电子图书
电子图书名:
Power Generation from Solid Fuels 2010
编者:
Hartmut Spliethoff
内容简介:
Today, fossil fuels dominate worldwide primary energy consumption. In 2000, about 40% of total primary energy was used for electricity generation, and of this, coal was the fuel for 40%, making it the most important primary energy carrier for power production. Forecasts of future energy consumption predict a further increase of worldwide coal utilisation in the coming 20 years. In comparison to natural gas and oil, coal has the advantage of being the most abundant fossil energy carrier.
所属专业方向:
Power Generation
出版社:
来源:
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Power Generation from Solid Fuels( I% y, }: T# }: D8 m9 r& Y , P$ w4 M: Q* J. a# J $ z1 p6 q7 X3 b! I7 O / z2 F7 f- d% ]4 K4 R
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+ D4 }& _, }, |( P: ~! ] g/ S ' H& j& O; H. H1 I7 e/ W9 {9 c; K* r [Contents]& N' A# u) ?& Z& [3 o5 D: Y$ S * V8 t7 \: X: x3 j1 ? 1 Motivation 5 F ~! u- g3 a7 b4 h, x# r , ^+ L; |5 u& W' c7 t- z 1.1.1 Development of Primary Energy Consumption in the Past 40 Years7 n/ G- i( h- }% T* I' d1 v9 `/ Q( _ $ V0 b/ F) P: _# H/ U; R' |8 x5 I) b & P; ^+ N# v- z$ \: j/ I- v $ h& R, z I$ t9 ^1 M1 H( [& A9 D + @& T8 @. ^7 b) c t( f 1.2.3 Scenarios of the World Climate1 G$ E9 w) ?; i/ j0 M$ f 1.3 Strategies of CO2 Reduction) j: |6 f' w s ! J: V$ o2 G3 Q. P! N, { 1.3.2 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)/ J" f! ~; @! [# m 1.3.3 Energy Saving) v% L4 p( y' U) E* S2 d. U 1.3.4 Mitigation Scenarios2 [: @- A+ L& ^ + F0 E6 A6 H; @- h 2 Solid Fuels # i! Z, k- t! P* K' _$ S 2.1 Fossil Fuels$ \$ F" U# z, F% k0 _8 J 2.1.1 Origin and Classification of Coal Types$ k- o Z5 q `" V2 S 2.1.2 Composition and Properties of Solid Fuels* B1 E- v) D8 b% k0 \ 5 U5 ?- k( u$ r5 ?4 s 2.2 Renewable Solid Fuels$ L7 B# m6 c0 g8 I$ z& d4 z k4 h! ~, V9 Z7 {1 h$ z& r2 Q 2.2.2 Considerations of the CO2 Neutrality of Regenerative Fuels# D" v% g" w& o* @( u 6 F4 |5 J0 b7 w" H. {9 Y# Q 6 [! N+ ^* N8 N, R 3 Thermodynamics Fundamentals ( N9 {" B2 Z/ L% F9 H& c+ r7 F ! n4 S" V& S# `+ C$ x d2 t , U/ k3 m) `* A) v, | / ~( i/ L, w. x E) E; T5 g" a, v0 Y 0 v( j5 X0 f0 r/ }2 v 3.2 Steam Power Cycle: Energy and Exergy Considerations.: M/ o, p: ^- I$ u/ } & o3 ?* ]) m4 C u $ G" a4 i! y3 _8 ^ 3.2.3 Energy and Exergy Efficiency of the Total Cycle. n% e" O2 t* j / S* @; S8 C* V+ l" m* A 4 Steam Power Stations for Electricity and Heat Generation ' ^0 L! G# F6 ?3 o! F9 [1 V 4.1 Pulverised Hard Coal Fired Steam Power Plants5 W2 i3 W' P/ N6 z # n0 F' U7 }6 T# [) ` ' B' A+ [) R% p- {* S) d' m8 ] + D) j) e: n4 a5 H+ a # |9 e$ X! Z# ~- B. N ' s! e# A6 ]* h$ U! m & x: ~( a1 w) H6 ? / e- t! L* W2 q: G4 r9 W 4.2.3 Steam Generator Construction Types5 z) F( ]" h! u! Y0 k$ Z* y 4.2.4 Operating Regimes and Control Modes& K4 p( ^( n, R6 U. E6 g. R0 F + J# h& _2 s& Y M, A$ [ h) [3 d 7 y: [2 X" s! m! y* r( F: n 4.3.2 Thermodynamic Design of the Power Plant Cycle0 z5 Y9 Z3 b5 q 4.3.3 Heat Balance of the Boiler and Boiler Efficiency1 f! g9 o* z9 B( t 4.3.4 Design of the Furnace4 ^ U5 {/ A" v4 o 4.3.5 Design of the Steam Generator and of the Heating Surfaces& d$ i* ^5 ^, O4 [ 1 ]* ?! N: @! W0 q # A5 ~/ M! H9 c3 j1 a1 A: a 6 G7 s: t. C0 K9 T# D ( G( g3 j! _5 R( Q! G! l 4.4.3 Reduction of the Auxiliary Power Requirements; L9 d: ]- i; ?" R; \' j / O- n" Y( B: ?$ N" _+ u4 U 0 ^+ x1 T5 e& M5 _$ H " ]9 a. i' E, j. T3 K+ b" f " K2 Q8 U8 i/ q [ + W. R1 X3 @$ e5 Q* B/ s , U7 q9 \" E1 K5 D9 r 4.5.2 Heating Surfaces of the Final Superheater, w# q8 l' H* B, U , z6 | P1 }: F3 {, f3 I) c 4.5.4 Furnaces Fuelled by Dried Brown Coal' Y H+ ?* g0 C+ R8 I - ]' t$ e1 f8 T4 u4 o( P' m# w 2 s2 J4 |! T8 p5 x) C 2 A: ^0 N; W( V j9 x; q2 N* e # F/ O- {6 t- t 5 Combustion Systems for Solid Fossil Fuels 0 P+ }8 @+ u/ ~ 5.1 Combustion Fundamentals' } K P! Y7 v9 _ 5.1.1 Drying6 X2 @" x, ]2 [9 U / _' }0 v7 B% n0 l) \, T, f 5.1.3 Ignition) G: }9 Y: p1 u9 Y 1 b4 s2 Q& Q* J, B/ t4 \ 5.1.5 Combustion of the Residual Char+ ?# `; {. c0 h% N, Y " L* s2 m) V% r6 b" c7 H 5.2.1 Nitrogen Oxides0 B; j8 b; m. L, V1 U1 a" _% A7 u 5.2.2 Sulphur Oxides' p. H1 H: T* G r4 @# N 5.2.3 Ash formation. d0 N `' n- a @: o & l. P. y0 C$ n1 O. @ 5.3 Pulverised Fuel Firing8 O. u2 ]' P% Y- H6 _0 Q) m 5 O/ z) S4 Y$ Q# l$ U0 b/ }' j# J , E; g' f" j8 [" m9 Q- b2 Y6 ^ 5.3.3 Burners.& _4 Z5 @( }8 b: M6 m$ o) t7 L ; m0 H2 n4 M) ?7 p8 h; | ; |3 a$ g- B$ T: M* o" d8 b3 z 4 S& z) C3 W( K7 p$ }5 O' s/ C 2 M! O ^. \9 v 5.4.2 Circulating Fluidised Bed Furnaces; Z5 y% L. \3 R0 E8 H5 i # [3 F9 @8 j+ t7 D* V& A2 y 8 b; l$ i& B) P, ]. ~ 5.5.2 Self-Raking TypeMoving-Grate Stokers% d+ o, T1 z& b5 l6 I 5.5.3 Vibrating-Grate Stokers+ `7 X5 O" n3 j9 D 5.6 Legislation and Emission Limits4 b$ T6 ?) b( i2 i- ]( N1 B+ N 5.7 Methods for NOx Reduction1 f8 i# x" r' ]0 C7 [% ] 5.7.1 Combustion Engineering Measures7 N1 w+ ?0 B9 j, @; q 5.7.2 NOx Reduction Methods, SNCR and SCR (Secondary Measures)) O+ H( U5 g w, x1 ` 5.7.3 Dissemination and Costs+ R [/ z4 j* x/ M4 x 0 B% }( ~# E1 W/ p 5.8.1 Methods to Reduce the Sulphur Content of the Fuel3 r2 f8 ^- j/ Y) V% a, w+ o2 x : y* A( c F" X, z; y4 } 9 P! T- C" C- W+ K O 5.9 Particulate Control Methods) x. a: [% }- U0 J, i8 m 2 u" T, d$ r" M7 Q : F0 L/ B# ~4 b2 d- c+ ^ 5.9.3 Fabric Filters# W& c2 \2 P. s; o- Z$ x4 [# W ! R2 h# z9 M; _8 S1 x5 G 5.10 Effect of Slag, Ash and Flue Gas on Furnace Walls and Convective Heat Transfer Surfaces (Operational Problems)/ f( l- ^1 ~0 X$ |4 O7 T 7 z( H2 R0 T" u% { 0 U& P* A. U/ E; N" i & a1 i4 W$ ]2 i( r& T8 d5 d 7 M+ U& o9 v5 s3 j% \# u# | 5.11 Residual Matter* f$ v2 y) @& z0 r & D q4 k! K6 e 0 k: u( X3 s6 P" e6 U / F: m S! V; O8 T 6 Power Generation from Biomass and Waste * i' J5 w8 ~2 G* y) p7 d% ` - D& ]$ u( X0 d8 ? 4 \! o* c6 g6 J F7 y! u4 Z6 F 6.1.2 Techniques Involving Gasification) Y% q, w+ [6 h2 ^ 6.2 Biomass Combustion Systems" v j2 @6 l4 s! ^5 x1 a n- m , ` R* j1 e/ }6 \5 u 6.2.2 Impact of Load and Forms of Delivery of the Fuel Types! N1 t* d! y& t1 C6 {& Y: K, a+ ~2 c % q6 @8 K4 D2 V+ U+ @* U4 ] 6.2.4 Flue Gas Cleaning and Ash Disposal; u& E# e1 T/ ]7 r. p5 X- `8 H 2 ]/ v p. b% E! g: x/ s* o- C' m 6.3 Biomass Gasification) w' v# o# M4 h1 I) N& i 6.3.1 Reactor Design Types; J' [" t" J# x: A ! u6 |4 Q3 N- G" Q; j- n , y/ B& E2 z/ G1 u/ }. i- P 6.3.4 Power Production Processes7 D. q8 R1 x1 _- j' c0 ?4 c: c. \ 6.4 Thermal Utilisation of Waste (Energy from Waste). d9 [& s4 [! M" ` s4 y( ^ 0 U6 p, l% h( r- p. U) y6 w$ F1 O, w 6.4.2 Grate-Based Combustion Systems+ b1 [6 F; b3 s( Y. G - G4 N# p' _- T, g/ o Q5 W" ~2 ^ ) o! `* O9 A4 A! z: L 6.4.5 Sewage Sludge" I, J7 d' g+ W; x/ U! n7 q 6.4.6 Steam Boilers; s9 C* o$ k e( ] 6.4.7 Efficiency Increases in EfWPlants. J3 v% o/ a# \7 o$ u 7 a6 x; B. A) X9 k! ?; V! M- s ; ~, {; M9 R/ X/ z- { 6.5 Co-combustion in Coal-Fired Power Plants, a6 J3 D: `; S) G3 a) e3 ]! |( ~ ; z# K; \/ n' {$ Q3 D. a2 I4 E 6.5.2 Biomass Preparation and Feeding2 ^$ H! N& o- |. ?6 y' U C. h 2 u) t! @7 r; ] Q; m& X 6.5.4 Co-combustion in Fluidised Bed Furnaces6 k; i* U7 W5 t% t$ X7 M' z1 F + G* M; h/ I0 k' h9 N3 T 7 Coal-Fuelled Combined Cycle Power Plants 3 n( T2 f2 V. U5 `: q/ S 7.1 Natural Gas Fuelled Combined Cycle Processes) b' `! R: g) M0 E% i( T % q' `- A/ {! ~9 ~" |+ V; B 7.2.1 Introduction/ x* O; {; i2 Q# [. }; f& m6 ?6 }5 K 7.2.2 Hot Gas Purity Requirements2 h' C7 H9 p8 ] m- x8 L 7.2.3 Overview of the Hot Gas Cleaning System for Coal Combustion Combined Cycles- [; H9 s) y" p . o6 F7 g4 |6 o6 f6 s 7.3 Pressurised Fluidised Bed Combustion (PFBC): y# Z$ }/ b( h9 u, o8 w ! X5 c3 j9 N# @: _! p 8 U8 \4 C* `# T 0 W3 R% G$ l2 i, I 7.3.4 Pressurised Circulating Fluidised Bed Combustion (PCFBC).. r& I Q- z$ F) e- W 7.3.5 Second-Generation Fluidised Bed Firing Systems (Hybrid Process)( N/ l+ G& K# t6 e5 n7 M ) B6 u7 ?1 }# a+ p5 n# E$ p 7.4 Pressurised Pulverised Coal Combustion (PPCC)) E) Q! A' N: H/ Z . y' `5 M1 {; x 7.4.2 Molten Slag Removal% L$ j2 Q' ]2 f, D3 _ 4 c m5 h& j7 M% S0 l3 A ) a' t. F: x2 Z( } 7.4.5 Summary and Conclusions' S$ _# U) \4 C! ?5 T4 M7 k 1 ]( G$ b+ a8 o1 h8 d+ m; N 7.5.1 Structure, Configurations, Efficiency, `. h1 L# ~2 m5 h ( p% t& E% I: w* N 7.5.3 State of Development8 n. a. d0 E7 j s; r' i8 G 7.5.4 Conclusions3 c1 m6 q/ r e 7.6 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)- Q5 ]. E; P+ W/ M : R# X5 A U. r& r# j0 E5 {- P 7.6.2 Applications of Gasification Technology4 |+ ]7 N% m& s9 E+ e) P% L7 W : C) D9 |4 I4 Q/ W- F . K6 ?2 t/ {/ r * ]5 {# }7 N) h$ k7 P4 Q. v9 O2 i 7.6.6 Components and Integration6 R+ @- X' Z9 N $ T8 c* j3 o( k! U0 C& b References+ x* B8 a% e7 ?+ o( T+ J/ C$ | 8 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) 8 c+ e, I" t5 w 0 Q( }4 v/ ]; D b8 G1 P4 A 8.2 Properties and Transport of CO2) v5 ]3 ]& f1 b- Q; _$ P 8.3 CO2 Storage1 ~; f* {' I9 {. W" L7 t* P; K 8.3.1 Industrial Use1 e/ H9 I1 A5 b 8.3.2 Geological Storage7 F% ~, Z- o- I; W. J 8.4 Overview of Capture Technologies, C" d1 v( u/ D( D% i3 j 5 h& C e- a9 F $ |4 Q J) `! U2 ~5 A6 u" ]: D" t 8.5 Post-combustion Technologies- q! L/ ~2 H7 R& S& b3 L . h+ l/ }, y; t7 X 9 n5 m6 o' F2 B& J: z; r( a( {# j: W 9 T9 E4 W& m' L# g* V+ B9 _ * A3 E4 w, [# E7 M . ^1 U) ^6 N$ Y! | y$ Y5 Q : ]- L/ \3 L+ \* e' X# N - e s% `* _* ^0 j & M' C( c0 E- c* M" H 8.8 Comparison of CCS Technologies9 @# Y" k8 n; M6 S3 y' O n 4 \7 A0 A/ J, B Index
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