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3 N' s- ?. g, }' q m: A( \ Preface xiChapter 1. Introduction 14 N, Y4 Z: B& D3 [- [+ n- @9 G
Background 1. b6 }# c, L: b1 p* X( X# H
Ideal Voltage Waveform 28 o3 n( r5 e' A: m. f
Nonlinear Load: The Rectifier 3
0 J& ?" B% G6 C" I+ ^ mThe Definition of Power Quality 65 I9 S" F% @+ @$ l4 v5 [' \* ^% K
Examples of poor power quality 7$ f5 k6 [# L' X, l6 z2 z
The need for corrections 93 ^; t. f; O1 f# O! T% u
The Scope of This Text 9, j/ K' ^- H% e9 t
Comment on References 11+ D+ \! H% H( A N! y _, b
References 12: N# h3 x8 ?3 m, W& \
Chapter 2. Power-Quality Standards 15% q' V8 V" A; P* ^" G
IEEE Standards 519 and 1159 15
) ~' w4 {5 z: f, _' p: A& \ANSI Standard C84 17& n* c( t5 i; K' e, s
CBEMA and ITIC Curves 18$ D2 S' X/ F' C3 G
High-Frequency EMI Standards 20
6 ^- ~3 f( O( J1 m S. x5 TSummary 23' W# `9 n4 c% @% Y; `
References 246 ?' b( l2 c, o
Chapter 3. Voltage Distortion 25
/ D" n& Y# g) _: {+ ]& W. B% h' MVoltage Sag 25 U5 I' g8 f9 @6 E
Voltage “Swell” 30
0 H. P, w5 ?$ B/ |) e# N! GImpulsive “Transient” 30
S/ R8 T! Z1 _6 UOscillatory “Transient” 339 s! L4 s$ v8 q8 f& K" ]/ N ^: t5 v
Interruption 35
9 H, _. Z) S9 ^+ v& f. r+ ONotching 35! v" G4 X$ m3 x( {2 n) x$ Z
Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker 37
; y& c2 F% V( r% r4 L) n9 O' t! yVoltage Imbalance 40
$ @0 z% ?1 u* y6 F: e4 \9 NSummary 412 Q7 a8 p4 l: M& T; i
References 423 y h. q# Z5 L
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Chapter 4. Harmonics and Interharmonics 43
: ?3 y3 l3 e* O; JBackground 43* `& v9 K1 Y! k# U) a) g( P" c% m
Periodic Waveforms and Harmonics 43, V. `" P& B8 N! [+ K
Root-mean square 47
$ b! a5 h, u, v( ~: sDC current 49
% {4 b0 |7 Y8 |8 z! c. LPure sine wave 49: K2 l1 f( Z0 Y @/ p4 V) N
Square wave 49
9 M# [1 s7 y5 y3 N6 F& {, kDC waveform + ripple 50. R, m* y. u1 W6 h3 Z
Triangular ripple 502 L" a7 ^. E: U. `& Q
Pulsating waveform 51" }6 O9 Y) f7 v6 Q
Pulsating waveform with ripple 52( @# ]8 A; a) Z6 s! M5 _
Triangular waveform 52
; @1 X! R- m' V% i3 q' qPiecewise Calculation 52
0 Q9 ?$ }8 a1 w$ P: g* K+ t4 yTotal Harmonic Distortion 537 Q+ W9 E/ g- V8 b; b& s/ }3 X; ^# V1 Y
Crest Factor 530 {0 E: t7 U" m2 |9 o- g- r
Summary 61
4 Y! ]. H" h9 M D* B1 [References 61* i9 k/ ]( g8 A8 j! ~, @- o
Chapter 5. Harmonic Current Sources 63
1 \, W. D+ a+ N6 B, Z: X1 S0 o7 }. S) QBackground 63& `$ S2 `# N, R: r( t2 b* ]( C
Single-Phase Rectifiers 64
h' x& V* z9 G# tThree-Phase Rectifiers 69! j1 W) y" D ?' I
The six-pulse rectifier 69
3 W% s. A( t4 ?+ n9 z- V& h; p: LThe twelve-pulse rectifier 70
2 O' ]: J8 I8 W/ i# cHigh-Frequency Fluorescent Ballasts 71$ I R* Z) d6 U" G- Z
Transformers 72
9 R8 X" V, c' `& ?5 VOther Systems that Draw Harmonic Currents 73
5 O6 y3 A O1 o" ^& R1 ZSummary 74# `$ m, ]- P" s# x) P& y; W6 S
References 74
+ ]( [# `* S4 O7 d! i$ H1 UChapter 6. Power Harmonic Filters 75) B0 P* `) B5 |. ]$ S* m E
Introduction 75" @; b. u" i# j& P# T2 Z K
A Typical Power System 76! v4 M X! D0 }
IEEE Std. 519-1992 78
( u5 v; q) `# yLine reactor 796 b3 [' o& R; K" Q7 t- T C( U
Shunt passive filter 81; @' t3 q8 S+ T0 ]$ t4 |
Multisection filters 871 K# _1 y; Z2 ^9 e
Practical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters 957 j. p1 R4 c$ F$ ^6 \# J
Active harmonic filters 953 d. s+ p! n( f& N
Hybrid harmonic filters 97
n3 S! X7 n I V8 J5 R4 lSummary 974 @1 e& s4 j. ~0 o s& w. n
References 98
1 l: c* t6 y! x- \' Q6 hChapter 7. Switch Mode Power Supplies 99+ p: x% a7 \. W1 x7 @1 p% X) }
Background 99
# y, @( w* r( x3 O, P# V$ ?& POffline Power Supplies 100
6 N/ a- ^0 x/ f1 HDC/DC Converter high-frequency switching waveforms
# i7 O/ b) K t& U6 T+ zand interharmonic generation 104( ~7 e: D4 W- D
Testing for conducted EMI 106
$ j4 x: h& M( I0 wCorrective measures for improving conducted EMI 107
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Summary 107) B! a+ ], q/ ]4 _& F; V; M
References 108
5 `9 W; B; N! j& _# {Chapter 8. Methods for Correction of Power-Quality
* `4 m6 K- K- g0 ?" ~: P8 [5 ZProblems 109" S1 N7 U, |" y/ B2 x
Introduction 109
2 m" R/ I7 I$ [0 d! fCorrection Methods 110
6 l; \, ~% [ f' F+ r; ]+ @Voltage disturbances versus correction methods 111
- P9 k s& u1 C! ]Reliability 113
' t2 J/ e5 F2 p5 @4 c+ CDesign of load equipment 1155 x7 B4 ]" H% u. x4 s/ d
The design of electric-power supply systems 117" E( N6 J/ F+ [4 v/ j$ s+ `" Z
Power harmonic filters 119
/ g3 o$ I8 y5 N* L+ c* C( ]Utilization-dynamic voltage compensators 1197 Z) S6 y5 S( M3 w- g
Uninterruptible power supplies 119! z6 R# q4 l% H ]) ~
Transformers 120. K# l* q5 d3 Y& @1 H
Standby power systems 122
4 p. V6 [4 |) E$ o# q4 `2 pSummary 126% y3 p( X+ g5 i
References 126
* [7 _% J3 L! O3 p* S. yChapter 9. Uninterruptible Power Supplies 129
( @! ?3 x' ` N- LIntroduction 1296 A+ a, s4 |. m
History 131
9 D- T( }+ ~7 H% k$ v0 KTypes of UPS Equipment 133
* i7 I0 ]" }* |9 D. L2 WCommercial equipment 134
2 V6 S. y5 r- a) P7 K3 e6 i# Z8 qEnergy storage 137
* V+ O, [& p, K' Y8 HBatteries 138
; _; r; c# Q6 ?& w+ NFlywheels 1393 S1 ^* @$ v ?/ t
Fuel cells 141
8 q* p" O: I; wUltracapacitors 144& T2 l- {0 g, u; X( v$ O& I- v4 y: L
Summary 145
% F. O6 ?& \9 N/ F4 w8 V$ yReferences 1459 ^; T1 @9 o5 A& K# H. k
Chapter 10. Dynamic Voltage Compensators 147
$ O3 w, B5 D0 w- xIntroduction 1471 g; g, W5 t8 g M3 V* q: Y
Principle of Operation 148' D' k* }2 S5 H1 _- o" [
Operation on ITIC curve 151* D8 E* T9 Z% P/ w; o9 f9 G
Detection of disturbance and control 152
8 P/ S# P v6 p- ^# BCommercial equipment 1530 ?* n! G! |4 M; }5 t
Summary 1546 } n* Q0 Y8 B3 F' A
References 154
/ F: K" x L5 s0 r' O: q- PChapter 11. Power Quality Events 155% g3 P, I+ m. v% u
Introduction 155
' L H0 Z) d, U/ k) AMethod 1 155
! E$ q9 C4 W* y9 I- ]6 d9 y0 C9 RMethod 2 1565 V8 q, c" |0 _" ~ |7 l
Personal Computers 156
) D b; P+ [* T* JPower-quality characteristics 157" e _" m. ^" r) V
Modes of malfunction 160
4 B6 ^3 ]2 s- Q+ ]Sensitivity to voltage sags and interruptions 160
7 f6 c+ U0 c: Y6 ~) Q& ICorrection measures 1622 W$ E7 f" c: Y+ U
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% @; l6 E5 m, y8 T/ y. i6 q! F' nCorrection measures 164
4 i; B0 s! Z6 ?AC Contactors and relays 1657 [3 q4 U2 R+ ~# M
Operation 165- a) e) N" g. W2 y; u
The Impact of Voltage Disturbance 168) c2 i! x0 w P1 l) [
Correction methods 169; B6 X- Z" H8 l2 T9 o2 F
Summary 170
, a1 i7 J& Q" [References 170" ~* d! Y U8 t0 ~% Z
Chapter 12. Electric Motor Drive Equipment 173
. ]0 O1 _1 Y/ \4 ~Electric Motors 173
, m; m- G8 M7 `. i% U' s3 p% f, tInduction Motors 173
* ~$ t$ j$ Q9 `/ {0 X' [2 C% h. V9 L& GOperation 174
) a0 G Y) ?# E6 K0 U# tHazards 1742 U' M, H* y- S" R0 u- Q; T
Phenomena 175" z; F6 n% O5 P! ~* d
Protection 176' \9 K: P B% X" ]8 n& w# F0 _
Adjustable Speed Drives 177
) I7 V4 B$ h& S4 ?, P' s8 nApplication 1783 F0 a) F. K; j; R: H. X
Voltage disturbances 1806 L- q" H6 V K: p1 D$ ?
Voltage unbalance 181
1 d4 a" l; P' J+ R) H) J; M- XProtective measures 183) [2 S* p; V. {1 J
Summary 188
2 X' m0 M+ b3 w: v) a7 F: w2 tReferences 188
2 e6 F6 I0 L. lChapter 13. Standby Power Systems 189
2 ?% `- i/ P! n9 gPrinciples: Standby Power System Design 189
" I E8 P" Z9 |% Z' lComponents to Assemble Standby, C1 A, ?0 O: n: z
Power Systems 190- H! V+ d* r/ G
Sample Standby Power Systems 191
* k6 |( y" u' l( b! X6 nEngine-Generator Sets 194
; C' z8 P( N( C$ M* V0 Z% QStandards 195
7 r! [" p+ \0 j# OComponent parts of an E/G set installation 196# v/ K( c. H, c7 Q+ c. u
Transfer switches 198. K( O) i: F9 q
Summary 200
" c2 l W5 f5 GReferences 200
% x% h- u% X; XChapter 14. Power Quality Measurements 201
( D2 k6 d; f0 K5 w) DMultimeters 201' V, m2 ]1 k9 E/ r, z( h) o
Oscilloscopes 202: h! p6 I" J& u
Current Probes 203% J8 t" g% ?% Z: } M5 ^5 ^
Search Coils 2042 P$ [! O+ _$ s3 o9 m
Power-Quality Meters and Analyzers 205" s9 Y: m0 M% e! A" c& F
Current Transformer Analysis in Detail 205
$ D% m) c2 q5 O- H3 `- |# aSummary 213
- @5 ?( m2 k6 b9 y/ c' R$ }References 2137 N$ P, C- F1 v* z! Y" Y. j
Index 215 |
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