电子图书
电子图书名:
Solar Energy Fundamentals And Modeling Techniques
编者:
Zekai Sen
内容简介:
Atmospheric and environmental pollution as a result of extensive fossil fuel exploitation in almost all human activities has led to some undesirable phenomena that have not been experienced before in known human history. They are varied and include global warming, the greenhouse affect, climate change, ozone layer depletion, and acid rain. Since 1970 it has been understood scientifically by experiments and research that these phenomena are closely related to fossil fuel uses because they emit greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) which hinder the long-wave terrestrial radiation from escaping into space and, consequently, the earth troposphere becomes warmer. In order to avoid further impacts of these phenomena, the two main alternatives are either to improve the fossil fuel quality thus reducing their harmful emissions into the atmosphere or, more significantly, to replace fossil fuel usage as much as possible with environmentally friendly, clean, and renewable energy sources. Among these sources, solar energy comes at the top of the list due to its abundance and more even distribution in nature than other types of renewable energy such as wind, geothermal, hydropower, biomass, wave, and tidal energy sources. It must be the main and common purpose of humanity to develop a sustainable environment for future generations. In the long run, the known limits of fossil fuels compel the societies of the world to work jointly for their replacement gradually by renewable energies rather than by improving the quality of fossil sources.
所属专业方向:
Solar Energy
出版社:
来源:
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本帖最后由 calabazas 于 2010-8-9 12:22 编辑 4 c \; ^- u% r( O; O; T1 M 6 E" K; D S5 g9 N ! v& y6 [# V, ?/ R Zekai Sen# z& D2 c/ V8 a" s7 y' w- e% | 2 D$ R `" b) T" m9 ` ; l8 l4 h& Q9 g$ Y" c, p5 ^
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$ C6 q$ r' F: @$ _* h D# R0 Z ; |( t. s3 B" d4 d0 o% \2 _/ ? ) e2 s5 Y8 S9 N: q) F 8 l; w/ ?7 E7 Z5 `* K2 L" f0 { 1 Energy and Climate Change 9 k$ X7 q1 D* a8 |- {# p 1.1 General- _' b) x+ P! @* u4 V8 T, X& P 1.2 Energy and Climate.8 e; }4 i9 r6 ?9 \0 V 1.3 Energy and Society: m/ p6 |' I( ?6 d- O2 Z ) E" {$ L4 R1 K! b* X7 } * T# |* w" M' j4 C; m " Z! g& g0 g1 \0 Z0 @ , O* x9 A7 r8 ^5 R" z References ]+ V! U1 i9 s( U/ ` 2 Atmospheric Environment and Renewable Energy . l3 H' ?2 X0 L5 b/ P- g + d# ^, |' u V, p7 } 2.2 Weather, Climate, and Climate Change' D# ]2 x0 N2 J1 r9 t: Q & Z' T7 b5 l4 ^( ?' ? 2.4 Anthropogenic Composition of the Atmosphere; z t' v# s+ u: g4 q- R" C4 z P ) O8 w) S, V% }+ h' j0 y . L% @3 P r% d6 H: t5 c( H. P 2.4.3 Nitrous Oxide (N2O)" z; k/ t1 c- `# I 2.4.4 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)$ u b. f0 F& V" ~/ w. U \ 2.4.5 Water Vapor (H2O).6 [2 D/ w5 |. c1 ]" v* e* p 7 D6 [/ R; g# x- h( g: D 2.5 Energy Dynamics in the Atmosphere" `$ C) M) Y7 U 5 O! m% U# {6 w% B0 y 8 S# H P4 G* ~# Q1 o c % ]3 j8 ~, w- G/ ] - d4 ?. K, b; U1 \ Q 2.6.4 Biomass Energy% o% ~ A( ?; J5 F# v S% ~6 i 2.6.5 Wave Energy2 ^$ {/ B8 z1 Q& ]! P5 Y 2.6.6 Hydrogen Energy. O) Q+ A- Z, ~0 N' i $ m. {6 D& T( {, h 7 M' q. {, a1 f* J% i8 G 3 Solar Radiation Deterministic Models ]+ i5 Z8 f( G: J3 h1 J * @6 q9 g) ^' E/ K+ Y. H 3.2 The Sun. l# F5 \* ^5 {3 Y6 q 3.3 Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum# r+ v% o5 n2 q0 X/ _+ \ . C4 w/ \5 H1 N1 ~3 m0 o! u9 D 3.5 EarthMotion! O7 J% s; V; J" R ]7 j) Z4 R 3.6 Solar Radiation( [+ j' V2 I9 L) D. d0 T# o( t 3.6.1 Irradiation Path0 u9 e+ i0 R; X# h$ G6 I+ [$ t & a8 T6 p* ?1 ]& ^ t( S F 3.8 Solar Radiation Calculation2 h4 I, `5 \% @/ C ~4 A% B 3.8.1 Estimation of Clear-Sky Radiation0 p, M8 Q( T# W; p% a9 H$ y% U $ i; k" S* b9 X- j c; K7 l$ [7 Z5 w 3.9.1 Earth’s Eccentricity# Z% V& k9 Y& d/ U4 J 3.9.2 Solar Time, O9 ~2 R1 i6 l4 F3 y# D 3.9.3 Useful Angles8 N1 [6 I* h- Q5 W2 |) j1 s, @ 1 O' i4 b! F! {$ a " Z7 S* _4 H) L4 ^4 s 6 ]5 l+ j6 d; M7 c% R# ?! s4 @3 c: B * ^" e7 o* a- I 3.12.1 Daily Solar Energy on a Horizontal Surface9 W; y/ Z c) b6 ? 3.12.2 Solar Energy on an Inclined Surface5 F2 U3 v+ @, W$ A, R 3.12.3 Sunrise and Sunset HourAngles./ v" s* s: n' a* _2 m. L References0 l" [! ^ g$ c. n6 f 4 Linear Solar Energy Models ' n: j, o' l4 ^* v7 y7 I- @ 4.1 General( v# S& m. G( \, F7 |4 p5 N; V ; R N( B" ~; E8 h5 P 4.2.1 Instrument Error and Uncertainty4 J) ], P* w* m! U- H% X : Q& F7 x$ [& v, X: w 2 l6 o* }/ H2 j 4.3 Statistical Evaluation ofModels4 E. i* a* e8 B8 q1 G% J8 L 9 f3 |6 C# z# S6 G/ H ) o+ D0 k3 U8 P, T 0 m" l/ I) W5 ~% I7 u% w- p' z0 H. M ) D2 E! f1 N( C2 Z & ` _( }) S% |( L k 4.4 LinearModel$ K& R6 O. p- C8 @ 4.4.1 AngströmModel (AM)8 p5 ^* p/ C; ~# M8 z! D$ m: P 4.5 Successive Substitution (SS) Model" j2 g: z+ d% G- v8 I) j1 e 4.6 UnrestrictedModel (UM)/ T! I" q5 V6 Z- p2 d: f$ l, p 1 G5 x9 K0 s* z6 h. S0 I9 r1 [ 4.8 Linear ClusterMethod (LCM)' _, F+ b- G9 c2 i- o # f, p- S0 `: V+ T8 e 5 Non-Linear Solar Energy Models ; s0 p+ E+ n! g' Y3 q 5.1 General; r7 r6 [- |$ q0 u/ c7 z6 x ! Q+ Y, f# p3 u0 y6 l 5.3 Simple PowerModel (SPM)/ f* I# t& b0 g$ o, G* c* w 5.3.1 Estimation ofModel Parameters T8 {- T0 A$ \. p/ R# l 5.4 Comparison of DifferentModels9 ^( W* V/ Q6 |" X % h" N- ^5 Y) {4 l% m$ h. `/ N 5.6 Triple Solar IrradiationModel (TSIM)' J1 Q4 k+ q- f w' y 5.7 Triple Drought–Solar IrradiationModel (TDSIM)$ u' F, a- d1 u9 u* q m " n v+ S. o% V 5.8.1 Fuzzy Sets and Logic. o! u `9 P( P0 J% [4 u' S$ z 5.8.2 Fuzzy AlgorithmApplication for Solar Radiation( o% T) d3 n5 t/ }& C3 o 5.9 Geno-FuzzyModel (GFM)& F% B; \/ p0 l( {& _ 5.10 Monthly Principal Component Model (MPCM)# q8 e7 S5 ~4 C1 P( [% r 5.11 Parabolic Monthly IrradiationModel (PMIM)" V9 F1 ?% `- A C5 N* i1 c5 K; o3 [0 ~# G 3 `* ~2 }5 p9 q+ q7 z% N 6 Spatial Solar Energy Models 5 G* r! w* l% i! H: X6 o9 l / n+ z a0 x& d X 6.2 Spatial Variability2 }. E* Y: ^+ e" N 6.3 Linear Interpolation./ A- d$ x2 f, h% d 6.4 GeometricWeighting Function; o6 c1 h/ e$ y& x; ^! Z8 V& S . i% A3 f" G# w ` P 4 Z9 S+ N. }8 j5 n* K8 ~" K+ e3 F8 j! f + e. w/ D% a: V3 P 0 f8 `- z5 ], v3 Z- M: t 3 n: M4 F0 P) b- O& a2 U 6.7 General Application) \: x7 M/ d; s2 q6 ^2 a( O References9 q. W; g1 ]: o! A2 L! h4 W 7 Solar Radiation Devices and Collectors 8 L" v% V$ x% y0 P" i) N 7.1 General( X! ?9 s! L' p' R6 n' O* | * v: P g( m8 K' D) i7 p " [) k! b$ ~! C5 C" B' g. h 7.3.1 Conduction( [5 T' B+ Z2 Z4 |/ Z 7.3.2 Convection/ U W% N1 a$ A3 W% t 7.3.3 Radiation: C) }7 }4 Z0 y1 R 7.4 Collectors( L$ }% B; {' ?: d! s7 E 7.4.1 Flat Plate Collectors; X F8 Z- s- v( r 7.4.2 Tracking Collectors' h) h/ J4 @. Q9 u7 n0 M& R: H 3 X& R" h- Q1 U$ I' D 7.4.4 Tilted Collectors# d' ~8 V8 ^# U. i0 j: e0 Z* Q 0 y+ ~" k7 {2 G, }" g , }5 @+ |7 F& B" F9 Q2 P. i5 N 3 c5 F" m0 [* @% B0 E+ Y ( {' v# n" Q ] 7.7 Hydrogen Storage and Transport4 y$ h7 [+ ]* b* |7 V + `" P( S0 s4 }; W" x s/ u L 7.9 Solar Energy and Desalination Plants: ^7 i6 d+ p. r' c' ^6 K , @. y0 R2 Z# H+ E8 M ! g$ T: x( p; J0 O0 S A A Simple Explanation of Beta Distribution: z2 u/ ?8 F3 N& d J0 i 5 `, |& V* m u6 r; h Index
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