitor 155' ]/ _2 Z8 C, m
6.4 Cascaded H-Bridge Configuration 158+ c" l1 G9 ^4 @2 B9 ?$ Q6 E
6.5 Combined PWM/Multi-Level Conversion 161
+ V* [. P: p d6 g! {% a; a$ N6.6 Relative Merits of the Multi-Level Alternatives 164
9 H8 }5 Z0 Q# ~( }) G# V6.6.1 A Cost Comparison of Alternative Configurations for" {* O6 H. K( o& v3 W7 G
Use in HVDC 1651 q: B! p0 n4 U: u% f- J
References 167viii CONTENTS
( T8 [3 f+ v3 ~) S7 Multi-Level DC Reinjection 169( Z5 ^0 D- [7 ], @' C, q* R
7.1 Introduction 1696 Y& ?9 }/ s7 h$ F
7.2 Soft Switching in Multi-Level Reinjection Converters 170 c, m4 t# ? [2 D/ o
7.3 Clamp-Controlled MLVR 170
4 E R5 x+ w1 B! z0 d3 P: ^7.3.1 Firing Coordination 174
0 b1 q" C& K: e" q% s7.3.2 Analysis of the Voltage Waveforms 1768 Z% [ c0 p" S: @) R$ R+ ?
7.3.3 Analysis of the Output Current 1787 P/ n7 y) {2 P1 @# x" G# v
7.3.4 Capacitor Voltage Balancing 179
7 ]/ ^7 |) W2 J/ ? `. j7.3.5 Dynamic Performance 185: }7 I/ h7 T" K8 L
7.4 Transformer-Coupled MLVR 187 x2 E, j+ W9 O1 d- Q/ q* K% Q
7.5 Cascaded H-Bridge MLVR 193# C! v( E& O2 |% U
7.5.1 Basic Structure and Waveforms 193$ P1 l5 E7 _9 h" h a
7.5.2 Switching Pattern of the Reinjection Bridges 196# K' ^. P) A f- z3 }
7.5.3 Design of the Cascaded H-Bridge Chain 197
' G4 w5 m ~* L* a. p( m& F7.5.4 Capacitors’ Balancing 199
0 e* h. x" W0 \3 \4 ?7.5.5 STATCOM Application 204: Y: m7 ?1 L2 K1 N5 O
7.6 Summary of Main Characteristics of MLVR Alternatives 2097 S( y2 |6 n' m6 t
7.7 Multi-Level Current Reinjection (MLCR) 210
+ y! k: H, k1 d7.7.1 Structure and Operating Principles 210. R" r) n) p. P# ?
7.7.2 Self-Commutating Thyristor Conversion 213
+ S W, {! ]; c" y0 v% c7.7.3 EMTDC Verification 2160 R. D- s: D: o
7.8 MLCR-CSC Versus MLVR-VSC 2216 ]& H2 r- E# S; H' {: u& T5 {
References 222
; R. N+ m% V7 A8 Line-Commutated CSC Transmission 225
; V& s% c; F- O4 I( Q1 M6 x% {8.1 Introduction 225% {. Y+ L; V+ `0 H+ V/ S! e
8.2 The Line-Commutated HVDC Converter 226
* y; n0 A+ Y# Z' o' N8.3 HVDC Converter Disturbances 232
$ E+ D7 g& Z+ s# _' M4 S4 \8.4 Structure of the HVDC Link 233
; J( R5 ?& [* [5 r1 ?- M( {8.5 DC System Configurations 239
( A; R' x1 U& d8.6 DC System Control and Operation 242
% C# D8 I$ K- E8.6.1 General Philosophy 242
- m2 L# Q. ~% \6 Z( }% B" ^8.6.2 Different Control Levels 243: y; v: M1 {% r* |7 Y2 p! q; |
8.6.3 Overall Control Coordination 2434 n% Z! x- @" {1 L$ d3 Z6 I
8.6.4 Pole Controls 245
9 d- k' c' T+ }/ Y5 n/ z3 V0 A& n8.6.5 Converter Unit Controls 253
) m% G* \9 T8 x- E4 j8.7 AC–DC System Interaction 257& E# O) E9 b+ h4 V( s
8.7.1 Voltage Interaction 257
. ~" p, A! ]2 m1 i; `8.7.2 Dynamic Voltage Regulation 2583 a; D- Q3 s3 Z5 r
8.7.3 Dynamic Stabilisation of AC Systems 259
, \' c/ u5 P& k9 r; a2 p7 E8.7.4 Controlled Damping of DC-Interconnected
" r( H1 x: r9 ^/ {Systems 260
/ |7 [4 ~$ ?1 O7 H% o" C- X) o8.7.5 Damping of Sub-Synchronous Resonances 260
# a( |5 O3 K' J* ^0 r- G o8.7.6 Active and Reactive Power Coordination 2616 U: X+ k8 t$ m' S* M# H, A# r
8.7.7 Transient Stabilisation of AC Systems 2615 d; Q4 W0 [) D; [; e( O- q
8.8 AC–DC–AC Frequency Interactions 262, s; k; t/ I$ R0 K: z- J9 d
8.8.1 Harmonic Cross-Modulation Across the DC Link 262
+ N' E7 m! W1 _9 T4 L4 }; z1 R/ m5 r8.8.2 Complementary and Composite Resonances 265CONTENTS ix
/ O2 p* f1 q. V' `/ s8.9 DC Link Response to External Disturbances 266
9 S+ E; ~2 ]" @1 P8.9.1 Response to AC System Faults 266
, S% l* U' D0 H: l, z, t8.9.2 Response to DC Line Faults 2678 O: o$ r2 r( d9 V- q
8.10 Reliability of LCC Transmission 2670 p( Q" G6 `( `, G" J+ `
8.11 Concluding Statements 273
2 F* u, l5 x. cReferences 273
# n5 P+ R0 B" E! ?" N9 Developments in Line-Commutated HVDC Schemes 275
' q9 b* l' J! v1 {. C9.1 Introduction 275- v* e6 r- R* T8 Y V
9.2 Capacitor Commutated Conversion 276
3 b$ S2 r! p* x8 p3 ?) D: U9.2.1 Basic CCC Operation 277
$ N; ^( ^7 l) o8 a3 V9 s9 c9.2.2 Simulated Performance 277- ]! F' F/ I6 t/ k/ s
9.3 Continuously Tuned AC Filters 280
/ Q& x& g) |* ~, N& a! C& C1 Z/ b9.4 Active DC Side Filters 281
~6 O" o* U& x* [! Y9.5 STATCOM-Aided DC Transmission 2823 O) \1 \3 O1 F# W# Q( D
9.6 AC Transmission Lines Converted for Use with HVDC 286, r8 o# r# D% d# m1 p4 z1 a
9.6.1 Modulated (Tripole) DC Transmission 287
3 `: `' p: l |$ F1 L9.7 HVDC Transmission at Voltages above 600 kV 288- V4 Z3 i( |( F; r9 B2 K3 p
9.8 Concluding Statements 289. G& @1 _ d0 |! {, x4 P# b" l
References 289
2 f7 ]. H( L7 Z/ s" X10 VSC Transmission 291
4 ?8 Q2 p- \* Q, S8 x- _10.1 Introduction 291$ X# r3 p7 c8 }0 v
10.2 Power Transfer Characteristics 292
1 J4 p6 T7 J' n0 N9 u10.2.1 Current Relationships 294* N) E2 @- y$ w$ e i
10.3 Structure of the VSC Link 296; J- Q8 D) d5 ^. X5 H
10.3.1 VSC-HVDC Cable Technology 2972 o" o8 H+ W# W) b0 w3 W$ s
10.4 VSC DC System Control 299
- N* ~- [' V z10.4.1 General Philosophy 299
* j, W! m5 }3 S6 b' ]0 N10.4.2 Different Control Levels 302
3 O- }) P9 X0 r# y; d: N10.4.3 DC Link Control Coordination 303$ U' l& n/ a: }. C7 a) w
10.4.4 Control Capability of VSC Transmission 3046 I1 P! {/ h2 Z; @5 d6 ^
10.4.5 Assistance During Grid Restoration 3052 k% N9 a1 }9 p0 A" H# {4 Q3 R1 m
10.5 HVDC Light Technology 306
, F: T$ E% r6 q5 v/ M1 l10.5.1 Two-Level PWM Schemes 308
( j' J. J( V( F10.5.2 Three-Level PWM Schemes 312
6 I! K: [4 n& `/ e10.5.3 HVDC Light Performance 314; K3 z2 r7 P& g8 L9 w5 Q
10.6 Other VSC Projects 321
/ J; k& l' }0 w1 O: n10.7 Potential for Multi-Terminal Sub-Transmission Systems 323! P* V! z% s& h2 t& h
10.8 Discussion 3243 [2 ^) k, q) n* e9 v
References 326
8 g- a) {9 o' H. \11 Multi-Level VSC and CSC Transmission 327
4 I5 O& p7 v8 g+ c! q) r6 Q11.1 Introduction 327
/ i/ S c( n1 [' l: N, N& X: H11.2 Multi-Level VSC Transmission 328
- Z: c- c; s1 o% A% J. C ^11.2.1 Power Flow Considerations 328
8 h) D: c% I- l$ i% R11.2.2 DC Link Control Characteristics 331x CONTENTS
( Z' ]8 e& Q3 ?& Y7 I11.2.3 Test System and Simulation Results 332
% g# S* C2 K/ D2 D9 k11.2.4 Provision of Independent Reactive Power Control 337
0 m+ ^4 i# n6 t4 a/ T: w11.3 Multi-Level CSC Transmission 341
8 n" t, V* `0 w* z11.3.1 Dynamic Model 343
' O2 j, @3 K9 \5 Z5 Q5 p$ l3 ^11.3.2 Control Structure 344! W: G, ^# e; v6 z. H; n
11.3.3 Simulated Performance under Normal Operating Conditions 345
2 A7 U2 f" o7 w# r11.3.4 Simulated Performance Following Disturbances 348$ V+ j D% S2 U- t# o5 I a
11.3.5 Reactive Power Control in Multi-Level CSC Transmission 3524 X# F$ q* |) `5 ]5 s
11.4 Summary 356
8 t [) S) y' P. E( B- Y$ iReferences 357* M5 {9 m2 j) y/ D2 f5 z
Index 359 |
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