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电子图书
| 电子图书名: |
Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options |
| 编者: |
J. Arrillaga,Y.H. Liu,N.R. Watson |
| 所属专业方向: |
电力系统及其自动化 |
| 内容简介: |
高压直流输电原理及多电平换流器技术。 |
| 出版社: |
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
| 来源: |
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Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options.part1.rar
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Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options.part2.rar
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. C. U/ |1 H0 x, l
目录如下
8 J5 Y$ f/ {5 EContents' Y* q- q. n2 |0 L
Preface xi
) H0 z7 b0 O9 M& @5 j1 Introduction 1+ l- |; \/ a1 P4 Q X
1.1 The Conventional Power Grid 1
) x$ A, @7 D* S1.1.1 Power Transfer Mechanism 1$ Q5 \1 I% O" ^- F% e: j- b D
1.2 Towards a More Flexible Power Grid 5# n( ^7 _: ?3 Y; {5 m% v
1.2.1 Power Electronics Control 5' _' r0 N! S" L4 z# F: e' o
1.3 HVDC Transmission 86 ^2 I* b+ ?- W' e
1.3.1 Thyristor-Based CSC Transmission 100 ?2 q; m/ u7 j7 A/ t: A2 i# K9 M
1.3.2 VSC Transmission Based on the Integrated Gate Bipolar
1 @* ]2 X+ a5 a# G2 i9 Y( k+ ]Transistor (IGBT) 11, c @4 b' X! o) h9 h! u' P' G
1.3.3 Multi-terminal HVDC 12
; s, c' ?, w1 Q% v$ G1.3.4 The Flexibility Concept Applied to HVDC 13* u! I% K" _/ {
1.4 Relative Power Carrying Capability of AC and DC Transmission Lines 138 ^( H p; B4 ?* V+ a- j3 e
1.5 The Impact of Distributed Generation 16) ]9 I+ e$ ~) E, p
1.6 The Effect of Electricity Deregulation 16
5 u8 ?! {1 d; @1.7 Discussion 18( |2 F4 Q8 x5 H" G2 E1 l5 r% |
References 19: L+ e. M0 {) T8 K5 A: H
2 Semiconductor Power Devices 21
- {3 q" k5 n2 n" c9 H+ J2.1 Introduction 21
! U" z9 ], P7 ]% G$ H8 E3 |2.2 Semiconductor Principles 21$ D5 a4 D/ q) a% A
2.3 Power Semiconductor Elements 22
3 a' S$ M( L$ X( T' \; f2.3.1 The pn Rectifier 229 i; q+ B4 `( D( F ?
2.3.2 The Transistor 25' M0 T: t0 m* ?! y/ X
2.3.3 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect
5 s- H% A6 R5 R. F/ O* Y4 A% tTransistor 25
$ U/ n! ~7 ^& H5 i+ b4 {* F* g ~" M2.4 Dynamic Stresses on Power Switches 27
! j! V0 |; _5 d% ~5 ?: M2.4.1 Rate of Change of Voltage dv/dt 27/ Y" z5 v f9 D! `
2.4.2 Rate of Change of Current di/dt 28
* J; z* Z) S& `2.4.3 Balancing Problems in Series Chains 28vi CONTENTS; v+ N" E Z: M% P
2.5 Other Switching Issues 29* y% F4 Z6 R2 [1 X9 p4 _/ d5 f
2.5.1 Switching Frequency 29- B% p3 z( a5 m0 j' X
2.5.2 Switching Losses 29
. Y |, K$ W q$ [2.5.3 Soft Switching 29
( O- {: i+ T, g4 B x2.5.4 Use of Snubbers 308 K1 P5 [1 k" Y% V% S. E2 [
2.6 Thyristor-Type Power Switches 31
& {! W- E0 t7 s3 B2.6.1 The Thyristor 310 [* u: m7 p; E( f7 U3 L
2.6.2 Gate Turn-Off Thyristor 360 q+ b$ U- r5 m$ I9 ?' j
2.6.3 Insulated Gate-Commutated Thyristor 419 W" B+ S+ p" c3 w3 N& E) `" e0 L
2.6.4 MOS Turn-Off Thyristor 42
/ M' f, H8 K: j) H/ n: T) O; E2.6.5 MOS Controlled Thyristor 441 m! t! N9 N8 u: [+ x% x
2.6.6 Emitter Turn-Off Thyristor 45
2 G% F- r1 X1 L% t5 }/ m1 Q2.7 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor 47
5 r R* M( ~- x% ^5 O+ c7 m2.7.1 IGBT (Series) Chains 49
5 l! D- A; n6 `2.8 Diodes 51% z7 |7 t2 L1 @) m) Q) A: ]) _! o
2.9 Prognostic Assessment 53& ]7 y3 V* i y
2.9.1 Ratings and Applicability 53
( @3 t% k+ m7 Y+ i0 B) y2.9.2 Relative Losses 55% ^3 k0 Q7 G4 n: u/ n* ~1 w
References 563 c; u7 x; J0 D1 W
3 Line-Commutated HVDC Conversion 57
m0 p, i$ a. M+ i( Z3.1 Introduction 57
' U$ c; o/ L( G' b( v( P3.2 Three-Phase AC–DC Conversion 570 ?0 m6 M, F/ ^- ` c4 H6 ^
3.2.1 Basic CSC Operating Principles 58
* Z, @5 @5 o% B3.2.2 Effect of Delaying the Firing Instant 58
c) y2 Z' N8 @, ]1 N2 T3.3 The Commutation Process 62
. A# C9 q+ b% ^% o+ D5 g3.3.1 Analysis of the Commutation Circuit 62# F5 O: u1 \1 [1 u: |1 _& |
3.4 Rectifier Operation 64
6 j$ P) {+ F7 h+ e# U6 T3.5 Inverter Operation 67
- J4 c7 S6 h) {6 x3.6 Power Factor and Reactive Power 69$ B- W2 u& w6 x4 \$ A
3.7 Characteristic Harmonics 71/ c6 G6 }$ i! H/ S( g
3.7.1 DC Side Harmonics 72
, j3 Y* Z$ U5 W7 N3.7.2 AC Side Harmonics 73
! O7 ^5 Q. N/ l3.8 Multi-Pulse Conversion 74
8 |8 S9 d5 O: d% R1 ?4 a3.8.1 Transformer Phase Shifting 747 g5 f, l7 C Q$ Z3 A/ \% @ Q
3.8.2 DC Ripple Reinjection 77
' m+ T* b8 Q" r3 b/ T3.9 Uncharacteristic Harmonics and Interharmonics 81% z5 V g k0 ], b B C+ m
3.9.1 Imperfect AC Source 83+ g7 u4 e# Q1 V r# T5 K
3.9.2 DC Modulation 87* v* I' p2 i' p- G u% k c
3.9.3 Control System Imperfections 88
6 X& f; I* u2 p+ _$ p3.9.4 Firing Asymmetry 88
* p: Z* v$ p: t- u# P3.9.5 Magnification of Low-Order Harmonics 89! _7 m; P4 C3 z; F. x1 R
3.10 Harmonic Reduction by Filters 902 P$ v! S, w9 I) L- N, ~
3.10.1 AC Side Filters 90
# t3 `. n& u: ], s' I/ {/ I3.10.2 DC Side Filters 92CONTENTS vii% j! N/ C2 V3 X. y A' R; l' v
3.11 Frequency Cross-Modulation Across the LCC 93' z1 L% ^7 u1 p
3.12 Summary 949 t( _5 S0 g3 N! [
References 94& X3 R5 s4 Y1 L7 V) B1 p
4 Self-Commutating Conversion 978 Z5 ~9 i, _0 M, n% I" I1 L5 T
4.1 Introduction 97- N4 c) ]# F% t" b4 f: p
4.2 Voltage Source Conversion 97
! ]* c* _. Y6 p% I1 T& t( W4.2.1 VSC Operating Principles 97
. F6 g* W" N! Z3 Y7 _8 b7 Y4.2.2 Converter Components 102
, ~. R: b1 s- u! E4.2.3 The Three-Phase VSC 105
7 d, i( q1 f" I4 A' u. l6 h+ k4.3 Comparison of LCC and VSC 114- S+ P% f" t& `% o: w u
4.4 Current Source Conversion 114
( i$ o% [. S, U1 y' F7 c4.4.1 Analysis of the CSC Waveforms 116
- j- }! }$ A/ ~# [) N4.5 The Reinjection Concept with Self-Commutation 116& Y6 L1 X+ K3 {) V' Y
4.5.1 Application to VSC 116
D3 k2 i$ V. R7 T' Y" Q# c4.5.2 Application to CSC 121
% h9 M- S" s& l4 c, I0 `5 V3 z' D( h4.6 Discussion 124( Y# J P9 ~& {% x/ j+ _9 m1 R
References 125
$ f# ^" L, Q, A5 ]8 w5 Pulse Width Modulation 1272 |. P5 g- \3 n/ z
5.1 Introduction 127
- D: u$ U! s/ J- e: \1 x5.2 PWM Operating Principles 127
7 t, Q6 J5 t9 P% w) M9 j5.3 Selective Harmonic Cancellation 1280 ~$ ^, {# c2 Z
5.4 Sinusoidal (Carrier-Based) PWM 131
N6 w8 f! P. N3 `/ E' `5.5 PWM Carrier-Based Implementation 133
3 b( C' B7 N2 _0 j. K5.5.1 Naturally Sampled PWM 134/ G; x$ T) A1 p1 y; j, I
5.5.2 Uniformly Sampled 1363 ~, _, P; t# G! t( L
5.6 Modulation in Multi-Bridge Converters 137
; i; r. j% B4 B! `' t) V7 K5.7 Summary 138! _: L3 ~: s& [
References 140
* [' A {* x: r2 q6 Multi-Level Conversion 141
1 ^- ~8 g: P) g7 V3 j. f' g6.1 Introduction 141
3 m5 l! Q5 t& h# `6.2 Diode Clamping 1426 N8 ^ E) u1 i1 D" l, x# Q( ^/ X
6.2.1 Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped VSC 142" q# J, }; v3 p V U# g
6.2.2 Five-Level Diode-Clamped VSC 145! {4 |3 w/ u6 C# Q: m! @
6.2.3 Diode Clamping Generalisation 149, G! n* x1 L! B# x5 S8 q( j/ ]9 o
6.3 Flying Capacitor Configuration 1544 \# N4 p H7 a/ W
6.3.1 Three-Level Flying Capacitor 154
& u) A8 ]+ v9 s/ U8 H/ @6.3.2 Multi-Level Flying Capacitor 1554 V% C- x9 {# S
6.4 Cascaded H-Bridge Configuration 158
$ x. r# D3 R' l+ g7 r! D/ C6.5 Combined PWM/Multi-Level Conversion 161
6 [0 p/ k# k; ?2 F5 I6.6 Relative Merits of the Multi-Level Alternatives 164
C7 z& ~( b6 f+ Y- [, w; c8 u6.6.1 A Cost Comparison of Alternative Configurations for
3 o' U. {8 X1 L: s* G, AUse in HVDC 165* f" {* |* W, g7 h% B+ N
References 167viii CONTENTS
3 h. |5 h& z) Q3 g2 i* l3 t7 Multi-Level DC Reinjection 169
- `" v L9 `* v7.1 Introduction 169
- G& M/ y. x7 n7.2 Soft Switching in Multi-Level Reinjection Converters 170: K6 E/ k7 s3 c( z. z4 D2 o( }
7.3 Clamp-Controlled MLVR 170
3 G! W0 v# n2 |6 a5 h" p: V7.3.1 Firing Coordination 174: [# p$ _$ N- C+ _
7.3.2 Analysis of the Voltage Waveforms 176. W+ E+ w! ^ Q* Z) c+ p$ u
7.3.3 Analysis of the Output Current 178
- D8 n8 ^6 Z- }! ^. m7.3.4 Capacitor Voltage Balancing 1794 Z% Q2 D4 ? p5 c
7.3.5 Dynamic Performance 185
2 y0 _ _6 `/ ?7 ^: W7.4 Transformer-Coupled MLVR 187& \9 f( F! ~; ~) J( i0 z
7.5 Cascaded H-Bridge MLVR 1938 V* v# D( d( X
7.5.1 Basic Structure and Waveforms 1934 y0 ^, W% r+ G* `1 z$ H
7.5.2 Switching Pattern of the Reinjection Bridges 196
; a1 u! E9 M& r- t) I1 B: O: _. ?7.5.3 Design of the Cascaded H-Bridge Chain 197
% u6 c$ I9 i) N6 S7.5.4 Capacitors’ Balancing 199
# k( O9 w9 U4 u' T1 D6 O1 q0 ~; B" K7.5.5 STATCOM Application 2043 x; J7 n W3 A, g- u
7.6 Summary of Main Characteristics of MLVR Alternatives 209
' G' |( }+ ^4 [2 `2 j7.7 Multi-Level Current Reinjection (MLCR) 210
* U/ Y& ^ k0 N' m; n, u7.7.1 Structure and Operating Principles 210* g; b1 Z# n3 ?
7.7.2 Self-Commutating Thyristor Conversion 213% y4 o1 k, @3 M/ g* ]
7.7.3 EMTDC Verification 216, t4 N) s0 [1 U; r" J# |
7.8 MLCR-CSC Versus MLVR-VSC 221
* N2 m7 n _( I( j" R) l5 k3 X" }% uReferences 222: y2 e: J( [) m# ]4 Q7 Z3 k0 w- Y" [
8 Line-Commutated CSC Transmission 2258 i& f7 F. H @. C+ S* L: P8 u' Y
8.1 Introduction 225
7 p) ?, c3 c1 D6 x5 |8.2 The Line-Commutated HVDC Converter 226
2 l7 ?( b+ a4 O8.3 HVDC Converter Disturbances 232
$ R M- V% L4 e' E5 k: r8.4 Structure of the HVDC Link 233' @1 ^7 [% Y g5 u
8.5 DC System Configurations 239
( _' a$ b5 A- C9 w8.6 DC System Control and Operation 242
! Q+ H: z- B7 {( ^! K. l8.6.1 General Philosophy 242+ ?5 k. f. M3 m+ r! w6 {: B- }* }
8.6.2 Different Control Levels 2433 U9 ?: _ X% C, b2 ^8 p, w5 z
8.6.3 Overall Control Coordination 243
7 a: s* R0 x( ~5 C! i8.6.4 Pole Controls 245; M1 j9 x7 A* M6 {# K
8.6.5 Converter Unit Controls 2530 B4 e u5 e; Y8 w7 ^* m
8.7 AC–DC System Interaction 2578 S0 }3 T9 p1 M* V: A$ Y
8.7.1 Voltage Interaction 257
/ d/ J* W( o2 I) K! K" ?! E: a8.7.2 Dynamic Voltage Regulation 258% O, A0 D9 Y; H" ]* x' J+ z
8.7.3 Dynamic Stabilisation of AC Systems 259! |3 e. `* y! d
8.7.4 Controlled Damping of DC-Interconnected# }' k( h' E& h. P4 b/ I6 G2 e
Systems 260+ {# E1 _* G L( n9 v
8.7.5 Damping of Sub-Synchronous Resonances 260
" m8 p/ B0 k5 b# h7 `8.7.6 Active and Reactive Power Coordination 2619 U) C0 t' _* J, P" ]
8.7.7 Transient Stabilisation of AC Systems 261% P/ n/ V2 L. u6 a- N2 O
8.8 AC–DC–AC Frequency Interactions 262
3 X0 Y) Z) \1 B" _* S/ B; S8.8.1 Harmonic Cross-Modulation Across the DC Link 262
5 G! U" ~+ H3 V+ J; q% n8.8.2 Complementary and Composite Resonances 265CONTENTS ix
. u D. c$ A7 p- c8.9 DC Link Response to External Disturbances 266
, j8 K, z3 b: |5 Z8.9.1 Response to AC System Faults 2665 W* U5 r1 T T5 V: {8 Q: a& F2 k2 |
8.9.2 Response to DC Line Faults 267
: v! D$ [% Q& A1 n9 n) m- e8 w- z8.10 Reliability of LCC Transmission 267
* |( U# j. p2 S: J8.11 Concluding Statements 273! K- A! S1 E' n! P1 A0 `
References 2736 J/ @5 ~' Z4 ?; W( p# r& P$ ~) i
9 Developments in Line-Commutated HVDC Schemes 275
$ m- W! V9 h7 r& X9.1 Introduction 2750 X8 s, z. E( Z9 j* p
9.2 Capacitor Commutated Conversion 2766 U- E: Z* l% K
9.2.1 Basic CCC Operation 277: q. X! c$ r3 U; ]0 K! R
9.2.2 Simulated Performance 277: x6 e# M* S* O& a8 V
9.3 Continuously Tuned AC Filters 280
- W1 ?* A! p1 p" Q' U& l9.4 Active DC Side Filters 281& `7 F# \3 I3 o7 v
9.5 STATCOM-Aided DC Transmission 282% p& ]9 L( D" X6 D% x0 r# M3 V
9.6 AC Transmission Lines Converted for Use with HVDC 286
8 u5 y' Y* d) ]% T: @ _" B4 @9.6.1 Modulated (Tripole) DC Transmission 287+ }) E0 a( l2 m: U
9.7 HVDC Transmission at Voltages above 600 kV 288
! ~; i6 m( p9 h9.8 Concluding Statements 289
" f% s i+ u9 E3 \" X9 d qReferences 289
% z+ k; o7 ~7 q% I* o k10 VSC Transmission 291: E M3 G( `; w* Q
10.1 Introduction 291 ?4 `( x; K/ N& N6 I L
10.2 Power Transfer Characteristics 292
, W. f1 M1 u! L* U$ K10.2.1 Current Relationships 294
. R% o0 n0 D: t5 s4 \- F10.3 Structure of the VSC Link 296" I, p4 k/ K \6 `. E* T: p! Z5 b, U
10.3.1 VSC-HVDC Cable Technology 297
) k ]2 B, S) D' i10.4 VSC DC System Control 2999 B6 G3 T# q. p% Z
10.4.1 General Philosophy 299
& J0 S& O$ y5 o10.4.2 Different Control Levels 302$ b2 D) |- Q* d% f! S; m
10.4.3 DC Link Control Coordination 303" Q1 J$ }; ?+ W# |7 b- H# k. N
10.4.4 Control Capability of VSC Transmission 304
. e$ ~! q# H# V" |2 z10.4.5 Assistance During Grid Restoration 305; W& `2 P( `4 U
10.5 HVDC Light Technology 306
' g9 C+ j8 k' d3 Z l0 F( p10.5.1 Two-Level PWM Schemes 308- k, _0 _8 S' I1 U* o2 w% R: k
10.5.2 Three-Level PWM Schemes 312. ?- D4 o5 O6 z8 w2 X, e5 P% A( [; V
10.5.3 HVDC Light Performance 314
- X1 W, E- R; l% O& ^3 |10.6 Other VSC Projects 3215 O- K3 l" d+ u% \8 `3 w1 h- y0 ?0 L
10.7 Potential for Multi-Terminal Sub-Transmission Systems 3239 Z6 X* k7 s3 [# y5 ?& u
10.8 Discussion 324, V2 |1 n. I1 ^: M' ?0 R
References 326
' |6 B) U6 G+ w& B11 Multi-Level VSC and CSC Transmission 327
8 O$ h+ Y. V: m& { ]% h; E11.1 Introduction 3279 S( c1 e9 P" `9 o0 k6 x
11.2 Multi-Level VSC Transmission 328; O* R% L& ~/ t
11.2.1 Power Flow Considerations 328' n1 w" Q* i1 y0 B
11.2.2 DC Link Control Characteristics 331x CONTENTS
5 \/ Y# e. l2 w/ c11.2.3 Test System and Simulation Results 332) s: B/ u8 g: B4 c& O4 E0 Q- i, k
11.2.4 Provision of Independent Reactive Power Control 3370 W2 I( Z) B6 V3 Z U+ [8 B
11.3 Multi-Level CSC Transmission 341
. U& K7 M( M0 [0 j. c, j7 c) W11.3.1 Dynamic Model 343" i% f D% }, n2 a
11.3.2 Control Structure 344
& T8 `, k# `, o8 {11.3.3 Simulated Performance under Normal Operating Conditions 345" I$ L; m9 u% e' {; z2 R9 ~
11.3.4 Simulated Performance Following Disturbances 348
) P$ H# ]; \- q9 ?11.3.5 Reactive Power Control in Multi-Level CSC Transmission 352
: c4 a3 a- m4 k' O! Q11.4 Summary 356% T# l& Q$ R. T5 C( M; u
References 357 @' H* ^, i1 z
Index 359 |
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