电子图书
电子图书名:
Solar Energy Fundamentals And Modeling Techniques
编者:
Zekai Sen
内容简介:
Atmospheric and environmental pollution as a result of extensive fossil fuel exploitation in almost all human activities has led to some undesirable phenomena that have not been experienced before in known human history. They are varied and include global warming, the greenhouse affect, climate change, ozone layer depletion, and acid rain. Since 1970 it has been understood scientifically by experiments and research that these phenomena are closely related to fossil fuel uses because they emit greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) which hinder the long-wave terrestrial radiation from escaping into space and, consequently, the earth troposphere becomes warmer. In order to avoid further impacts of these phenomena, the two main alternatives are either to improve the fossil fuel quality thus reducing their harmful emissions into the atmosphere or, more significantly, to replace fossil fuel usage as much as possible with environmentally friendly, clean, and renewable energy sources. Among these sources, solar energy comes at the top of the list due to its abundance and more even distribution in nature than other types of renewable energy such as wind, geothermal, hydropower, biomass, wave, and tidal energy sources. It must be the main and common purpose of humanity to develop a sustainable environment for future generations. In the long run, the known limits of fossil fuels compel the societies of the world to work jointly for their replacement gradually by renewable energies rather than by improving the quality of fossil sources.
所属专业方向:
Solar Energy
出版社:
来源:
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本帖最后由 calabazas 于 2010-8-9 12:22 编辑 2 ?) A9 a) I3 C/ X2 ~ % W" }5 ~- ]& `( v# q: @1 Y3 b, N5 F Solar Energy Fundamentals And Modeling Techniques : Atmosphere, Environment, Climate Change And Renewable Energy' R8 c& m/ A! }: f. t m Zekai Sen6 D! L3 B: o. E5 j9 J0 T5 {% A * k2 J( ?& D* f2 A! ?1 k # P6 e- j5 T4 w [) ~# \
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( r9 _/ l. {( i' d2 t) R) t. ] ; |& X7 |- t1 x! y1 a , L) \# R2 t7 E6 e8 l5 k 8 p8 B) P( W, _7 y' d- C, d0 B- j! u! i 1 Energy and Climate Change 2 s) v4 j3 t. `) J6 Y3 l 8 i* z7 t& D1 J# }9 V4 } 1.2 Energy and Climate.0 d# d! W, j5 n 1.3 Energy and Society7 q) w; o) s# I+ G$ m/ a4 V- O - Z& _' H! R; L0 N 1.5 Energy and the Economy) p) y$ s) `/ ?: L: g 1.6 Energy and the Atmospheric Environment# t' i/ Y. A9 V" [ . w: I: G6 S: B. E- W) ] References9 _% z8 f8 Z- A 2 Atmospheric Environment and Renewable Energy : X1 r- _" ?6 H0 C, K2 E# h 2.1 General# V. r% a% v$ _) ` . a1 B. I* Z# M2 d: d S' V + C. A; U1 l3 V 6 W1 [8 H# | G4 Y) R( U $ \6 G* ]6 J5 q \' @' Z 2.4.2 Methane (CH4)- }1 F9 r0 Q. r3 \1 g) z. _ $ Z7 `6 d0 p3 Y. w7 ^* \ 2.4.4 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)* Z# k; g( O5 d 5 d) V* J, c1 s$ {0 y& c1 n 2.4.6 Aerosols.+ i; }2 W. Y1 l( D) I0 r5 K 2.5 Energy Dynamics in the Atmosphere6 G2 K0 o, v, \) h9 c9 f 2.6 Renewable EnergyAlternatives and Climate Change C8 L- B+ n+ N: x8 Y / n- [) M. h8 S2 q4 {3 P ) N; j% u3 g( X- U: e ; |( y G! R+ @3 K( l: o \, H, b 4 A7 y+ D- R$ _% O s6 A 2.6.5 Wave Energy4 E- S# M7 j _5 a2 f . j; m% ?% A, Q; a# k7 Z3 Y 2.7 Energy Units* v2 b) {7 f7 J' v % R4 I4 d1 Z) d3 P 3 Solar Radiation Deterministic Models 7 Y5 |: b6 I* K! w6 b; t / q( a$ d- O* j$ _ + Y, ~2 T% N6 V% W2 |4 e 3 S S2 h+ p9 D) v 2 |& J x7 X( E. H# p4 @ 3.5 EarthMotion; y& ~0 I* |4 B2 `* @2 u* q7 g 3.6 Solar Radiation9 l* W' m# C; x, ^7 I+ | ! ]/ c0 h: i4 Z9 c! k1 N 3.7 Solar Constant; u1 g/ p: `* j! T 3.8 Solar Radiation Calculation9 d9 G" _% d7 |4 w" y 5 d5 T, \) m. m) ] j 3.9 Solar Parameters8 ~, J& @! U3 d& ~; b 3.9.1 Earth’s Eccentricity# h5 ~' b6 g; t" z; V ) |' E$ H7 K4 L ' ^8 w" n$ t3 @# _ 3.10 Solar Geometry- } g4 V j7 J8 e: W5 M 3.10.1 Cartesian and Spherical Coordinate System3 Z" F) i ^0 M7 n9 M 3.11 Zenith Angle Calculation' ~0 @2 M# k- _$ R+ R; V h; s1 l( C: k1 ~# }6 R9 F$ a* r/ y 5 M8 m E* @; S/ y 9 A J; C2 l# g' {; k/ R8 m. R + T# j t8 E/ R" K+ W References' ]& d& R' m) q% P 4 Linear Solar Energy Models - m- \2 ]% ]% Y& z$ M2 E+ q / ^. ]# ?( k0 j; f I E& e3 O7 \- W! J) A( I 4.2.1 Instrument Error and Uncertainty% y& J* T' s/ a+ Y+ Q' D 4.2.2 Operational Errors) t# Q2 |2 J' `2 E" T9 J8 K 4.2.3 Diffuse-Irradiance Data Measurement Errors: h9 r5 I( S6 V9 G2 D+ C 4.3 Statistical Evaluation ofModels# v" q) C' J* r6 {. A 4.3.1 Coefficient of Determination (R2)$ d4 ], S$ e% B 4.3.2 Coefficient of Correlation (r)9 X- u, A+ ^; f5 r! L T" q% T1 V0 [7 O, m3 c$ w and RootMean Square Error* F6 i7 `$ ~2 y$ Y4 |, l9 s G1 d , Z' o' \/ J2 K3 d 4.4 LinearModel7 M# V e5 A: c9 k* v 9 L" o7 U. I/ z . |4 |- `3 ` m* x5 x % I& ?. C; i ^' u 4.7 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Model- e) E2 j) I; A: u/ L+ x3 h 9 S) F2 @1 S6 R3 w! o( S2 } . w/ E3 I; t+ H4 u1 k% D8 q( q 5 Non-Linear Solar Energy Models - p. s2 X z7 h- l- F8 J/ c& } , D& [2 N+ k G. k3 {# \+ u 4 @. }% f" m, r9 d7 K ] 5.3 Simple PowerModel (SPM)2 z, J( c8 ]0 |& S5 S& o# }0 w ' Y5 a( o6 w( g9 e7 C b# L . C& d* [# I: C4 ]# p( n' V3 Z 5.5 Solar Irradiance Polygon Model (SIPM)7 x4 M& O$ P! g" z1 X 5.6 Triple Solar IrradiationModel (TSIM)# D* a, U( h# ~8 G6 a, z , g, f- ^) ?# h& m9 B2 r* C# x( j $ W1 t: i( `' { @) m" m' K0 B . ^! \9 A$ J3 g) Q) q& K- O& ^# Q 5.8.2 Fuzzy AlgorithmApplication for Solar Radiation/ N* r( {; G8 I 3 e' }& c1 z% ^' O , Y% F9 ~8 K! o/ B5 q 5.11 Parabolic Monthly IrradiationModel (PMIM)4 u1 l8 E) _% p. J* T2 n/ P7 ] 5.12 Solar Radiation Estimation fromAmbient Air Temperature# ~: ^# a: ~! f. d( Z References6 L: @! k7 j* T9 J& E5 t$ c 6 Spatial Solar Energy Models + n/ g3 C* e+ Q h- f( @ 3 N# Z. X/ [9 F 6.2 Spatial Variability6 S& y) i* d2 B" S. ^7 s * _( M3 R, T$ ^! W& R 0 e' h8 ~. m% ]2 P" P i 6.5 Cumulative Semivariogram(CSV) andWeighting Function3 a" i4 m1 j6 \- H 6.5.1 Standard Spatial Dependence Function (SDF)3 a( |8 J+ {3 u3 T" o7 s 6.6 Regional Estimation7 E3 {- {! M' a$ \! B3 F$ K * f0 Z7 `+ }4 A/ R5 b9 | 6.6.2 Spatial Interpolation- K L P" g3 k2 f3 J6 @1 J7 q' z / c% j0 J8 I) n1 ~ + r% l9 R& J# i4 m3 H 7 Solar Radiation Devices and Collectors ) { ?2 P' C5 ]' a& |3 H 7.1 General8 r3 x( v2 j1 d; h2 |3 P+ I, z4 ]2 g 7.2 Solar EnergyAlternatives* h9 m4 _7 r# i# v ! d& u1 h" c" }- c 0 E* F# M, T; y5 D/ J8 K 7.3.2 Convection" ]9 z! y* i- W( p6 i" Y) h / p6 A; k* O7 @% y9 V0 E ~6 u6 X/ l$ Q7 b, l / \% y6 ] o1 u! }4 Q" e * k/ k6 v" k/ ^ N: t3 U2 X9 L $ l! b$ q% x% h1 k) T+ C2 C4 V/ W 0 i% [$ I. o5 `( ^+ o* X. Q) [9 _ $ c3 J: `' W8 R; Z. l# g/ ` " q0 x) z& O) ] 3 ~- \+ w. K$ n! s) l 7.6 Fuel Cells3 U+ n5 i! R: y$ P& k 7.7 Hydrogen Storage and Transport% m1 x$ }; C9 i$ }# a9 j 1 h+ |+ [1 Y0 S m* g0 j. q* f 5 w/ b( M* s' C# v) w. o! Y 7.10 Future Expectations.: M+ N. [+ a; W* R) ` References3 d& @3 c* J( t2 d- @7 M2 p* T A A Simple Explanation of Beta Distribution/ g2 ^6 Q7 X$ x7 o S+ t/ i * ]7 I+ T" }) S4 {# J0 T' U. b4 Y
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