电子图书
电子图书名:
Power Generation from Solid Fuels 2010
编者:
Hartmut Spliethoff
内容简介:
Today, fossil fuels dominate worldwide primary energy consumption. In 2000, about 40% of total primary energy was used for electricity generation, and of this, coal was the fuel for 40%, making it the most important primary energy carrier for power production. Forecasts of future energy consumption predict a further increase of worldwide coal utilisation in the coming 20 years. In comparison to natural gas and oil, coal has the advantage of being the most abundant fossil energy carrier.
所属专业方向:
Power Generation
出版社:
来源:
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Power Generation from Solid Fuels7 `; K+ O$ F' E X8 L 3 n0 T- Z' P* o6 n1 U) B* E Edition : 1st# o: E# i; f: o; p8 Y4 U - Y7 f# D6 b7 I8 k# r
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8 J1 A" |1 X, d1 ~' T" G7 } & E: h" M* C6 F5 U1 e& W [Contents]" _$ h, o% G7 E; V( Q1 J ( m, b) O5 m: O 1 Motivation $ D* e3 v1 P) F5 ~" x; R 1.1 Primary Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions. o- N/ P; j& ~: _0 u' ^6 S 1.1.1 Development of Primary Energy Consumption in the Past 40 Years* e& d. W3 @& M c $ u+ H4 H7 z/ o4 @3 T 1.2 Greenhouse Effect and Impacts on the Climate2 O9 k' w U& U# b! ?2 Q ! h1 I* @5 o. ?7 d * t6 q9 }& j, t- } 1.2.3 Scenarios of the World Climate1 A1 \! T q8 L h 1.3 Strategies of CO2 Reduction4 d2 H: C0 W% j4 { 3 N$ q. v& W: J( B5 S 1.3.2 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)! K4 }* i9 p4 y4 y 1.3.3 Energy Saving/ [/ c2 B" [" m" y8 R) t! v 1.3.4 Mitigation Scenarios( y9 Q% {& t, U* S3 d 2 T y9 ^3 T+ j* P$ D 2 Solid Fuels 9 P. s1 P" u) i$ _2 L7 ?8 a% r 0 N! X* a. i: H+ X0 n ' G* Y; J# [. o5 }( w+ J$ v ; d0 }% t7 [' z, o% I: M 2.1.3 Reserves of Solid Fuels$ c# b# l0 R" v) |4 t& L - h& S8 s' W6 {5 ~- { 2.2.1 Potential and Current Utilisation, l9 o! R/ `( @- G# T ( F" y3 T s& X } g) d/ A" R 6 g! I, h/ v- ~# h5 }: C 5 X5 V' A0 Z4 U2 r$ b 3 Thermodynamics Fundamentals " j4 J% F- X& k/ [, ]+ v( Y4 H , f; @3 O1 S5 G0 p: r& K ; b1 F5 f$ h* M/ ?, P5 c 1 q) l! a, @7 T; b) f3 v ( o% T% g, C* v7 n8 }0 H: C 3.2 Steam Power Cycle: Energy and Exergy Considerations.; u3 |5 D3 b( o' o7 U! f5 N" r0 F 3.2.1 Steam Generator Energy and Exergy Efficiencies( O; M3 K( r5 f0 D, r 3.2.2 Energy and Exergy Cycle Efficiencies4 W7 ]0 D1 i/ M! K7 b% W6 o- ^# C 6 I5 v2 A/ H# k% K9 o, n " Y2 k1 M( {* v3 ^& }6 X! Y 4 Steam Power Stations for Electricity and Heat Generation 8 w" Q T5 ?* ?! Q" a0 _' Q! t# T . x' k5 q0 q, D! o: i: ~0 Y8 p 2 [+ r: _/ o9 U- H 4.1.2 Design of a Condensation Power Plant3 V" b; q+ x) m, w! R+ z7 ^ & U/ q! q- l) X4 r 4.1.4 Reference Power Plant& y: o8 o4 L: n$ l 4.2 Steam Generators% I J0 @5 L5 ]8 U . i4 I8 _9 M8 u0 A 4.2.2 Evaporator Configurations; N `' e% y) [+ H. r 0 O: f4 H- }4 p2 A) F+ f1 { & w/ ]+ C- l/ d. U0 q" h$ k; } 4.3 Design of a Condensation Power Plant' N( H7 V3 k& B 4.3.1 Requirements and Boundary Conditions7 Q4 C. O, X2 `9 S9 r- E , K. A+ f6 i. v/ a% I# J7 y % ~4 D1 a2 N( h' `, H 9 c3 s7 \. s& U3 I: w: }3 ~ ( v8 U R$ S9 e 4.3.6 Design of the Flue Gas Cleaning Units and the Auxiliaries. [& _0 Y6 |' D6 K 4.4 Possibilities for Efficiency Increases in the Development of a Steam Power Plant/ M+ w6 g/ c# R 4.4.1 Increases in Thermal Efficiencies. R3 T8 S% C. F4 V6 [+ T% d # H) Z" r9 k2 T0 j+ l8 u # z# f+ Z1 Z$ o & Q, O0 @& I. E# F; c 3 E9 k+ y- a& V 4.4.6 Efficiency of Power Plants During Operation- e4 V3 F% ~% O4 w 6 v& ]; M9 D- F" t4 J4 a. d, F ! q& z7 D. Q3 x8 x. L 4.5.1 MembraneWall* z2 ?) }- o5 Y% l5 [+ k 4.5.2 Heating Surfaces of the Final Superheater, Z _/ w5 ?; j: j$ X0 a L! g 4.5.3 High-Pressure Outlet Header8 i. `$ A' q0 R 4.5.4 Furnaces Fuelled by Dried Brown Coal2 |% d# A# k# a . K- T2 Q- |3 K- @& T0 N % ]% b& R4 w6 Y0 l" Q 4.6.2 Brown Coal# t. I9 l/ y! f7 { # |$ j+ R/ n% `# H/ m 5 Combustion Systems for Solid Fossil Fuels + L# o% T% n3 l: g+ p% D. \ 5.1 Combustion Fundamentals, |# z. L6 C) y1 |% z+ [ + l' {) h" f0 n! J5 b$ k" _) f1 ] 5.1.2 Pyrolysis) {1 N3 L4 Y. Q! I; L# h, n 5.1.3 Ignition. j @/ a# i: Q1 f% G" p 5.1.4 Combustion of Volatile Matter+ Z2 X& l* A2 [6 i# \6 \5 c- E . v& s. ]1 {) z- q! V( s9 a) m% H 8 Q" p! ~1 V+ x* g- ^' w " X8 m3 U+ L; @. w8 C, {9 E 5.2.2 Sulphur Oxides0 G3 S! R8 H3 y* m* } 5.2.3 Ash formation$ \' d$ Q7 u2 p7 G+ F# x 5.2.4 Products of Incomplete Combustion! V! W/ Z4 O& }$ f5 L 5.3 Pulverised Fuel Firing) e$ |1 Q7 Y8 Z, S 5.3.1 Pulverised Fuel Firing Systems L W( x) |7 D7 v& K 5.3.2 Fuel Preparation. R C9 S U2 l, C- o+ T) z- p$ D. ~ / W3 Y, b @& Q f! T8 b K8 T$ R7 a4 k' C 5.3.5 Slag-Tap Firing4 X! {3 C: L' g4 s 1 m3 {8 o7 R# P6 m3 e) A2 Q 5.4.1 Bubbling Fluidised Bed Furnaces- E/ O$ m& R2 \ 5.4.2 Circulating Fluidised Bed Furnaces' q+ m1 a0 F# n$ ~! F 5.5 Stoker/Grate Firing Systems# R! K) U3 H) Y; Q 5.5.1 Travelling Grate Stoker Firing. @5 j. X9 J( y/ z: z6 ^ 5.5.2 Self-Raking TypeMoving-Grate Stokers8 \2 I9 z% v5 B ( j: E' |4 D2 X+ u ; B7 R9 e8 t) b+ b4 @/ B& ] , I% v `- O; w- {. U 5.7.1 Combustion Engineering Measures6 ], U9 M, Q( V: { & Z1 T8 r5 E R! N# J 5.7.3 Dissemination and Costs# i. @# c h' T I" p 5.8 SO2-Reduction Methods2 e, Y: v7 s6 n. }4 J 5.8.1 Methods to Reduce the Sulphur Content of the Fuel6 H' ?4 b! {: S$ d4 E2 P 5.8.2 Methods of Fuel Gas Desulphurisation* K; i. q2 x7 y) O & d' M0 m/ G$ k% T; |) Q, L# v 5.9 Particulate Control Methods+ N2 C9 M7 j! a1 g8 H" t9 ? 2 U* V9 H5 U5 m I! x6 X' U$ [# h7 E) { 5.9.2 Electrostatic Precipitators; ^# `" H, y& J1 d5 ]! G - x: y3 { t% d9 r; r8 m9 O4 f. r 5.9.4 Applications and Costs.1 s, B+ x8 e, M- u: i; A 5.10 Effect of Slag, Ash and Flue Gas on Furnace Walls and Convective Heat Transfer Surfaces (Operational Problems)2 a/ m3 m( ]) p8 r- r 2 D$ D1 O6 `5 o5 O5 w 5.10.2 Fouling.2 V* H5 _* f9 P$ U. g 5.10.3 Erosion.& k9 A: m5 E: s/ r : f0 g2 \0 B5 s2 d6 F: }/ Y) } , I8 i+ p6 y9 @% l1 _0 M 5.11.1 Forming and Quantities+ i, Y4 B. x5 d1 M0 B/ p : U4 S$ c. U- h( ^1 H8 N5 K References! V6 l" |5 ?; f/ R! Z+ w 6 Power Generation from Biomass and Waste 6 }) R# ^6 {$ X& i& h* d 6.1 Power Production Pathways2 w% r4 l/ H# \$ \" A 6.1.1 Techniques Involving Combustion# U" {$ [! c4 J2 i6 v- \. b0 R 6.1.2 Techniques Involving Gasification# I, V! T5 V5 [7 H! H5 `& @8 r4 z. j 6.2 Biomass Combustion Systems, o# t- f2 \% k& x( B) k$ m ( f5 g& v8 H+ n/ i* a" S 0 T1 s% G5 }( c8 a* T3 o v6 T 6 q; a7 X: u* U o 2 Y) l. T4 d& t 1 K* p0 |: f$ \8 ^" G1 | 8 c! U: g) X$ }9 } 7 f/ S. Q6 k+ ~2 J 6.3.2 Gas Utilisation and Quality Requirements# E7 o( r$ l) H/ j/ O 6.3.3 Gas Cleaning5 W# _; G8 }3 h 6 x* f5 B/ `; J0 N 6.4 Thermal Utilisation of Waste (Energy from Waste), h. A6 y# V4 p1 J1 d ' ]3 b0 {; E. O$ \ 0 H. i6 x0 a( O3 ^ 6.4.3 Pyrolysis and Gasification Systems) j y3 r% }; ]" J; T# Y' C 6.4.4 Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)." c, x$ E5 @# L( y+ G. s 0 X7 p' J" l+ Z2 e + @! `" g6 Z+ y1 A8 G) r; Q : o; z) }0 J; E( z & \' F5 c, w/ { [ 6.4.9 Flue Gas Cleaning2 m4 u2 j& J, b5 C 6.5 Co-combustion in Coal-Fired Power Plants" Q0 F2 m) u2 W6 O; |8 z) d% o 8 F$ H" A$ p' ] n6 \. D 6.5.2 Biomass Preparation and Feeding* c9 |0 c; i( f& k: `" z) i0 R) k 6.5.3 Co-combustion in Pulverised Fuel Firing: j' i) {1 }, {( l; F. E! L " i* {4 H N1 S: g7 u. q- K/ d References, v! c0 [, y* Z6 M, i 7 Coal-Fuelled Combined Cycle Power Plants ' W1 W+ a( ]8 E" }9 q, C 9 H1 z5 _# X% ~ 7.2 Overview of Combined Processes with Coal Combustion% \' j, ?# t: Z 7.2.1 Introduction% b* r. i7 x4 g6 W4 [6 U { G3 A/ j 7.2.2 Hot Gas Purity Requirements" H4 q! F: g# t 2 t" I4 G, Z! M$ i 7.2.4 Effect of Pressure on Combustion." {7 ~: p& ~0 v& X7 t3 L 7.3 Pressurised Fluidised Bed Combustion (PFBC)( @ O4 \ W$ @4 U: x, J 7.3.1 Overview* o2 s( ^( x/ E- S& X# [ + O+ B+ i& ^' Y2 j0 @* ^ ! Y- j& E ?1 K. l3 a9 p( F6 L " v8 U/ X- V' R8 J' q* t; {+ Z I 7.3.5 Second-Generation Fluidised Bed Firing Systems (Hybrid Process)/ N l7 Z# d; S8 S: R8 `- V5 F 7.3.6 Summary) G: c/ S5 ^# N 7.4 Pressurised Pulverised Coal Combustion (PPCC). ~3 s+ `* e( p# Z) I3 `5 B / R$ ]6 p( R. k; {" B 7.4.2 Molten Slag Removal/ A! P; _+ O+ y" P% ?) ] 7.4.3 Alkali Release and Capture( j/ c# R! B5 V8 [; }3 }1 d 7.4.4 State of Development+ R( E" }/ J" {* d' W 7.4.5 Summary and Conclusions3 t7 c& Q! E8 ]2 v1 U 7.5 Externally Fired Gas Turbine Processes) `: ^6 a" e/ U9 x& c& K 1 r( x# @: y" |, [) R( w; t % b# c$ {5 T$ j" C) d) d9 e1 e 7.5.3 State of Development* ~% e7 H' N# j7 T6 Y 7.5.4 Conclusions$ R$ J4 w8 m. v . V8 Y7 A2 }. Z, M/ a $ ]" e+ B/ m! X2 [- c; M 8 V4 {- q# v( w6 j8 {- r 7.6.3 Gasification Systems and Chemical Reactions9 S2 K" o& U7 h8 }3 R " @3 R7 I& H- S9 v8 v ( ~4 }" _" }' w8 G! _& k7 h4 s 7.6.6 Components and Integration8 A$ W4 k: c: A: h% D) T7 L6 S + ^, d* J2 [: a ; T% X6 v8 R+ E# D, M4 c 8 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) $ ?- A( h: H( U* b8 N9 L8 r 8.1 Potential for Carbon Capture and Storage0 A" d4 X# m `* B# S 8.2 Properties and Transport of CO2) i5 E' O1 O0 T: ?* d% i 0 ^+ E1 J& C' A* V3 t: A % n; M- T( s# j- g& s, E1 b 8.3.2 Geological Storage: J! x% J0 ~3 r2 [2 K0 W' s # Y {9 B% Z0 G9 R( ^ 8.4.1 Technology Overview& L+ f: p# V' b( F4 j& j ! P9 n9 |, k' J9 @: b $ R3 {+ a' g8 R6 }5 T5 U& Y) U 8.5.1 Chemical Absorption; s7 |/ b7 s6 {" m ' y8 q$ q2 W: D& I$ ?+ Q$ \ 1 F/ |8 i) Z9 v: t ]# ]- N* J" {2 A) {7 P ~5 H9 M' B6 g, D* J o$ U2 }- g6 J5 H' O$ [+ C1 X6 F 8.6.4 Chemical-Looping Combustion8 \9 q4 G; {" [4 R9 N ( M# J& p+ g5 [/ k$ X9 D# c 8.8 Comparison of CCS Technologies% E% {0 Y% O! F, f8 t6 N " |0 k- N) g3 y! T3 f6 U Index
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