电子图书
电子图书名:
Power Generation from Solid Fuels 2010
编者:
Hartmut Spliethoff
所属专业方向:
Power Generation
内容简介:
Today, fossil fuels dominate worldwide primary energy consumption. In 2000, about 40% of total primary energy was used for electricity generation, and of this, coal was the fuel for 40%, making it the most important primary energy carrier for power production. Forecasts of future energy consumption predict a further increase of worldwide coal utilisation in the coming 20 years. In comparison to natural gas and oil, coal has the advantage of being the most abundant fossil energy carrier.
出版社:
来源:
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Power Generation from Solid Fuels5 Q5 Y2 U) S3 J" l; D |9 u Hartmut Spliethoff5 b* r2 b4 c5 u; S ( I9 V* Z' s- E' _ + e: ^% l6 J, ?* O! \
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; z3 b, l! u. I1 L6 @# ^ ) o0 Q3 ]( Q. ]$ U$ H [Contents]. r% ^: a# r# H n( T/ o t& K * E9 \; D+ ^4 S0 q' I; q 1 Motivation ' j( t4 \' r9 m$ n8 y. B7 @8 n1 b5 k + v+ p. i: D: v$ h1 O+ y 1.1.1 Development of Primary Energy Consumption in the Past 40 Years% N, d; C. O- {/ P6 i ! E& {3 }/ G: I& E# [+ d 0 d( U+ m8 K6 I# Z- M7 b 1.2.1 Greenhouse Effect' Q% Q4 o# A1 v$ a* s/ B: q 1.2.2 Impacts.- |2 n0 p0 c3 `8 q * ]6 D5 ?& |* V# J 1.3 Strategies of CO2 Reduction& m2 [* k7 c+ C: `" Z/ @ 1.3.1 Substitution1 {4 R+ v5 a! ^$ P5 Q6 b0 ] 1.3.2 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)! e3 o( E! ^1 N5 i) U+ o9 U% @ 5 |1 g# c. |( d0 p 1.3.4 Mitigation Scenarios: X+ \2 U" `* ^" o8 i! Y# L: l) ]# a7 N References* k* j* G2 v2 E, e0 z2 _( K 2 Solid Fuels " C3 i, V9 Q8 b1 X2 G4 Y$ r ) i" _) Z3 Y: X y! X7 ?8 r! d! @ 2.1.1 Origin and Classification of Coal Types! q( f6 `5 A- A1 ~6 d1 J$ ~ 2.1.2 Composition and Properties of Solid Fuels# D: O6 \6 W6 W* i3 O 2.1.3 Reserves of Solid Fuels5 o4 g; h" V. a & p! ^6 u5 r0 P: `: U 8 u$ b4 L/ Y! ?9 k; Z. h 8 ^$ f) E. {1 n9 M k) C5 Y + ?( E3 l- m# r2 \; ?: ~ / l' w$ O4 a8 B! ]1 n 3 Thermodynamics Fundamentals 2 z* X p5 U( H# R" y) u9 k " K8 @+ Z$ t& h; R5 k( C; m 3.1.1 Carnot Cycle6 X! V s; w; Y1 `! E% O 3.1.2 Joule–Thomson Process2 w0 D+ k0 }: a 3.1.3 Clausius–Rankine Cycle( d' A2 f$ \& O" t* p. { 3.2 Steam Power Cycle: Energy and Exergy Considerations.' r* c* K% d$ L' t" a& F1 W* q/ a 3.2.1 Steam Generator Energy and Exergy Efficiencies0 i5 i. `. j4 g' @9 j7 p1 t' t& d1 o 3.2.2 Energy and Exergy Cycle Efficiencies5 j# [9 V, X; ^5 o + o3 \7 l4 Y2 Z+ F) n References1 T! J; W: i" E3 W7 e" P8 E }% ] 4 Steam Power Stations for Electricity and Heat Generation 7 ]! T" i# c/ v3 {0 p9 N6 r( \* a# B # K9 j( J# \# Q2 ]; a' N9 q 4.1.1 Energy Conversion and System Components; Y; |+ Z2 U$ X9 Z5 o 4.1.2 Design of a Condensation Power Plant( F: w4 T; O9 v) Y , F! O; D5 ?' `- Q6 }! `) V ; o8 r- G2 e$ W : Q7 s1 ?& l0 n6 S( X; T3 ]! o; ^, o # X! a, i0 `* t' Y1 w 4.2.2 Evaporator Configurations% J( n& W8 Y# @. I" \, H7 X/ p 1 a y: j) A( b9 |1 E+ R# X 8 s% c3 X/ v2 w! v& O9 \ 4.3 Design of a Condensation Power Plant. I3 \% u6 @3 k 4.3.1 Requirements and Boundary Conditions g$ @- ?3 t2 b6 F, a7 g) a. L: x 4.3.2 Thermodynamic Design of the Power Plant Cycle4 {! _( p: i# g/ N1 x 4.3.3 Heat Balance of the Boiler and Boiler Efficiency d% }2 {8 X' @9 U, a, Y 5 ]: y, J0 c7 n7 B# d$ L 4.3.5 Design of the Steam Generator and of the Heating Surfaces. I/ D5 J. A M6 ~3 _1 m 4.3.6 Design of the Flue Gas Cleaning Units and the Auxiliaries3 t& J; ^, A! N( ?8 L4 R 0 `1 _8 C' f0 X* t, J& M 4.4.1 Increases in Thermal Efficiencies, Q# h: F1 {" i; F9 n 4.4.2 Reduction of Losses$ H- A7 H0 Q5 S) K: q# N 4.4.3 Reduction of the Auxiliary Power Requirements* _. _9 B0 I& {$ h5 e # x$ K) v: U- U- ? 4.4.5 Losses During Start-Up and Shutdown5 w# [9 T: A: r8 p( w ! z: u1 G) x5 R4 {, e ; M" k. ^7 E5 {/ S; ^# o ; {2 v: \: z4 O$ Z1 @0 ]' [# J: [) } % R- v* e0 n# }( @ 4.5.2 Heating Surfaces of the Final Superheater! f' A k4 o% r7 |/ t6 n2 R 4.5.3 High-Pressure Outlet Header: E) f5 ^+ y" ] 4.5.4 Furnaces Fuelled by Dried Brown Coal3 y6 @' z# k! q/ X 4.6 Developments – State of the Art and Future, a" w9 a6 u( ^% W% V+ d$ n V 4.6.1 Hard Coal$ H% [) r$ j; l/ Q- k3 K 4.6.2 Brown Coal$ \# U9 E* w6 x4 \/ e' G9 _( u* L8 Z References2 ]+ u3 y1 m8 m( X+ W! B# o 5 Combustion Systems for Solid Fossil Fuels 0 G; ]7 ]# [; u: I; Q& Y5 \ 5.1 Combustion Fundamentals1 E6 [- k9 ]$ d" b $ E( M" M1 o0 z. T2 v " ?! g& ^2 V( }! l1 Y9 ?$ `! Z2 a - d; h# ~1 z+ j- z 0 w6 g4 ?( ^( A' R, I. U/ L% @7 x7 a- c " L+ X. E% C2 ^4 `- ]: x& \% w k8 h4 K9 L u* C* } 5.2.1 Nitrogen Oxides! q' }% t( @, M 5.2.2 Sulphur Oxides1 a# n- c/ ? Y& o. {4 W 6 j9 h7 s) | k+ J# n ) V3 x7 h7 y- K8 @' r% T 9 n( i( {! m( i7 E& f3 T/ {. | . H$ M+ U( f2 A3 ~4 q 3 Y( O4 Y6 F, M O+ l+ I( N S 6 {7 y9 N# p: \. x7 ]4 @* P$ P 9 B |- }; M$ z( O 9 C7 b8 H2 v4 s3 f3 i [, |; y 5.4 Fluidised Bed Firing Systems, [$ p% p2 B- M* m3 z0 i 5.4.1 Bubbling Fluidised Bed Furnaces- \3 O, H0 z/ e: Z- ?8 k e* @0 { 5.4.2 Circulating Fluidised Bed Furnaces+ u& B% e% l) T( F 5.5 Stoker/Grate Firing Systems+ Z& k5 K5 Q- g5 r& r; } 7 E# p( Q7 R: f6 S & I/ _* Z4 n1 k; ?9 x ) ^) I( K# G& a4 S ( C9 Q+ g# F5 L, \ $ \) h4 P% N4 ~9 v7 K0 z: T$ {5 L( J 5.7.1 Combustion Engineering Measures" N8 Z3 `* C% F 7 S( c U# O" W 5.7.3 Dissemination and Costs/ n1 H" a1 f" c% Z# v+ v 5.8 SO2-Reduction Methods% v' A1 }3 e8 @ U& H7 p$ I 5.8.1 Methods to Reduce the Sulphur Content of the Fuel4 D- V9 d% d' v4 w; X . x* H1 l8 G9 O1 D: R 5.8.3 Dissemination and Costs9 A( ?, z" k! R+ K5 P' [. L+ R$ o 5.9 Particulate Control Methods2 f0 l; _2 H2 a ) i% g! A3 z: m7 N 2 O1 c9 ^- i5 r. C' Z- } 5.9.3 Fabric Filters$ G% Z; U; _6 r8 N: }, Q6 M5 _ 5.9.4 Applications and Costs.2 Q" b6 C5 W6 p2 h; y4 t: t1 T M9 F) I) d# @' p3 p. g u8 t0 w3 V 5.10.1 Slagging9 \: @% Y6 Z6 u 5.10.2 Fouling.& S" s) y3 a: F% p" v. @0 { 5.10.3 Erosion. g' M$ |7 R& w 5.10.4 High-Temperature Corrosion./ A3 M2 G3 V7 a" c( v! j $ W1 g% m+ w$ Y8 Z$ S 5.11.1 Forming and Quantities6 k3 e" ~1 B( N# a: ^1 J/ |1 t 5.11.2 Commercial Exploitation2 E8 F4 X# \- G2 M ( W( w8 t- R: J1 y. F) A 6 Power Generation from Biomass and Waste , h/ T$ `# W( |$ a3 S % l. T/ Z$ h5 ^4 q/ p1 G ! W# n; C/ h" `0 K" Y. i! b+ ? 4 L$ ~, ~) s1 n 6.2 Biomass Combustion Systems7 e4 N: K9 ]+ u3 x+ |* [ 2 V w; i; T1 w: N3 C! @ 6.2.2 Impact of Load and Forms of Delivery of the Fuel Types) ?. s+ T2 H Q$ D 9 n# R. i: \6 n+ D$ R; _ 9 N5 Y7 V& u4 Y$ d( ~ 6.2.5 Operational Problems) S, b% |' V& B; U2 j, L" } & ^# L* B- O: m 4 t" x; T& ?* g3 r# D- s , i" R; I0 B+ f( `- p 2 i* {! |% c1 ^ 2 b6 U. E% d' z 6.4 Thermal Utilisation of Waste (Energy from Waste): V5 r! _2 a9 P & _4 o/ b Z2 u* Y G 6.4.2 Grate-Based Combustion Systems3 O, [2 }. @3 d 6.4.3 Pyrolysis and Gasification Systems, [1 L S2 b# o- b! M/ R' L; i9 s 8 o% v$ a h! A( C) p . T8 r1 v) K' q+ c 7 K. t, J) Y, r; o! q x , ^ Y% ?' e0 K8 E ?' S) ` 6.4.8 Dioxins- x d! y+ A% i, f5 ` 5 m1 M4 V9 P0 Q! `& ~9 J , ]9 K' l/ ?' n7 @3 V3 z9 ~ 5 h# h" P' R' d# {6 [ 3 G5 [& M" J j* C5 [/ p' f 6.5.3 Co-combustion in Pulverised Fuel Firing/ v7 I/ R, p6 O* j 6.5.4 Co-combustion in Fluidised Bed Furnaces- E3 R4 u6 e! f Z# l$ I References# F. q3 ?8 r' E/ ]7 \+ R 7 Coal-Fuelled Combined Cycle Power Plants 6 i2 `; I4 `) N5 [: l; ^( c 7.1 Natural Gas Fuelled Combined Cycle Processes) C3 Q% \0 I* ]. ~ 7.2 Overview of Combined Processes with Coal Combustion! r7 y& _3 ]; R6 u& Q8 b" c& _+ P [ + f( n3 h6 F" D; } Q ; E* o. ~# l) T) F $ Z" A; N+ l5 P8 o4 m* L 5 C! M4 C- [/ I& E9 R3 ~' t, D8 N/ Y 7.3 Pressurised Fluidised Bed Combustion (PFBC)2 p; b3 j* A1 O, h/ f 7.3.1 Overview5 r7 V" o7 r5 e& S- r4 B, O 1 X( t. e2 r& u2 `; _( Z" N 7.3.3 Pressurised Bubbling Fluidised Bed Combustion (PBFBC).( H# I) K: w8 {( b 6 `2 K5 \' o! _7 \' O1 H; H5 s4 v6 ~ 7.3.5 Second-Generation Fluidised Bed Firing Systems (Hybrid Process)5 v U" o2 [' G8 U8 | 7.3.6 Summary7 a. x# t) V% G0 _3 V. c+ m" K " p/ H3 F' ?: s+ Z 7.4.1 Overview2 t+ G0 D' `( ~* J 7 V" L9 Q* {* J8 k }$ U# U( A * ]+ M! G6 \* n4 o7 @& Y5 N 7.4.4 State of Development2 [+ S% @. s; D( ^3 o 7.4.5 Summary and Conclusions7 T) k2 v- N1 C* M0 s \) P 7.5 Externally Fired Gas Turbine Processes+ i; S- e- P! ]. z/ p/ N - q7 Q" E. Y1 N 0 v8 r" F! S) O H% Z( D ' \4 o" T( H; G' |5 C# z5 J/ K ; G4 i% _3 G I8 K6 V( L 7.6 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)' ~% [* l ^8 t ( s& e9 T: `" k! p* b1 r2 n5 P2 H; j / m U2 H& ?$ O: M7 z9 h3 }" a 1 f4 U7 ]! y: ^2 V! L4 C 8 E6 h, y/ I1 k$ o/ n0 l 7.6.5 Gas Treatment5 _2 b2 F8 \; R* z5 Y' C 7.6.6 Components and Integration4 d( N+ o5 G# r* h, N- O/ d 8 Q2 Y; M- E/ u- h Q References5 b& r& q$ @1 T4 A5 ~ 8 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) 2 ?. ~$ ?, _/ Q0 R' Q8 ^! f % ~9 {6 I j( O1 g. Y* M 8.2 Properties and Transport of CO2' c5 [& T/ U e8 R# B( K 8.3 CO2 Storage- u( |: w8 z0 e% O3 R 9 r/ b: C& I. s, f/ b 8.3.2 Geological Storage$ n/ r9 T! y# H 8.4 Overview of Capture Technologies4 u3 F! p. m$ p) N! B 8.4.1 Technology Overview% o9 ?4 }& Z. A0 X9 V+ W& l 7 @# t3 ?) a# k: | 6 M/ z, @8 ^7 u* s; M 0 F8 E$ G9 x* `6 W( p5 t2 d " {0 l8 o. Z2 H 8.6 Oxy-fuel Combustion) e u8 A+ J0 l, A" X0 J 8.6.1 Oxy-fuel Steam Generator Concepts# y4 x, \: I! o7 Q: P. J K 3 u! N, D4 y2 r# m+ M: V6 u3 G 8.6.3 Oxy-fuel Configurations5 ~- c8 _! s2 v( i5 c7 v0 G 8.6.4 Chemical-Looping Combustion4 j& U# G, R8 J. P 8.7 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles with Carbon Capture and Storage0 [1 i9 l! d, d" o/ I- O: E , F" c5 a" O7 V2 q( O * a3 U# G0 y# C# i8 m5 c; y$ _+ u Index
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