电子图书
电子图书名:
Power Generation from Solid Fuels 2010
编者:
Hartmut Spliethoff
内容简介:
Today, fossil fuels dominate worldwide primary energy consumption. In 2000, about 40% of total primary energy was used for electricity generation, and of this, coal was the fuel for 40%, making it the most important primary energy carrier for power production. Forecasts of future energy consumption predict a further increase of worldwide coal utilisation in the coming 20 years. In comparison to natural gas and oil, coal has the advantage of being the most abundant fossil energy carrier.
所属专业方向:
Power Generation
出版社:
来源:
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Power Generation from Solid Fuels' w* R; N0 \; t. } 8 B8 t$ Y0 V; {! z# U" S: f5 x . s+ i, {" Y3 ?" ^) O( Y+ J2 I V' y" Q 3 m& O& Q4 I6 [7 v; Y; a- h- ^
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# r, Q+ B+ _% P/ J: M" O 3 s6 ?' x ^% x R& E9 k [Contents]3 ~0 w% J" A* ?4 v 4 N3 _ I( U: `) _8 R+ S8 r 1 Motivation & W+ ?) A4 _% V5 E ' f T( ^# }) Z- u- V 1.1.1 Development of Primary Energy Consumption in the Past 40 Years0 A' X4 v! u' h& I, C8 y: [ 1.1.2 Developments Until 2030/ n. V, e; ?8 J8 L1 \/ h 1.2 Greenhouse Effect and Impacts on the Climate' v) P+ N# V% z9 d- l0 v- h: M 1.2.1 Greenhouse Effect5 B0 q! _; t) F: |) G3 g 1.2.2 Impacts.+ z! ^" D7 n4 P9 p2 }" \' c 1.2.3 Scenarios of the World Climate2 U6 Q1 V7 c+ Y 1.3 Strategies of CO2 Reduction; o3 @: n0 v- l3 [ 2 E- B6 [$ g1 U. g; W& \/ u8 T 1.3.2 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)0 Z7 l$ e: s K 9 P# `* }, r4 O" a0 x 7 D" a" C; R9 ~2 t3 Q2 o9 O References6 w5 B: @9 S+ ?& M ` 2 Solid Fuels 1 D6 y5 F* n" r. j 6 D7 G" B0 W) Z" a) C7 l0 X. \4 w 2.1.1 Origin and Classification of Coal Types, X; y9 E; W4 s$ d' d$ J# ] 2.1.2 Composition and Properties of Solid Fuels, R8 |# H7 X: b2 J- }* J 4 i2 U4 f3 ^, u# x- y * [( `+ G2 V6 d! H ! H j' ] U: c+ M7 Y( ~ 2.2.2 Considerations of the CO2 Neutrality of Regenerative Fuels( W, z* ^' I+ ^) U2 u) ~7 f . q N6 |6 O* A/ ?' s References; ? B q& Y# \9 i9 R6 i5 g 3 Thermodynamics Fundamentals 3 T9 i9 q8 R" ? g; F" b 5 l6 O% f5 K$ r/ {9 @, ] 3.1.1 Carnot Cycle9 y+ b) P. K8 R; f& Z# T 3.1.2 Joule–Thomson Process# ^$ E- m( i9 A1 ^$ u; T6 { 3.1.3 Clausius–Rankine Cycle2 Z& s5 g: q; ~7 b: f 3.2 Steam Power Cycle: Energy and Exergy Considerations.' |. ?7 j9 l8 ~. D9 k 3.2.1 Steam Generator Energy and Exergy Efficiencies( D, E( {% D" H + G9 v% U4 p( K/ Z7 K, d, e # e( o; G9 }' F m! S+ \ References" p" F& |/ `* J& P7 f# W 4 Steam Power Stations for Electricity and Heat Generation 9 v; f7 ~9 H+ U0 j( O; }; W9 I 4.1 Pulverised Hard Coal Fired Steam Power Plants& a4 o% i8 V: C$ f. x 4 `3 ?+ q O3 g$ Y5 r' @+ N 4.1.2 Design of a Condensation Power Plant, y! x3 N5 |7 ]. Q+ o) C6 n ; M6 ~- I3 K8 \9 ]1 C: }- f$ N 4.1.4 Reference Power Plant7 r1 b3 A2 H4 f* n3 u+ H8 ` h % Y7 e6 m# o6 ^+ W$ O( l 4.2.1 Flow and Heat Transfer Inside a Tube+ |9 W( }% N) u- ]/ V6 m 4 O' A; \7 K5 i# n6 \ ( l/ ?$ r! c" L5 b- ? 4.2.4 Operating Regimes and Control Modes0 i/ W& p: p$ V1 t2 x2 u# e 4.3 Design of a Condensation Power Plant( \' U1 R5 U( G4 ^7 V& n 4.3.1 Requirements and Boundary Conditions$ d8 C" m: U, ~ e |0 G/ @( D9 M D 5 e2 i5 {3 f5 V5 Q& m5 V 4.3.4 Design of the Furnace' K# b1 b6 z1 g ) `/ S( r0 f( H' l w1 H- { 4.3.6 Design of the Flue Gas Cleaning Units and the Auxiliaries+ P4 ~" v# K# I" b2 Q . i; j- {- |/ }' \; {# \1 i9 t 4.4.1 Increases in Thermal Efficiencies( w# b( b( D6 Y- {5 q6 A6 h 4.4.2 Reduction of Losses$ y6 ~* k/ h( Z" R2 s 4.4.3 Reduction of the Auxiliary Power Requirements2 t3 ?$ g. I2 U7 O7 |! I5 Y* [ 4.4.4 Losses in Part-Load Operation9 B, Y- H$ p0 D( f" N% | 7 y3 p6 y1 [. B) O, |2 D 7 L, e& N- U5 M6 c ; a# Y' t" m" k/ G# e M$ Q - z4 B" Y9 Q, z( B 4 b1 o/ x6 Y4 ^+ O& i# | 4.5.2 Heating Surfaces of the Final Superheater' Y" R) v% e6 Q* A6 Q2 D+ m 4.5.3 High-Pressure Outlet Header; Q. r& j" u$ C 2 a: x2 z- A& `9 Q6 O$ K4 W ( G2 n, i: _4 U% ^ 4.6.1 Hard Coal8 `1 b5 t, D8 y- P7 o0 l9 w- H 4.6.2 Brown Coal. ^1 r& D3 e+ F. a1 M# |+ B) P" P 8 n4 ?; N+ j5 f$ X8 f; u4 \ 5 Combustion Systems for Solid Fossil Fuels % ~5 C! A0 I" U/ j ) M& O( Q9 J: E/ B: Y0 H2 N 5.1.1 Drying7 }2 P" n- P3 [0 l% k 5.1.2 Pyrolysis2 r7 U8 ~9 v! v) v9 [$ A6 }+ F, m + m, _1 X1 N, d1 d3 e+ @6 A 5.1.4 Combustion of Volatile Matter; y7 i& Y& C0 y 5.1.5 Combustion of the Residual Char, x6 V: ^7 F$ x6 I0 y. \; i 5.2 Pollutant Formation Fundamentals/ F: _& |- [+ U" q1 f% Y9 S3 D 5.2.1 Nitrogen Oxides' [- F( g4 q( o" B& i- O' ~ 5.2.2 Sulphur Oxides4 ^) \1 M# e/ r; \5 L$ b 5.2.3 Ash formation$ f) b! o% {: F+ { ! ^+ r5 C @; g) B" O 5.3 Pulverised Fuel Firing* R g( L9 W; ~, h# V 5.3.1 Pulverised Fuel Firing Systems8 ?7 u3 x; y3 W4 ?; ^5 h ! t8 G1 ] I6 a; X- {% H. \ 5.3.3 Burners.; @ p y y) K 5.3.4 Dry-Bottom Firing9 C1 _: j8 Q# G, I. o* W9 W 5.3.5 Slag-Tap Firing/ Y; T0 p+ T3 h' }3 J 5.4 Fluidised Bed Firing Systems: p6 C& H. e' Q6 d+ F# G 5.4.1 Bubbling Fluidised Bed Furnaces5 |( C7 [, H4 E2 l 5.4.2 Circulating Fluidised Bed Furnaces9 x. G$ h2 t# w 5.5 Stoker/Grate Firing Systems; D( ?! b: q& x7 u 5.5.1 Travelling Grate Stoker Firing: U% B Q/ f7 ^$ d O. ]% m 5.5.2 Self-Raking TypeMoving-Grate Stokers- q, D0 {+ d" p1 `* O 5.5.3 Vibrating-Grate Stokers, {% q0 Z) G' v' U+ N9 y 0 t4 o( S* [0 l# B J0 y9 h6 _# k3 L8 A% e0 I 5.7.1 Combustion Engineering Measures: K) \2 C; U; I! a* R4 E( v. B l - o3 N2 ?7 V; R& ^3 v4 Q C1 [/ x/ f3 ~ " S' c% m3 C+ T 7 i# V7 @8 k' L: u 9 B' k4 }, _% s0 X 5.8.2 Methods of Fuel Gas Desulphurisation# }8 `2 W4 Q- _8 t1 J3 c 5.8.3 Dissemination and Costs Q1 q: } f$ J( ? 5.9 Particulate Control Methods% [6 H1 f+ l- D E0 e" K6 v) y8 Y. r0 G 5.9.2 Electrostatic Precipitators* X" H, O, s( f* y' B1 c2 f, Z 5.9.3 Fabric Filters# h" \' L+ Y3 c! O 7 M% ?! q% r; E 5.10 Effect of Slag, Ash and Flue Gas on Furnace Walls and Convective Heat Transfer Surfaces (Operational Problems); s4 T5 C; m/ N! \- t5 I% @4 S 5.10.1 Slagging0 [. j, ~, @+ m3 \3 Z- g + C: T" i: n, X( O 5.10.3 Erosion.7 e: t4 H/ T% x- F, ~ ; u3 d+ L5 ^/ n, M" @8 K9 n3 k; q 5.11 Residual Matter5 l" H; M1 m3 M 8 n; ?# B1 e& h8 ]9 Z 9 J2 v% M' @6 t$ Q; [ - h/ e4 D- N" E( l) s 6 Power Generation from Biomass and Waste 1 i: ]& x: R. A P7 } q % Q9 z4 {0 R: J( Z; O1 w6 |; L 9 o$ @/ B* G" ]3 _) z6 _: ` 6.1.2 Techniques Involving Gasification2 B/ k# h8 W+ g3 M# S. h ' D' w& [/ q: V+ x 3 j; U0 c/ R! _! a 6.2.2 Impact of Load and Forms of Delivery of the Fuel Types) ?7 p0 _6 F i2 R" D; g2 g! j 6.2.3 Furnace Types' U( N0 I! d3 ? 9 L6 B2 _! ]+ F [! n1 k5 F+ B 1 q4 i1 F) o0 N9 Q4 ]. e+ Q 6.3 Biomass Gasification: c9 V+ b/ y; U6 \/ I 5 ]. x# _9 j- N j: q / W% S) X. G+ _1 H' `7 D/ v W( j m 6.3.3 Gas Cleaning, O. `0 l. b+ {* @! Q3 e$ p& { 6.3.4 Power Production Processes5 G7 ~5 |/ M3 c! ? - ~' Z; E3 ]6 q6 K: i7 U6 I2 \- j ) N5 @4 }1 Y7 ?0 C' z/ [ / D) o4 {' R+ Y; ] 6.4.3 Pyrolysis and Gasification Systems" `4 |4 @- I$ |0 Z' ]3 O5 x2 h0 T0 Y 6.4.4 Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF).: I, J( ~* [3 d9 o6 M# ]5 P1 A- c 6.4.5 Sewage Sludge" c( b& h- L/ x8 q }* l 6.4.6 Steam Boilers/ Z4 x! c7 D+ [+ E) b8 ^& `& m+ ^ 6.4.7 Efficiency Increases in EfWPlants; u) G# O1 y! j6 |3 n9 y, _ ( S3 m: n* W- t/ p7 v) S+ o 0 r3 E* ]0 v5 U: n8 U* t, @ 6.5 Co-combustion in Coal-Fired Power Plants0 v: U5 \: t# ~ W# k* ], T5 s) | 6.5.1 Co-combustion Design Concepts: h1 ~' C; M9 {: H, W3 D x0 N # m: D) ~2 L& ? $ w8 h5 Z- `/ ?1 f: K8 R: k 6.5.4 Co-combustion in Fluidised Bed Furnaces8 @! Z2 q: Q* w3 p) G# I6 C References) ~- V! c; r- ]: L) M/ w 7 Coal-Fuelled Combined Cycle Power Plants 1 z: r- j8 ]. m7 w 7.1 Natural Gas Fuelled Combined Cycle Processes9 j5 w& {9 c" Z. {3 e: B * y e* \5 _, g+ n& D& h7 p& ^8 A . e$ x' b' q& v% u+ Y/ c& R& } & X1 {+ g# w# Q1 b" j9 Q * f' r* o6 ?0 K! e. {6 V 7.2.4 Effect of Pressure on Combustion.9 X/ N. _; p' ~6 Y4 | 7.3 Pressurised Fluidised Bed Combustion (PFBC)2 P& H% X' h' Z% Z : n2 C% h! g- z4 _9 O! P' Q 3 h$ t. s8 s; j- m5 ]) ?* f 7.3.3 Pressurised Bubbling Fluidised Bed Combustion (PBFBC).) D% j& x: E* f, A# Q' w% Y* p Y 7.3.4 Pressurised Circulating Fluidised Bed Combustion (PCFBC).9 } M9 g* W* V) W3 C& u " R" l& w( j, _: j6 w 7.3.6 Summary& n) P! e, C; W+ S) p6 B1 F0 V, U + h5 J: s/ }( J( H2 n/ Z 7.4.1 Overview" X. m# F& a2 s; F , e: l# y1 L- i, y- M 7.4.3 Alkali Release and Capture, T) \! k- B4 l U9 m& [+ L 6 h3 m2 Z" |0 \ 7.4.5 Summary and Conclusions3 l, }3 d K* _ % y/ y8 S# g* f/ I , x: s3 n Q" M7 G3 Q3 ^ c1 L5 n9 J/ C 7.5.3 State of Development7 _+ n1 G3 E8 r# Y0 } 7.5.4 Conclusions, x* _. ~. p l, [& S; p; s 6 U+ e7 ^+ O. Q5 I- @& M 7.6.1 History of Coal Gasification0 K7 q* u5 Q, o ! ~# l3 b; [, X - x: i- k7 l- Y! p5 \& i $ M- O" T) C# m8 } 2 [! D* C( U- ], B4 U$ l 7.6.6 Components and Integration. Y1 V7 q" m7 m$ D7 ] % c% X. @# f$ X* s9 k0 S. E ! y8 N) {+ {/ u9 E1 n 8 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) ) f# z/ _9 U+ f1 x 8.1 Potential for Carbon Capture and Storage4 G& l+ [4 u5 ? 8.2 Properties and Transport of CO21 }9 n/ S$ I/ w7 v 8.3 CO2 Storage& t+ P4 n4 r9 s5 x 8.3.1 Industrial Use/ i8 L7 J- J* Z7 { 8.3.2 Geological Storage8 G4 ~8 z' m! t 6 g a. \; [. ^5 f# T8 ~- B) F ( V' L1 Q3 s5 O4 T4 z+ H # ]: p: q; X( ~ & y2 Z3 [0 ^5 h. `7 Y9 a 8.5.1 Chemical Absorption" l2 Z9 q5 f5 \/ C/ ^ 8.5.2 Solid Sorbents9 l0 |! s6 {# B+ X9 l$ w4 I5 i 8.6 Oxy-fuel Combustion q% ^" \9 p0 h/ ]! r ) `6 R) ?$ U. D+ } # S, N. ]+ a: x0 G 8.6.3 Oxy-fuel Configurations( _$ U$ I. c8 E4 c4 f5 d 5 [7 I4 G# T J( O6 p , e2 l5 r E9 h, \ 8.8 Comparison of CCS Technologies3 Q; x/ v1 S3 x5 K7 t; |4 Q1 A 8 H- i3 r. V, \0 R) n$ p Index
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