电子图书
电子图书名:
Solar Energy Fundamentals And Modeling Techniques
编者:
Zekai Sen
内容简介:
Atmospheric and environmental pollution as a result of extensive fossil fuel exploitation in almost all human activities has led to some undesirable phenomena that have not been experienced before in known human history. They are varied and include global warming, the greenhouse affect, climate change, ozone layer depletion, and acid rain. Since 1970 it has been understood scientifically by experiments and research that these phenomena are closely related to fossil fuel uses because they emit greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) which hinder the long-wave terrestrial radiation from escaping into space and, consequently, the earth troposphere becomes warmer. In order to avoid further impacts of these phenomena, the two main alternatives are either to improve the fossil fuel quality thus reducing their harmful emissions into the atmosphere or, more significantly, to replace fossil fuel usage as much as possible with environmentally friendly, clean, and renewable energy sources. Among these sources, solar energy comes at the top of the list due to its abundance and more even distribution in nature than other types of renewable energy such as wind, geothermal, hydropower, biomass, wave, and tidal energy sources. It must be the main and common purpose of humanity to develop a sustainable environment for future generations. In the long run, the known limits of fossil fuels compel the societies of the world to work jointly for their replacement gradually by renewable energies rather than by improving the quality of fossil sources.
所属专业方向:
Solar Energy
出版社:
来源:
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本帖最后由 calabazas 于 2010-8-9 12:22 编辑 : A6 G/ W2 _3 j1 \$ } ~ 9 f; P. F" K6 e7 p2 s$ E % T h+ I6 [ J0 |5 F7 D 8 C0 Q, h% e7 y$ A / y: A) w2 N+ d5 t Year : [2008]) u1 G, o( M0 ~0 X
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5 L! ?% l. q. q f8 T( L5 X3 V . ^) t' Z/ j8 { L; W [Contents]4 J6 q; e0 q* w. h2 Z- f! u 8 J. a0 L' @4 U 1 Energy and Climate Change . f% O9 D% }/ { 1.1 General' l# D+ L9 {, @: X7 U1 c * s& Y/ V) e9 y5 T O, S/ T# `( b7 b" v. a- I% Z 3 O$ @, Z2 F/ c% e+ i4 k 1.5 Energy and the Economy& V) o& A9 e1 t; w: ?5 I! S) H0 b 1.6 Energy and the Atmospheric Environment5 l1 [0 J2 J+ [. i4 V2 | 2 }9 o1 l. U/ D5 _% b& O0 { References2 }& i% C1 {4 t 2 Atmospheric Environment and Renewable Energy / D; M5 n+ w( n, M+ s 6 f3 j+ {* J: ?# K6 V 2.2 Weather, Climate, and Climate Change* O' D! N# [) ]" E8 B/ c 2.3 Atmosphere and Its Natural Composition- |0 \% h) X- ?: ? 2.4 Anthropogenic Composition of the Atmosphere: _4 p) h: z: G9 j 2.4.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)) J. I! I# D( u2 q { N . d5 k6 M; n& F+ @4 m% s : }0 h) s4 a, X% B8 l1 I + J; u# v" ?" }4 k 2.4.5 Water Vapor (H2O).# _ [5 W6 Q; ^% Q + A5 H2 d) _, X4 O" b - _" i+ p+ a* B% S3 B6 G$ H [# U 2.6 Renewable EnergyAlternatives and Climate Change7 I) B* f2 m: C! B5 R! C6 ^ + ]; A1 {- E4 r0 Q) w2 @1 t 0 A# d% z% Y) x8 L* W+ D2 f; o + F1 Q1 `0 C, W( c9 E" W 2.6.4 Biomass Energy2 W. y# U0 \! R4 W) Z. I3 p: M. h / T: R! `, S" x, e5 l - f7 \; [( S( B) D & }4 v8 y9 K3 ?$ j0 [ References: c: `7 C" G$ G( A U 3 Solar Radiation Deterministic Models 9 ^3 z0 E/ b3 _9 O/ l n4 ? 0 T* N3 B0 M6 h _+ T 4 J7 F3 n! ?! O" q& H( v( f ! k2 ^" F' J4 A3 i7 K D8 B; w " q' G2 p7 I6 R 3.5 EarthMotion+ m' `2 h7 \2 S9 t: e ! U9 N: T) c. \1 y- P { 3.6.1 Irradiation Path. D( w4 a7 M% a2 L7 w ' e& D/ q4 u0 K* I7 S 3.8 Solar Radiation Calculation7 k7 q5 U# Y+ I& v5 E$ t 3.8.1 Estimation of Clear-Sky Radiation" W, X- ]; @; C* L: i4 e% B 3.9 Solar Parameters. A* Y2 E. w4 o6 w 3.9.1 Earth’s Eccentricity9 ^5 n7 m- H/ E0 [) K/ R 3.9.2 Solar Time) c$ i' b, n$ G1 Q5 j) m- L ( q q, ?. ^+ ^9 |, ]( J: ` E7 v+ o! M2 Z# @4 z ' T. s+ w8 X, @. I9 A" }4 J8 b 7 `4 m0 e6 `0 H8 B) v$ V+ j% d0 E5 p* E . f/ M; d: [$ ^7 @: D* m: p & x+ ^- k1 D* o# T$ g, h, A" m9 h' H7 ] 6 d0 q/ j3 q3 t$ C& w1 e # a6 l f% ]. d! v$ ? : J% C3 N5 a1 c; f 4 Linear Solar Energy Models * D+ y/ k: s6 J! P. G' w+ b 1 X% ~- k6 J5 m- o( s: w! r8 c0 D 0 c' _9 P9 v7 q, T+ ?! ^ 4.2.1 Instrument Error and Uncertainty( `. ~$ i+ m; k 4.2.2 Operational Errors% f* u g& r+ k! U [0 f. V G% M& b ' _) D8 ~' w% g0 e4 z' { 4.3 Statistical Evaluation ofModels& p$ E0 @$ V( {; O/ i) Q 4.3.1 Coefficient of Determination (R2), K3 P S# u. h( D& [; h) v/ P9 _ 4.3.2 Coefficient of Correlation (r)# d5 Y& Z3 _& [4 y6 a/ ?8 g' f2 E 4.3.3 Mean Bias Error, Mean of Absolute Deviations,( R$ S( u# ^0 D$ v* z 9 R- i5 N5 q9 ?7 T; Q 4.3.4 Outlier Analysis# X$ `7 y$ B9 R8 @" K0 E4 ~ 4.4 LinearModel: j0 B% m: S G6 u2 w$ [* f. z. g; b 4.4.1 AngströmModel (AM)0 ~7 x% p0 D' G4 ? $ b) b5 e& B- O7 n3 { 4.6 UnrestrictedModel (UM)- b+ g! C6 B) E- `6 g ! _7 d G" s, n1 S6 T6 Q8 E! d/ q 4.8 Linear ClusterMethod (LCM)/ Y$ V8 }( ` M$ Z: Z6 { - p& g) Z) f. n 5 Non-Linear Solar Energy Models % Q1 a3 X( g. d / M+ x4 b. a( M 1 e4 I% d3 t7 P5 v* n: h. i: } 5.3 Simple PowerModel (SPM); `8 z! x7 k! P" T 5.3.1 Estimation ofModel Parameters( v$ `+ v# ^+ y8 V( n - p* B' H. k) [/ B( b0 _ Y 6 o& u* s" y& B2 F( N; |: J 5.6 Triple Solar IrradiationModel (TSIM); a9 N, P) M9 S6 i9 |* D+ S/ t 5.7 Triple Drought–Solar IrradiationModel (TDSIM)0 [9 d+ e% {5 F( o+ l 5.8 Fuzzy LogicModel (FLM).. R1 Z: x' Y$ W: ?% |" t3 U* G $ V. [; ?9 r* D9 v( ^- @4 z 5.8.2 Fuzzy AlgorithmApplication for Solar Radiation( n% D* ? f1 p! @ 5.9 Geno-FuzzyModel (GFM)0 L+ j6 [; D1 [4 Y: O 7 v+ L4 J/ j% s$ S. h( } 7 o) A; g* \$ V" I% y. e ^% j( Z5 T9 }! W7 p1 `: F, ~2 W" m ! ]5 _2 o6 b9 H8 A7 ? 6 Spatial Solar Energy Models 6 [5 P: g+ Q; E0 A- b 6.1 General5 Z% i) U0 s' v* _/ O 6.2 Spatial Variability; W' Z& \" C# a% P. V. r* @. u2 C5 y 5 _* M0 _2 S5 H0 N7 k5 l( C4 } # p% r+ p+ d" g; j% {. N 7 d5 ^3 L( h9 V0 Y9 n 6 a& v% t# ~, e4 a; q4 ]6 A L4 n 6.6 Regional Estimation: u) q* [7 C( I* d" y 5 B) ^9 W. m- F g 6.6.2 Spatial Interpolation- N- r0 w2 h( S5 j9 i 6.7 General Application+ k7 W+ k& c! A2 k/ ]& h % Y$ T; `( m6 w1 V* _6 d 7 Solar Radiation Devices and Collectors 9 H+ J( b& e. L/ u 7.1 General% K5 g$ V0 ~; g* |4 V1 V H 7.2 Solar EnergyAlternatives& { s- Z4 Q0 z- y, P# j) h 7.3 Heat Transfer and Losses0 {) c3 t0 G% H5 ]5 o 7.3.1 Conduction, ~6 L: r% n- N3 E; D# H( _ 5 E( {7 a6 B! {* i- }1 M: S 7.3.3 Radiation* B! l* M% K: `3 ] 7.4 Collectors* F9 k5 |' w/ ^9 g. { 7.4.1 Flat Plate Collectors$ u+ i3 B+ ~: G % F+ H/ c2 p1 _ * G2 F+ Q) a9 ?# y 7.4.4 Tilted Collectors) w4 C. l% ?) @( i% P0 C ; @# b5 V6 R/ B2 W2 b2 x ! X& V0 M* O* M6 {0 I B 7.5 Photovoltaic (PV) Cells6 `$ U- @0 |% k' [ J2 ]3 R 7.6 Fuel Cells" W" i- _6 J$ C8 _& B & d: S( L- |* E, c + g& i; L$ K: y* J* ` 7.9 Solar Energy and Desalination Plants" D$ `; e/ d j8 \9 @* d2 E* M 7.10 Future Expectations.; C" K, l8 k6 b Q' n References7 |0 N6 K, X" L, t8 B& ~* n! ^ A A Simple Explanation of Beta Distribution! n% n' s, [" n; S k * {$ c, z5 G. @5 l4 E Index
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