电子图书
电子图书名:
Solar Energy Fundamentals And Modeling Techniques
编者:
Zekai Sen
内容简介:
Atmospheric and environmental pollution as a result of extensive fossil fuel exploitation in almost all human activities has led to some undesirable phenomena that have not been experienced before in known human history. They are varied and include global warming, the greenhouse affect, climate change, ozone layer depletion, and acid rain. Since 1970 it has been understood scientifically by experiments and research that these phenomena are closely related to fossil fuel uses because they emit greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) which hinder the long-wave terrestrial radiation from escaping into space and, consequently, the earth troposphere becomes warmer. In order to avoid further impacts of these phenomena, the two main alternatives are either to improve the fossil fuel quality thus reducing their harmful emissions into the atmosphere or, more significantly, to replace fossil fuel usage as much as possible with environmentally friendly, clean, and renewable energy sources. Among these sources, solar energy comes at the top of the list due to its abundance and more even distribution in nature than other types of renewable energy such as wind, geothermal, hydropower, biomass, wave, and tidal energy sources. It must be the main and common purpose of humanity to develop a sustainable environment for future generations. In the long run, the known limits of fossil fuels compel the societies of the world to work jointly for their replacement gradually by renewable energies rather than by improving the quality of fossil sources.
所属专业方向:
Solar Energy
出版社:
来源:
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本帖最后由 calabazas 于 2010-8-9 12:22 编辑 * ^8 Q! S* A: [& e; j" ]' b7 _ : C3 T; z: V& e% b1 w( O' Z) i4 P Solar Energy Fundamentals And Modeling Techniques : Atmosphere, Environment, Climate Change And Renewable Energy H: T3 S% ~( Q2 J) g 2 N7 J, C& |6 s* x ] b Edition : 1st$ s, m# j! r1 q4 m2 r Year : [2008]! c A+ P( }" K. r' ^) [* {3 F
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) T+ j7 k! R+ F1 t: v / q+ ]* ?7 U4 k% I% x+ r) i2 O [Contents]7 V6 U5 `; _( {, j8 \" v $ ]; I- @( A- g ~0 U 1 Energy and Climate Change 0 t- R: N1 O; ~ D* a& E% v Y- \ 1.1 General9 N. e, X- ~1 }8 L' h: [% |# Q 1.2 Energy and Climate.. k& \7 q, E% Y, w 1.3 Energy and Society U7 w* g- ^8 x 3 F2 b1 l4 L; t$ ^( { 1.5 Energy and the Economy5 }4 r/ b5 |; i/ H5 O 9 d. f: L3 l' ^( U/ K. s ; h& f# {1 U& y " U# s3 I( I( l4 c2 \- m# K 2 Atmospheric Environment and Renewable Energy : \7 g- F9 u) \& i; l 2.1 General% f% V4 W( L9 B 2.2 Weather, Climate, and Climate Change; [% B4 k/ E4 W 2.3 Atmosphere and Its Natural Composition9 n0 n1 w& E, ]+ E6 p * m/ q" g2 s% h. @+ a ' Q* @+ r- z& Z# M1 Y$ R4 z1 ~; x9 q 2.4.2 Methane (CH4)* y9 F7 P- g" O% M ; \2 f8 k' N& d4 p4 l 2.4.4 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). _+ [9 L! |2 }% P% Y/ E9 p3 s 2.4.5 Water Vapor (H2O).4 }3 c4 m9 e( I+ s9 o6 m) {5 j 2.4.6 Aerosols., f1 b# q8 P; i 2.5 Energy Dynamics in the Atmosphere% O; y: t% B3 P& C1 k' k& x+ @8 w ! C8 }2 T$ e2 I% T 2.6.1 Solar Energy3 k' o: t! I2 \- F) l 2.6.2 Wind Energy7 W M! x. z L" l' I# E1 s 2.6.3 Hydropower Energy A( r; I8 L3 [$ M 2.6.4 Biomass Energy5 U6 Q5 x; R" a6 ?+ e$ u" o $ X% j# p6 y# y2 X4 V 2.6.6 Hydrogen Energy8 N% J: B! z4 X- t: r$ t ( F f& o3 u, Q& p% a$ u ( Q% [; O* w- I' A 3 Solar Radiation Deterministic Models y7 u! |8 M; k# P- ?& V3 z$ W 3.1 General9 i- u" d! M. g3 t4 i. A* M( C 3.2 The Sun0 Q1 M- ?' y, k! n 4 f: B6 M$ F$ f$ C$ | c 3.4 Energy Balance of the Earth.+ F; _2 f& N3 a3 R* q3 ]+ S6 L / q/ n' u) C7 X5 J$ E * H/ i+ j, }* J! ]# T. w/ Q# M( m 3.6.1 Irradiation Path5 y5 I3 a, W ~' o3 |8 p6 R9 b% W% F : P8 k3 @% K, n 3.8 Solar Radiation Calculation w2 z7 _1 y: n9 f 8 O$ x7 Y3 G# b: B, M 2 B3 v, m, y' `; E 3.9.1 Earth’s Eccentricity' F6 P9 y8 o0 W3 r6 ~, z 3.9.2 Solar Time V/ L9 |$ j+ w/ b. e 3.9.3 Useful Angles# N; Q ]2 Z! u3 y+ {, y5 q + [4 p/ N$ \( |5 j+ h" W: n 3.10.1 Cartesian and Spherical Coordinate System/ U! o& l6 G7 I1 G 3.11 Zenith Angle Calculation* p0 f$ ^+ B5 r8 a1 S. R 3.12 Solar Energy Calculations- J! K2 r* ^5 U7 o. t; D! ? Q7 x+ d 3.12.1 Daily Solar Energy on a Horizontal Surface3 ~1 [0 r( O, U4 H; q! m 3.12.2 Solar Energy on an Inclined Surface/ W% `3 Q1 q5 h, ~ 3.12.3 Sunrise and Sunset HourAngles.' z2 A: j/ I% {0 j0 h/ o$ ] 2 S9 `; o8 h% q 4 Linear Solar Energy Models # S+ K) }( |% ^- S& [! y5 k6 u1 N 4.1 General& D( F& k9 @* a1 @+ X 4.2 Solar Radiation and DaylightMeasurement% F% t, Q, l1 o0 {) K% ^/ K0 y' ] 4.2.1 Instrument Error and Uncertainty3 G. l4 L# d& N6 `3 z 4 q3 Z6 i- A8 Q2 s+ x3 O# \1 [ ) d% L0 v7 o1 c4 s% u& l7 r+ ~ e* U1 v Y! n* e4 g 4.3.1 Coefficient of Determination (R2), j4 l9 m! a* O; o% V, Y 4.3.2 Coefficient of Correlation (r)! r# V3 A8 e; }7 r$ e0 C% G 4.3.3 Mean Bias Error, Mean of Absolute Deviations,& p9 p( y# S/ R% i0 p . Q/ m) @% a! X- w. t- { 4.3.4 Outlier Analysis! D/ F3 { W+ E- \: e6 y7 z 4.4 LinearModel: e* p; C9 x5 g" x8 A: M, k ; u" Z% T( W3 P 4.5 Successive Substitution (SS) Model* A' c% d0 ^4 S. x; I 4.6 UnrestrictedModel (UM): c/ ?0 Z9 f% O 4.7 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Model8 t6 C; e) W, @" M4 y# \2 I * i [/ @6 D ~; r" U) ]# c) w! \' k , s! @0 B' G- h! }& q/ m2 s- Z 5 Non-Linear Solar Energy Models m) ?4 N+ L- i% X' ]; h/ D/ z1 G # h8 Y1 `+ [" p! j6 i0 } 5.2 Classic Non-LinearModels1 ?( o% Z2 X# m! K9 F; B 5.3 Simple PowerModel (SPM): ?6 ~& F% ~' n5 E6 c, c' d 4 I! ~- m- |1 g l 5.4 Comparison of DifferentModels- H( i3 `" q8 ?" _( o% [ Q: J1 G 5.5 Solar Irradiance Polygon Model (SIPM)- I. ?2 J1 K" n9 x b" @ 3 ]1 b4 _9 ?3 y, ?- Q/ [# y. l2 W, t & b7 d6 }- c- V. n! n# | 8 l0 }( e6 j% B f! h# E% t" P4 P1 i : N8 z1 w$ d. f' r 7 ~. E) j9 z( A: p. Y , j C0 Z5 P( t3 K' Q) k" D- y 5.10 Monthly Principal Component Model (MPCM)7 H! \4 v G8 e' B) D0 Y% W ; F, f9 w0 i& g 0 x* z! A6 H* R9 W4 ^: x! U3 b( n 6 E4 H& T, ^1 X1 M/ { 6 Spatial Solar Energy Models 2 _7 w% E# P' E+ Z. C 6.1 General1 Z* w# G3 q5 V4 v* I ' u4 E6 l8 d8 Q) Z+ Z& I; R; J 4 a; y% z3 q/ N/ G, w3 h 6.4 GeometricWeighting Function4 \# `2 J6 n8 d4 M4 {* @1 F$ q 3 ` ?$ |0 _- X4 P . ~( p! C) d8 ]0 U/ [ 6.6 Regional Estimation- a# Y" N4 B0 S# p 1 Z1 r8 ]5 H4 j2 }# o2 @ d' K @ 6.6.2 Spatial Interpolation" s3 p; o9 z: i ) C' R/ |, H( I4 p& l* ?- | . B+ ^1 V$ G) ~: n; T' R9 ] 7 Solar Radiation Devices and Collectors + }3 B2 t# Y: c* r4 {2 V' V 7.1 General5 A% W# [; N3 b u a* W! y- o # Q3 x+ C6 D& R! L0 E ) c" o) C: u' n; P N+ \) o/ x- N# n/ V( b& F ~ 7.3.2 Convection' H, v8 d0 R8 E s 7.3.3 Radiation8 A8 p Z* O6 i8 Q% y1 e+ j ; l$ Y- B8 a- M4 S: ?5 G9 a. s 9 W- p9 Z9 Q$ o' Q0 @5 y % Q+ X3 d9 b/ {6 j 0 y) p5 Q' h$ e1 i 7.4.4 Tilted Collectors4 o# Q- B5 R9 U7 q6 e& L9 O , Z" ~$ W1 q3 ?& I ; ~/ ~( T% M/ b T: ^ 9 B: H8 X/ X, e& J N% T4 @ 7.6 Fuel Cells) a: E$ Z K/ [7 Q/ @: _ 0 _' C" Q$ k D) U# |! w 7.8 Solar EnergyHome# x j( [, d% W7 X6 D8 W 4 k( q2 h% t C% l; b 6 H* b1 Z, ?5 p1 k: Q( Y % v# G( G2 V/ o( e- t1 x% s# H% c/ W A A Simple Explanation of Beta Distribution) l( W7 s6 G! S$ Z9 a5 y; v 3 s+ t ], |, V1 U Index
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