电子图书
电子图书名:
Power Generation from Solid Fuels 2010
编者:
Hartmut Spliethoff
所属专业方向:
Power Generation
内容简介:
Today, fossil fuels dominate worldwide primary energy consumption. In 2000, about 40% of total primary energy was used for electricity generation, and of this, coal was the fuel for 40%, making it the most important primary energy carrier for power production. Forecasts of future energy consumption predict a further increase of worldwide coal utilisation in the coming 20 years. In comparison to natural gas and oil, coal has the advantage of being the most abundant fossil energy carrier.
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Power Generation from Solid Fuels3 M3 N: P# z7 }% u4 }
Hartmut Spliethoff' _. v( ~* t! @0 l O
Edition : 1st; p# H; F' G+ O% r
Year : [2010]
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; K8 B) W/ S6 N* E& n: ?; o [Contents]
7 j( o* @/ Z3 C# d* H
. L: [, z' @7 Z, O+ j" d 1 Motivation " f; g0 _( E$ M" k0 Z8 `$ L. l
1.1 Primary Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions2 Q( H+ L+ v7 E) A3 k5 A
1.1.1 Development of Primary Energy Consumption in the Past 40 Years4 G* w( u- j$ }
1.1.2 Developments Until 2030
- ^. W+ g$ j: V$ ]5 u 1.2 Greenhouse Effect and Impacts on the Climate
# y- Z' D t3 P u" s$ i+ B5 E 1.2.1 Greenhouse Effect
: r6 y1 e0 s7 f3 T( n* |7 U 1.2.2 Impacts., X1 M2 R7 h: u( D
1.2.3 Scenarios of the World Climate
# M, A% a( z0 @4 q8 N; e+ ? 1.3 Strategies of CO2 Reduction: h* D( |: K" K' s& p+ R# @
1.3.1 Substitution. }4 V# ?' K+ v! U* M4 ?
1.3.2 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
2 v% e* d7 Y( i 1.3.3 Energy Saving
g) L' v+ d3 [( a$ ^ L 1.3.4 Mitigation Scenarios1 l7 D% y, w* O2 h
References) ]% X$ C5 J/ R, \
2 Solid Fuels
, m2 N7 L) ]+ O! c3 b. f3 a 2.1 Fossil Fuels
. w7 V2 E6 s0 b5 Q, B 2.1.1 Origin and Classification of Coal Types8 N! S! ^. }: ?& z" i! f
2.1.2 Composition and Properties of Solid Fuels
" G$ @+ X! R) o& G 2.1.3 Reserves of Solid Fuels& q/ {; s# ~1 @7 ?
2.2 Renewable Solid Fuels
Z% z: U! u z) f7 {. b/ e 2.2.1 Potential and Current Utilisation, G0 Z" }4 Q8 J4 d8 j
2.2.2 Considerations of the CO2 Neutrality of Regenerative Fuels
( b1 B( ?; |+ a1 W! Y; t W 2.2.3 Fuel Characteristics of Biomass B; z* I4 r1 C5 z
References5 I, [" w5 P/ L. L% c
3 Thermodynamics Fundamentals
. h' x+ o* b4 S# ]2 P 3.1 Cycles$ O% g ?% b. F& {, m) _/ ^. ]8 Y
3.1.1 Carnot Cycle
; E+ |* D" u* J% _9 W 3.1.2 Joule–Thomson Process3 S5 Z+ n7 P* G6 s( x1 L
3.1.3 Clausius–Rankine Cycle
4 _* _; |& u6 G) w/ c2 W, V 3.2 Steam Power Cycle: Energy and Exergy Considerations.
0 g: h, p( R# I* q 3.2.1 Steam Generator Energy and Exergy Efficiencies: [; S. d; g% V# r' h
3.2.2 Energy and Exergy Cycle Efficiencies/ ~* o% P2 W. o
3.2.3 Energy and Exergy Efficiency of the Total Cycle7 _( B$ d7 {: a E
References
, O* K* z2 ~7 y0 L N* r( E 4 Steam Power Stations for Electricity and Heat Generation
( j, J$ A4 O6 E& Y$ C7 y; _ 4.1 Pulverised Hard Coal Fired Steam Power Plants! q3 `4 ?' F/ F5 d D
4.1.1 Energy Conversion and System Components% d! t/ `! m- e, j
4.1.2 Design of a Condensation Power Plant
6 h4 V$ C. I' ?% @7 Y9 x8 e 4.1.3 Development History of Power Plants – Correlation Between Unit Size, Availability and Efficiency
! p) X6 y; n" A6 C0 [2 G) ?, E5 ^7 q 4.1.4 Reference Power Plant
5 O( L% U8 b- Z/ [* Q 4.2 Steam Generators
7 G! O/ w8 Q" b% m* } 4.2.1 Flow and Heat Transfer Inside a Tube9 X( A5 L! s. j4 o
4.2.2 Evaporator Configurations
, j% }( K$ s$ l 4.2.3 Steam Generator Construction Types
. Y0 a3 h4 @% Z& j& K5 N. T 4.2.4 Operating Regimes and Control Modes0 x( g# F P- u
4.3 Design of a Condensation Power Plant2 \0 q0 ?# a" B1 x; l5 b" A2 m0 {7 }
4.3.1 Requirements and Boundary Conditions0 |( A- ~* W2 v- l# V0 c* {
4.3.2 Thermodynamic Design of the Power Plant Cycle
+ x* t$ y0 U- a/ S! d 4.3.3 Heat Balance of the Boiler and Boiler Efficiency( t5 f! M8 L5 j2 o' n6 o7 y
4.3.4 Design of the Furnace
1 G. l5 S. { r* M6 O 4.3.5 Design of the Steam Generator and of the Heating Surfaces! h% @0 @9 F$ H* K2 j% W$ y
4.3.6 Design of the Flue Gas Cleaning Units and the Auxiliaries4 t% S, G! Z) ]0 ]
4.4 Possibilities for Efficiency Increases in the Development of a Steam Power Plant
2 m; P+ p( n* D( A9 v( G7 r 4.4.1 Increases in Thermal Efficiencies. a2 l" n. ]8 N2 j& v% G" D: t
4.4.2 Reduction of Losses
3 s- V" ^2 F$ Y% r7 c; j2 ^ 4.4.3 Reduction of the Auxiliary Power Requirements' P/ G2 o+ Y) p
4.4.4 Losses in Part-Load Operation( [( l# Q3 Z1 h$ y
4.4.5 Losses During Start-Up and Shutdown5 f1 C6 v* m9 W$ d
4.4.6 Efficiency of Power Plants During Operation
% M- ?, e! H: z, ^; S 4.4.7 Fuel Drying for Brown Coal
9 o9 T0 N$ ^" O& f 4.5 Effects on Steam Generator Construction
* h7 L+ t7 N6 P& G' `% v/ b; d$ g 4.5.1 MembraneWall
9 T) S a8 g9 K5 w9 v 4.5.2 Heating Surfaces of the Final Superheater o. i8 o0 x) S+ a. a: S! j
4.5.3 High-Pressure Outlet Header
6 D7 l1 f, a$ z) h& T 4.5.4 Furnaces Fuelled by Dried Brown Coal
3 R& o% v! I# S* n% Q8 B. d 4.6 Developments – State of the Art and Future; B; v( J) V+ @6 w9 Q( u. o* m* U
4.6.1 Hard Coal3 k) G7 o, |& i5 B% P6 I( E
4.6.2 Brown Coal4 u2 W# E- g+ \' B
References; K" W( |0 L- G- D% Q
5 Combustion Systems for Solid Fossil Fuels
' r" A: { ?- g; Y" J 5.1 Combustion Fundamentals1 |; U4 [, J/ ?( y9 z9 P1 A
5.1.1 Drying
" e/ p- L. i- h3 I }2 C 5.1.2 Pyrolysis
# V, P+ ~4 Q5 f" [ 5.1.3 Ignition
; I7 l' D; X1 V: X9 M( Z 5.1.4 Combustion of Volatile Matter
) ^7 z7 j1 i; h& [+ c 5.1.5 Combustion of the Residual Char
; B: d6 }# y( e6 {0 H2 I 5.2 Pollutant Formation Fundamentals3 w, k9 Y5 \ x! g) O
5.2.1 Nitrogen Oxides
( O8 c4 g8 ]4 G; m: K" t 5.2.2 Sulphur Oxides; E- J/ r8 f8 q
5.2.3 Ash formation
# b2 ~- |1 p. I' {) t$ T 5.2.4 Products of Incomplete Combustion, z2 H" s- K0 e% K) S& m: g
5.3 Pulverised Fuel Firing
; o1 V) v/ O( y0 m- M+ K( P. E 5.3.1 Pulverised Fuel Firing Systems
' ~; X8 j, _& r0 z# E! P" `, Q 5.3.2 Fuel Preparation
1 w/ V; A; }+ y$ {. [ 5.3.3 Burners.
3 u' _. |7 I, S 5.3.4 Dry-Bottom Firing% W& x" L8 F. Q' Z( @+ ^: }- g
5.3.5 Slag-Tap Firing
9 K7 p( q# P+ W/ w 5.4 Fluidised Bed Firing Systems
, ?* o9 {1 k2 n" s$ D! q7 W8 F 5.4.1 Bubbling Fluidised Bed Furnaces
( }" z- m' H1 J/ ] {5 M 5.4.2 Circulating Fluidised Bed Furnaces* |/ g7 d/ e; I- i% }# x
5.5 Stoker/Grate Firing Systems+ y- |' q$ K4 b4 a2 {2 w' Y* W
5.5.1 Travelling Grate Stoker Firing* X1 @3 s+ y% u3 A* y
5.5.2 Self-Raking TypeMoving-Grate Stokers+ W/ ~& D8 k- H5 u& e
5.5.3 Vibrating-Grate Stokers/ L. O( V( G- s# v1 |' m1 O4 L8 W
5.6 Legislation and Emission Limits5 ^1 H% b# I, e+ g
5.7 Methods for NOx Reduction X1 m+ X0 \( D5 e) o" ?' z' y
5.7.1 Combustion Engineering Measures
0 K' f" A6 Q. @7 ^ 5.7.2 NOx Reduction Methods, SNCR and SCR (Secondary Measures)' I/ k1 H9 A8 K2 {4 l- k! G
5.7.3 Dissemination and Costs o! `' s' b; a8 U$ Q
5.8 SO2-Reduction Methods n1 S1 k+ l- n/ r: `& r4 I+ a3 P
5.8.1 Methods to Reduce the Sulphur Content of the Fuel
6 @; M& _9 S- q( F% Z 5.8.2 Methods of Fuel Gas Desulphurisation7 g- e1 T& q& }
5.8.3 Dissemination and Costs1 C- t6 f8 @( z( s
5.9 Particulate Control Methods' c/ j; Y( s, E9 A8 T
5.9.1 Mechanical Separators (Inertia Separators)+ y8 Z# {- P* e) \8 ~" {) r6 F
5.9.2 Electrostatic Precipitators
8 m; F! B6 \- w5 J( @( D# Y" d0 s. @ 5.9.3 Fabric Filters
) L) u/ f6 E3 ?0 n) A$ V 5.9.4 Applications and Costs.
' y) E, G5 E* v 5.10 Effect of Slag, Ash and Flue Gas on Furnace Walls and Convective Heat Transfer Surfaces (Operational Problems)
' q3 x- r: I6 i% D x$ | 5.10.1 Slagging
4 ~. Q) y$ i/ N 5.10.2 Fouling.
7 O+ l* g1 ^( G 5.10.3 Erosion.
@$ x/ W7 e. A. H1 [/ a0 [ 5.10.4 High-Temperature Corrosion.: L P4 k1 @5 @$ h
5.11 Residual Matter
6 t5 B- Y% l( v: S, J 5.11.1 Forming and Quantities
6 {, S0 n1 W$ [& W 5.11.2 Commercial Exploitation
- D3 [8 b0 V5 i! L8 I/ E References, x7 B) H% a/ ]
6 Power Generation from Biomass and Waste
2 s F( i1 D+ U) ` 6.1 Power Production Pathways
7 i! D8 g6 U; p' N7 y 6.1.1 Techniques Involving Combustion' _& u1 S; ^5 N" q7 V+ c
6.1.2 Techniques Involving Gasification0 v! x' `: y5 K; A. w
6.2 Biomass Combustion Systems
7 z( J4 s2 K! m$ H, _ 6.2.1 Capacities and Types
+ [: q( I4 _5 N) I5 q 6.2.2 Impact of Load and Forms of Delivery of the Fuel Types
, {. T2 u! _$ Y2 z/ Z& @% z 6.2.3 Furnace Types
" G' g7 C% a* D C 6.2.4 Flue Gas Cleaning and Ash Disposal
( P8 d/ v9 e; F, E# k 6.2.5 Operational Problems' {1 B8 x2 e( N
6.3 Biomass Gasification- y0 F( `0 D% Z& J" A
6.3.1 Reactor Design Types
8 p1 k2 Z) x) [( s! B. y7 P* a 6.3.2 Gas Utilisation and Quality Requirements/ h' z1 Q% C# x6 r; `0 Z
6.3.3 Gas Cleaning7 P5 u2 [' [6 j; n. g
6.3.4 Power Production Processes
2 p4 b' E- o7 _: C1 ~7 I 6.4 Thermal Utilisation of Waste (Energy from Waste)7 h" _, [' J$ |5 A
6.4.1 Historical Development of Energy from Waste Systems (EfW)
" D; n1 e3 w& _; s0 S3 |, O: V 6.4.2 Grate-Based Combustion Systems
( k: ^5 U/ p6 |2 y- H/ c2 F 6.4.3 Pyrolysis and Gasification Systems6 Q) Q' T, b1 y2 j5 J& C" z
6.4.4 Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF).
9 H. p) H; U' P1 g6 }7 `6 }# [ 6.4.5 Sewage Sludge
" V7 r- f3 g! b% Y3 P! K) G 6.4.6 Steam Boilers
5 Z- p" E" Q2 m* b$ v1 A! n; }8 w 6.4.7 Efficiency Increases in EfWPlants/ t, L9 N+ [& V6 D# ~1 _& K* A
6.4.8 Dioxins
* h4 j; l/ V( q; V" Q+ J& ^ 6.4.9 Flue Gas Cleaning
: ^! h- r) C! I4 X8 e0 u9 ` 6.5 Co-combustion in Coal-Fired Power Plants
* s1 g5 a# r/ n 6.5.1 Co-combustion Design Concepts8 i8 F# X& m0 R5 t: S4 q7 [0 g8 F
6.5.2 Biomass Preparation and Feeding
8 D4 o* x/ p+ N+ b5 \ 6.5.3 Co-combustion in Pulverised Fuel Firing
5 ^3 k7 x$ [, b5 A 6.5.4 Co-combustion in Fluidised Bed Furnaces# y8 Z4 I" R9 A% k1 O) I$ C
References
6 o6 T# o0 }, u6 ?2 Y 7 Coal-Fuelled Combined Cycle Power Plants
% }. ?: t! a8 f2 ?% D @ 7.1 Natural Gas Fuelled Combined Cycle Processes4 f8 X! T1 S( E. J1 u7 d
7.2 Overview of Combined Processes with Coal Combustion, o9 B) W5 ?1 N0 |: B1 I! r3 c
7.2.1 Introduction
. x! i; E& G i; C5 |3 @ 7.2.2 Hot Gas Purity Requirements
: y! k% d1 w! Y. x- p% P 7.2.3 Overview of the Hot Gas Cleaning System for Coal Combustion Combined Cycles
' p, _2 V' K: F4 @) [ Y0 M: p 7.2.4 Effect of Pressure on Combustion.7 ^3 E% l4 Q# ` ^ Z
7.3 Pressurised Fluidised Bed Combustion (PFBC)4 K4 {% J g1 Q# K% b( [+ ^
7.3.1 Overview1 t* F( s. D6 b8 y# |+ ]
7.3.2 Hot Gas Cleaning After the Pressurised Fluidised Bed6 A' z7 K- `+ t$ g# Z! ~
7.3.3 Pressurised Bubbling Fluidised Bed Combustion (PBFBC).
8 B8 H: z! N' r1 f, b; @) D 7.3.4 Pressurised Circulating Fluidised Bed Combustion (PCFBC).: `- ] O; B' h m, ]% P9 J
7.3.5 Second-Generation Fluidised Bed Firing Systems (Hybrid Process)3 B% {+ W, K2 J
7.3.6 Summary
5 O7 u/ U/ _4 D( d( c3 R" Q" S0 F. X 7.4 Pressurised Pulverised Coal Combustion (PPCC)
$ E, z6 t# ^. m) K8 Z 7.4.1 Overview7 T, Q5 v" L/ s% \( _
7.4.2 Molten Slag Removal
5 R# f! | w* P, U, O2 O 7.4.3 Alkali Release and Capture( [' M5 M0 m8 X0 z
7.4.4 State of Development% A2 [, Y8 N' C
7.4.5 Summary and Conclusions9 A( U. \2 U) a4 v; l
7.5 Externally Fired Gas Turbine Processes
# F" Z7 Z8 U; X t 7.5.1 Structure, Configurations, Efficiency" o" z( ?* A, v9 r9 H, C
7.5.2 High-Temperature Heat Exchanger
3 L8 F! M1 D! l9 o. B. n 7.5.3 State of Development2 h5 I( L. {) M/ X
7.5.4 Conclusions* \8 r9 o6 g8 ]/ Q* i2 C
7.6 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)
: \% g; s1 V* r. z4 M7 _ 7.6.1 History of Coal Gasification
0 _8 _3 C: V1 j 7.6.2 Applications of Gasification Technology& M" V9 I# z7 ^! f& k* }& v
7.6.3 Gasification Systems and Chemical Reactions
" o$ s9 l4 t, w+ m. h 7.6.4 Classification of Coal Gasifiers) X6 ~% n2 e5 }! H/ m5 L- B. ]
7.6.5 Gas Treatment
% G4 w& p6 u3 A" J. P2 B7 } 7.6.6 Components and Integration
0 Q# }* i, V; p4 N 7.6.7 State of the Art and Perspectives
0 z4 ^/ J" v( W1 F" H) k. N References
5 I* a$ u1 K: w t ^ 8 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
9 w" v! A* J5 O) n/ O+ @ 8.1 Potential for Carbon Capture and Storage( i& l* N% H0 R; z9 L
8.2 Properties and Transport of CO2, ]7 D1 m+ h& z" D2 o( r: h! Q
8.3 CO2 Storage! V) ]& g9 e0 Y/ G R" t
8.3.1 Industrial Use
0 `' b( [- w1 W& o. r! j 8.3.2 Geological Storage8 l' |/ ?0 b4 f: w6 [
8.4 Overview of Capture Technologies
7 c+ {$ ^( l8 J9 C4 x# _ 8.4.1 Technology Overview
8 P' Y0 b( ^. |$ y1 D% f) t ?0 D 8.4.2 Separation Technologies7 u4 _: W7 {+ b1 T- v
8.5 Post-combustion Technologies1 b3 B$ u5 G# X7 I3 ]
8.5.1 Chemical Absorption( r: u* |) w' A* o/ [/ L+ _
8.5.2 Solid Sorbents
1 [5 X; U6 L$ f- J) Y 8.6 Oxy-fuel Combustion
# }6 \5 e+ S2 ^: L# c 8.6.1 Oxy-fuel Steam Generator Concepts2 T, }2 K) b" d2 U/ v
8.6.2 Impact of Oxy-fuel Combustion
1 E* F7 y! y: a8 d 8.6.3 Oxy-fuel Configurations
. ?: d' Y. n2 v 8.6.4 Chemical-Looping Combustion
6 e, Z- A6 T7 F2 z- b: j 8.7 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles with Carbon Capture and Storage
Y _, Q+ J9 T3 z8 n% V 8.8 Comparison of CCS Technologies; B+ M [, m1 z1 P
References
0 w* {: U9 w5 k& a: _; G Index
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