电子图书
电子图书名:
Power Generation from Solid Fuels 2010
编者:
Hartmut Spliethoff
内容简介:
Today, fossil fuels dominate worldwide primary energy consumption. In 2000, about 40% of total primary energy was used for electricity generation, and of this, coal was the fuel for 40%, making it the most important primary energy carrier for power production. Forecasts of future energy consumption predict a further increase of worldwide coal utilisation in the coming 20 years. In comparison to natural gas and oil, coal has the advantage of being the most abundant fossil energy carrier.
所属专业方向:
Power Generation
出版社:
来源:
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Power Generation from Solid Fuels u0 f) H3 B/ s& z 5 u5 Z& i7 _# x : F' \- i! {* N1 v# M( c. u Year : [2010]( J- ~. p: y# Z
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* Z/ [( t3 H4 n0 \5 e, p& u U( z4 h' z( F4 ^0 B) q ! ]' V% L" k7 m% W+ R- Y 0 p- W! \6 s: ^" ~4 R9 k! v3 n' T1 J 1 Motivation 1 w; n4 p1 r- T( _( W c$ X& G- k/ r: E 1.1.1 Development of Primary Energy Consumption in the Past 40 Years1 ^$ C4 W, ~9 o; F 1.1.2 Developments Until 20300 `+ K7 Z; X' S, i2 I# w ( N9 V1 V. ~8 y6 Z5 a 1.2.1 Greenhouse Effect0 s c: y# ?8 W0 X7 N 1.2.2 Impacts.! V- E; [2 r2 o& E' D* o: h# l & X2 y7 D, h0 T5 l 1.3 Strategies of CO2 Reduction! O9 v G( |2 A" q T 1.3.1 Substitution( M. B8 S) |6 K; ]8 o: d 1.3.2 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)/ s1 y% e) u7 k7 e0 | 1.3.3 Energy Saving' U/ [; B# J, ` . z7 @1 W( e+ R+ Y: R" A* d * O2 b. }$ B$ Z 2 Solid Fuels 1 F0 V5 H% x6 X0 @ 2.1 Fossil Fuels% ]* K1 }; ?0 I- ? 4 Y F7 g4 C4 n! k( y- L$ t- B 2.1.2 Composition and Properties of Solid Fuels+ e ^$ L4 n0 H) A% C) G 2.1.3 Reserves of Solid Fuels0 P6 f+ h, j: t. ` 2.2 Renewable Solid Fuels! o% d& O- [- X! Z 2.2.1 Potential and Current Utilisation& _# Q9 N# O7 y. ~1 f8 U! X , C6 w5 x9 p5 W$ U " s1 j c9 f. ?3 r " l# N- B4 Q6 n7 w) k+ x 3 Thermodynamics Fundamentals ( l2 b1 i8 P8 H7 E ( t( \- p8 t6 G5 g 1 p* ^0 ^+ B s; i5 A5 R 3.1.2 Joule–Thomson Process" h( \" W+ N. d3 ^ 3.1.3 Clausius–Rankine Cycle l! Z- c& }6 C( o3 z 3.2 Steam Power Cycle: Energy and Exergy Considerations.. a) ?6 X* C2 y 7 j6 ?0 |3 N# [, \# Z 3.2.2 Energy and Exergy Cycle Efficiencies$ s. ]: u F* } % P0 A. c; ?% x! E References) L* m8 o* f2 M9 }0 y5 r6 |! v 4 Steam Power Stations for Electricity and Heat Generation / r4 j$ C& o; Q. {( j F 4.1 Pulverised Hard Coal Fired Steam Power Plants2 Y G6 q9 i3 F- o* o! `. o6 l ; n6 L, E" z6 i* |) U 7 L+ t. ?4 }5 u; D 4.1.3 Development History of Power Plants – Correlation Between Unit Size, Availability and Efficiency* A% A* h4 H+ h5 {( @* ?/ s. d* | / I4 o" j( u1 {4 h! N- i 4.2 Steam Generators' {2 H. E6 n0 B7 G# ]$ K9 k& t ) _' Z: r/ Y; i4 W% {4 A 4.2.2 Evaporator Configurations9 m! ?( [; o1 Z 4.2.3 Steam Generator Construction Types1 _- F2 S5 S0 h$ A% v7 D2 y4 ^ * _+ g! R* z6 x( g( B 4.3 Design of a Condensation Power Plant, k, I" o2 Y+ _! {3 L/ \ 4.3.1 Requirements and Boundary Conditions5 e+ k/ `/ d6 y' g; A - u! W7 \; L' W8 Y% z6 t/ t( H1 C 4.3.3 Heat Balance of the Boiler and Boiler Efficiency1 @; ]. Y5 d' H4 B: Q + o+ U9 V5 l2 f3 I r. e8 m8 p4 X1 b9 |9 o! `9 z5 [1 l ' o i7 i3 ^, _! y% W9 y! l3 O& ` 4.4 Possibilities for Efficiency Increases in the Development of a Steam Power Plant# G- c$ t% O* \$ R 4.4.1 Increases in Thermal Efficiencies1 w" m. i9 f! \ 4.4.2 Reduction of Losses7 R/ b2 f" a, Y7 C3 v 7 i; @$ {8 m8 K: J* T5 s" l " T: U, ?! D7 w, f P( z# r 4.4.5 Losses During Start-Up and Shutdown$ c; E- x8 s' O6 u' g, A 0 X! v6 j% |0 q% j( K7 r) e# z 4.4.7 Fuel Drying for Brown Coal) S G5 l& }, y j, s$ s# l& t5 W, S( R - C. x: O8 A( v, {# b / v# _7 {+ {. b9 G: w" K3 i ' V" ~9 m; u6 ^$ c: p5 f 9 F* r6 n8 l) l' l2 ?' y Q' t 4.6 Developments – State of the Art and Future! S0 {9 M) d8 A2 h- f9 b 4.6.1 Hard Coal7 S H9 b! x% x, x 9 x7 F0 a6 K) b% g) w/ x8 h References+ u! r1 d" c8 y# y) \6 x1 D2 Q 5 Combustion Systems for Solid Fossil Fuels & z' L0 g# C$ Y0 B$ p# l5 I . p- v/ L7 D) \" n" q 8 N* |5 r% p9 @$ l3 R. e1 x: u + Z* ~9 k) F D$ |5 N: I, `9 p ' z3 v/ \4 U( W0 y7 i7 G 5.1.4 Combustion of Volatile Matter* |5 Z A* R0 j; n 5.1.5 Combustion of the Residual Char; G8 r. [4 o* O5 c0 N ! m. H/ w: P6 B1 k. N7 s; G 5.2.1 Nitrogen Oxides( e3 P( x- L3 u4 o ! c/ B* I T q4 }3 k2 g k; S, `4 a# W9 ]/ Y 5.2.4 Products of Incomplete Combustion4 N3 ?$ K/ E/ M1 Y o2 l Y, C 5.3 Pulverised Fuel Firing5 r( t5 F( m5 X + e8 m7 u; y4 _" a9 k ; }& |' ?4 h5 c& h5 o8 y 5.3.3 Burners.5 L+ _) j7 `4 y& _) W 5.3.4 Dry-Bottom Firing3 R! x3 U. i6 J3 P# Z6 O w 5.3.5 Slag-Tap Firing4 Y S' C0 s1 M, K" ]% R1 { % {5 h# b/ p, ]# E. X. r ' q, b) \. d- u# J' F# J 5.4.2 Circulating Fluidised Bed Furnaces- @# M, W7 w. d: q! ^) {1 j2 z ' a. F+ o6 u4 N 5.5.1 Travelling Grate Stoker Firing: v3 s3 R$ f7 s 5.5.2 Self-Raking TypeMoving-Grate Stokers2 U) k; f0 m. h0 h 5.5.3 Vibrating-Grate Stokers0 \4 k6 q% g3 ^ * s/ ~7 c, g" e 5.7 Methods for NOx Reduction) T$ A, D2 d0 N8 n+ s' ? + U- [0 d. D, m- K 5.7.2 NOx Reduction Methods, SNCR and SCR (Secondary Measures)0 F1 v: f2 w5 @6 N y7 U6 s6 l 5.7.3 Dissemination and Costs9 L7 l- ~- ^+ ? ; E& g% z @, [8 s$ _! y 5.8.1 Methods to Reduce the Sulphur Content of the Fuel0 O+ d% A _: O& P# Z . a: E2 x) D4 [+ }8 M% r& y 5.8.3 Dissemination and Costs. {# D$ M+ s9 l$ ? & Y; C$ p$ C8 ^1 I; [ - w- }, k) L; t: `" b1 f8 d 5.9.2 Electrostatic Precipitators7 m0 N8 ~6 u" U4 ~9 [( Y9 I& P 8 ~. o0 [5 g X5 F) n$ a: Q/ D# _ ) H, ]* g$ ~* _+ A; I6 K 5.10 Effect of Slag, Ash and Flue Gas on Furnace Walls and Convective Heat Transfer Surfaces (Operational Problems)1 t* S; _* Y1 @2 y. H+ P 5.10.1 Slagging0 ?' I* K) U5 k7 t6 s 8 {3 D) `# S' F9 y) X4 l9 T 5.10.3 Erosion.2 x8 |' M8 N7 Z+ z 5.10.4 High-Temperature Corrosion.9 h: R. v2 r2 l 6 g! }5 L. m4 M% m& ` ; }' ^: t1 d/ a) a$ O! ^ 9 H5 D( D+ u9 S4 T& s. S References! J# D- Z7 D! r; q- Z, {7 ? 6 Power Generation from Biomass and Waste $ L! d7 o" ]- ^' r H1 {% r 6.1 Power Production Pathways+ ~) ^7 g4 R% F# U" i# ^9 { - k; B$ ~ U- l( r; [ 6.1.2 Techniques Involving Gasification& T% E$ `1 @' [+ ^4 x! r/ g. U . Z3 H- M) q4 {% @( \ E 6.2.1 Capacities and Types8 r2 ]3 x6 {9 C! J p c( ~4 S 6.2.2 Impact of Load and Forms of Delivery of the Fuel Types' d: t5 f/ Y* A) o5 |+ J9 M $ O8 R4 d( t! _) U4 r9 G3 f4 X0 | 7 C$ Y* i( c% S( { 6.2.5 Operational Problems9 }& s- o* h9 z7 v& a ( ~$ r9 H1 K& r( _: l % t2 Z O: j/ f- z: U 7 ^5 {5 ^0 t) N0 r$ \8 u 6.3.3 Gas Cleaning2 R& s3 n+ ]$ w 6.3.4 Power Production Processes$ R/ ~( g, R& Y0 C/ _ 6.4 Thermal Utilisation of Waste (Energy from Waste)* P% x% G' V9 u. w! ] : P9 v" S2 J- E. w! ^6 p 0 q# N; K6 x. a( A8 v M+ I 6.4.3 Pyrolysis and Gasification Systems- u* Y3 L5 t0 e' B+ m 6.4.4 Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)." W) B$ ]7 `, R 6.4.5 Sewage Sludge) w+ f( n) f# u! [0 C9 M) o* W , f" G( F1 S }% N8 G" s 6 Q% E) k) p8 @ M# E( \! _# [* h 1 `2 U& Y* G( V+ S6 G' {- x E! Z* X# s. [' p4 y* b ! d0 f) S) m8 V; h, E+ f f# x& h" X' y7 {! h4 X. K 6.5.2 Biomass Preparation and Feeding$ d0 G/ ~7 c5 M9 u' z ! f6 L- ~! _. ?) _ 6.5.4 Co-combustion in Fluidised Bed Furnaces+ `% C- P, Z9 p8 z' P' y7 i* o . A- ]# m/ D) B9 y/ a: W \4 O0 ~ 7 Coal-Fuelled Combined Cycle Power Plants ( F# {" [0 G% H+ y2 T 6 l Q' N5 @, {( g+ K9 ^ 7.2 Overview of Combined Processes with Coal Combustion# R( X" S r+ [% Z ) N; h6 I( _7 J4 A/ f% G 7.2.2 Hot Gas Purity Requirements* K5 H8 H9 b& d- P+ V 8 \0 E* N4 c" O7 y 7.2.4 Effect of Pressure on Combustion.3 z1 Y( D6 F1 ^; g0 B3 `( K2 N / S3 D/ c( B r( q' T & E2 z# h: z# K& ^) M # ] [3 P& S/ C2 Y7 F % }1 E# t7 l8 s5 o1 n* T3 A T1 A4 ~9 v7 u& i9 ^ 7.3.5 Second-Generation Fluidised Bed Firing Systems (Hybrid Process) J( ~- z, q/ F3 F+ l& ? ' U z' A9 T; R$ k- q 4 P" _) M. E7 u( g* p9 {0 x" \ : G6 O9 F; T0 S1 b6 ]& n b8 {3 c7 E: t( m: C & t+ Y4 P7 _/ S9 W( J 7.4.4 State of Development% }; K% F) [8 ?4 t" K, _5 j 0 [7 i& ^' R; u& c0 C7 R* K % Z* }; ^8 N/ e/ C, o3 d4 U 7.5.1 Structure, Configurations, Efficiency1 L/ j' `# i2 p5 ^2 K# h0 R6 l 8 l3 w: `0 N0 W" m' R% S5 A0 ^2 v 3 d1 @ i# }# }% L 4 _9 M J$ R l+ W' d - O, q: f% ]$ ?* d+ z- @1 F0 U; o 7.6.1 History of Coal Gasification: ]4 w, {+ }1 T 4 O3 `9 x) Q/ s# P* E 7.6.3 Gasification Systems and Chemical Reactions* J: w6 U, c- U+ X g+ ~3 U2 H% ]! B' ]5 p : i9 o' s! K/ Y& E" L( V3 P z 9 M7 W& d% r& x/ [; h9 b7 q; S 7.6.7 State of the Art and Perspectives* B8 i) x2 ]+ o , i2 Z% o Y6 J; ~0 d+ Z 8 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) + d; U' ~) }, m8 k$ p 8.1 Potential for Carbon Capture and Storage9 R& q8 m# K8 k( j N: P 0 E0 N3 X/ X. z* q" ^ 8.3 CO2 Storage* i z) q' N/ _* ^( d8 K 8.3.1 Industrial Use' X+ s4 y: s. S3 u% w ' c. h Z; A1 i; I1 @ ; `0 _3 {' ?; @5 { B/ V 8.4.1 Technology Overview1 I; b7 V) h B; w! }, D& n, O : w1 w4 Y8 k# C : o4 m& t( ]( k 8.5.1 Chemical Absorption( |; R3 ]7 _ O x8 V6 u 8.5.2 Solid Sorbents: O7 |& v! N! J0 I' X0 z ' k5 ?8 E7 O% B2 A9 c: X2 K 8.6.1 Oxy-fuel Steam Generator Concepts: X- Z2 i# [/ { : x2 F6 ^! n. S" g / _1 q. }: O$ E, m/ @: H+ ^4 q 8.6.4 Chemical-Looping Combustion9 n/ Y0 w7 q8 J2 ~. u" E 8.7 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles with Carbon Capture and Storage* Y) `7 q$ b, Y0 W1 r: A" \( ^ 3 H/ H& y9 D+ X0 i# D, B References4 m3 Q2 S5 Q5 p3 s! L2 U4 ?3 l( m Index
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