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Preface xiChapter 1. Introduction 1% A4 k: {; n1 L& S
Background 1
) F8 k- O5 a/ z' x! G; B& pIdeal Voltage Waveform 20 o A5 q0 X" R/ o3 I- v
Nonlinear Load: The Rectifier 3$ N2 w. X6 J7 D3 O3 Z! u
The Definition of Power Quality 6# ?4 H; U0 a# _$ e9 Q7 A
Examples of poor power quality 7, X# q0 j V. q
The need for corrections 9! L- n2 f+ ?: d) _4 p7 k
The Scope of This Text 96 P S" y# r! o( B
Comment on References 11 F- f/ k9 Z; z3 \ `2 J. H
References 121 y9 _, A5 P4 X; \& I
Chapter 2. Power-Quality Standards 15# T; Y& e# D- n% C- ?5 W
IEEE Standards 519 and 1159 15
" w, A/ c8 s. |1 e5 l. lANSI Standard C84 17
- |( M- u. |6 o, gCBEMA and ITIC Curves 18* X$ W& P9 L, l: D9 h& z# p% X
High-Frequency EMI Standards 20! ^( C- n2 a+ q0 V r' z$ A1 X0 G
Summary 23; l8 m# ^7 R% u; E w/ e" c
References 24
( L1 z# B- @2 n7 oChapter 3. Voltage Distortion 25; u- i+ I3 i. [5 V# l3 N
Voltage Sag 25& k3 U$ @$ _9 m8 ~/ n F5 b p! z! k# Q
Voltage “Swell” 30. o0 R+ W0 ^0 }6 r
Impulsive “Transient” 30
) H& e6 d B& x4 \* ? Z+ f0 @Oscillatory “Transient” 33
# S* y5 E7 q# `& l0 fInterruption 35
3 U3 K2 n2 v; k- G0 R0 Z, d7 l; bNotching 35$ m) r' c1 O3 c( y W% w' p
Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker 376 Y2 f0 ?9 P- I {' u
Voltage Imbalance 40: t( k4 o0 C: k E6 e, y
Summary 41
7 h8 }8 S" m1 Q: `- e$ ]5 k+ T7 ^8 tReferences 42. ?; j8 _( f* t O8 I8 Y1 [
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Chapter 4. Harmonics and Interharmonics 43
* X3 H8 U& I# U* c6 F2 T+ a- dBackground 43$ U! Y9 h8 l5 B; x U
Periodic Waveforms and Harmonics 43# x z8 T" h$ A/ l" F
Root-mean square 47' [0 y. q* ^! u5 `3 v- Q3 x! _
DC current 49
1 h/ U& }- I( C( P1 N! @Pure sine wave 49
9 X+ ^1 T$ `; R- GSquare wave 49
3 t& f* @- _, q) g+ W/ YDC waveform + ripple 50
' @9 E6 s& v2 i! QTriangular ripple 506 C3 c7 L$ u9 ]% Z) E
Pulsating waveform 51" C* s" o6 u, \
Pulsating waveform with ripple 52
5 p% f4 c$ b4 tTriangular waveform 52
5 p3 R S- U) a, E: m8 u3 zPiecewise Calculation 52
7 y/ F9 ?) m/ n3 r- H. RTotal Harmonic Distortion 53( ]' O& Y% ]! d
Crest Factor 53
; q3 {1 D/ Q3 V, m/ rSummary 619 V! k8 `) {; A3 z9 b9 E
References 61
4 d5 a& |% q+ u7 aChapter 5. Harmonic Current Sources 63
' G2 F( `1 e2 z4 n* O3 x; w6 GBackground 63
2 j* E, ]/ T9 Q8 mSingle-Phase Rectifiers 649 _/ J. d- g( s1 ~
Three-Phase Rectifiers 69
5 a; V+ N& R5 a9 F/ KThe six-pulse rectifier 69
! I! X% S7 S9 x" k0 XThe twelve-pulse rectifier 70
. Q* j5 O) Q! O9 N) VHigh-Frequency Fluorescent Ballasts 71
7 C2 H5 v; u( \" Z; Q( |" I& lTransformers 722 R6 }4 E- w! R& D, F1 C9 o
Other Systems that Draw Harmonic Currents 73) y' F/ t6 W' V. w5 H' [
Summary 74
& A8 k# c2 x' Z" z* FReferences 745 \+ f8 a9 t& L/ x' [
Chapter 6. Power Harmonic Filters 75+ ]4 ~+ V5 W6 E4 k' A
Introduction 75+ w" h7 X+ ]& I, d) X) n7 }
A Typical Power System 76
, R H0 l' U; ]/ \* l4 L+ dIEEE Std. 519-1992 78
; z+ j+ E8 x4 x% s$ y$ j: R8 wLine reactor 79) W8 U$ q4 r0 [$ ]# |: f
Shunt passive filter 810 _9 _' I1 d% _: J6 l2 H
Multisection filters 87
2 z4 V# ?! Z5 F+ }# I# kPractical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters 95& P+ ^: m, } M d# {
Active harmonic filters 95
& o$ r! k j9 y9 h# z% XHybrid harmonic filters 97" V! T$ Q- @( ~5 p/ Z" Y, ]$ }
Summary 97
6 ?$ `! t, s6 k; V/ S) cReferences 98
& V6 q, k2 G( B, WChapter 7. Switch Mode Power Supplies 99$ a# F0 r/ D9 ]' L2 p0 H
Background 99
! W+ w/ V8 j& v' R/ W1 c" \Offline Power Supplies 100
$ a$ X4 }9 r- Y) DDC/DC Converter high-frequency switching waveforms
8 {, l- t3 W3 V7 v# _, `8 band interharmonic generation 1048 q8 D! Y V2 K" A
Testing for conducted EMI 106
- k n& S, ]& z- T2 }3 z& wCorrective measures for improving conducted EMI 1072 B2 s2 Z r8 v' l" h0 Y j! ?' ^+ }5 l
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Summary 107
0 Q, E- S0 d1 w# |! I% z) v' |References 108% I" I7 `7 ]! L. _
Chapter 8. Methods for Correction of Power-Quality
( a: k! q- Q8 CProblems 109
% d* c6 q% r7 ?! u' _Introduction 109# ]! Z z8 R. s/ E9 r( H( W D4 r
Correction Methods 110
0 ^* a6 P2 z% [* ?5 F3 f% k5 [Voltage disturbances versus correction methods 111+ L2 U% U5 k% _$ }
Reliability 113# r* ? O% Q* c5 v) Q* d7 a, l
Design of load equipment 115
" Q$ F$ M. I: c0 v& ~2 qThe design of electric-power supply systems 1171 d1 R) A) E: p' Z/ n2 d
Power harmonic filters 119* \& m, Q6 V+ r! v# _* l
Utilization-dynamic voltage compensators 119- V; r: C- o; ^; D9 U% S
Uninterruptible power supplies 119
7 Y9 M, L$ K3 v1 O) ATransformers 120) f+ c9 K. k; h0 ^) W
Standby power systems 122$ X$ T' @ S. {; D
Summary 126
5 S; g M+ b9 d `) m" b; r; ~References 126. B, H i6 p5 {
Chapter 9. Uninterruptible Power Supplies 129
y3 e, d# l7 NIntroduction 129
4 u( s! V! M- s9 ]: o6 d0 o% V mHistory 131
0 H# P' U: P! ^) o; r* n3 v1 tTypes of UPS Equipment 133
' ^) Z2 h- I2 v, J1 }Commercial equipment 134
9 }5 C2 p' x% k( @1 a. lEnergy storage 137' @5 x0 B1 h) T9 E2 f( ?. H
Batteries 138+ h# n3 J& Y. d0 g
Flywheels 139& M* o5 \" P: q% R! K2 b
Fuel cells 141. H' t0 W% q) {/ y$ j2 ]
Ultracapacitors 144
) f4 I3 g4 S+ x( t7 H, rSummary 145
5 B" z+ Y& t. Y* U' G5 U8 nReferences 145
1 T9 ?6 K. \, S0 O" h& E* @Chapter 10. Dynamic Voltage Compensators 147% V% Q; G9 W$ X$ C6 e" C# z
Introduction 147' g: y- e4 h* G% A. F
Principle of Operation 1481 T+ P& \: ~" j: q, n$ ~* V
Operation on ITIC curve 151
, w7 u8 ^: ~4 I; S$ zDetection of disturbance and control 152; g! Z, p: Q1 o
Commercial equipment 153
! S. J \. y' XSummary 154
# G% B/ T# |" T: P; q# yReferences 154
0 ^% F1 t% x3 k2 sChapter 11. Power Quality Events 1553 W# o4 M# [* {. N
Introduction 155. F2 S) i" W) C" G
Method 1 155
4 g, y9 M& j# [5 I4 q/ ?4 v- G/ F# MMethod 2 156
|& c( c: w# L5 B9 L/ JPersonal Computers 156. v6 @. ]5 J' E& Y2 i
Power-quality characteristics 157
0 u* l+ l7 R1 g0 f: _0 }Modes of malfunction 160
8 r! {2 b% d. I1 U# U0 _; PSensitivity to voltage sags and interruptions 160 p2 s2 {7 C8 ~2 O4 k' v$ w( x
Correction measures 162+ S& ^4 a6 M+ N- b, e% h
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Correction measures 164
; K$ V! e( g+ Z+ d6 v, M$ x1 IAC Contactors and relays 165' k( d6 k' y& y
Operation 165; P9 C! s: X7 W% }: @1 |0 q
The Impact of Voltage Disturbance 168+ _2 t0 W* i% ]: r5 ?" l
Correction methods 169
; C" w; {4 g G* vSummary 170) @9 m! H! ] ^$ q8 P
References 1706 B: M# Z# L I
Chapter 12. Electric Motor Drive Equipment 1730 d7 V9 N/ {- s7 L
Electric Motors 173& f! J, Q* s- z/ m# B4 D* J
Induction Motors 173& |$ P, Q5 e% \0 W3 x7 e" ]
Operation 174
& E) _" f& A$ j3 v1 s9 E3 p# ZHazards 1740 ^- `& f3 J( V: ~; l+ b
Phenomena 175
* T/ A* t- J* h0 }) p, A6 S# b. zProtection 176
1 d6 a) n5 {$ [! NAdjustable Speed Drives 177$ d" O3 k4 {* j6 `5 R
Application 178
, Q+ G0 A. w* R8 fVoltage disturbances 180/ \5 q* W- u5 z* ] z& i
Voltage unbalance 181
8 `6 t( n2 o# R9 e EProtective measures 183
" W) c: |# I; F$ k6 DSummary 188
- s/ B q) V& f: Y6 e9 a0 IReferences 188
4 R3 [9 _$ F" q! A0 QChapter 13. Standby Power Systems 189; N! ] c# \3 \ ~, [' {! V1 m
Principles: Standby Power System Design 1892 s& |# z$ s1 U4 M; k
Components to Assemble Standby
4 V$ }. _. l& Y/ z% UPower Systems 190
, s6 E3 m S5 g" d% e6 o8 vSample Standby Power Systems 191% Q F7 D7 P# h% L" z- ~
Engine-Generator Sets 1947 ] u6 L7 n5 U1 j# Q6 v# m
Standards 195
' I( @( @* u1 oComponent parts of an E/G set installation 1963 i4 v0 E7 ~7 r4 T
Transfer switches 1982 m* e# d: w4 z3 s2 a
Summary 200/ s: o& n0 m5 O3 }6 a
References 200
! E+ j, C, r3 AChapter 14. Power Quality Measurements 2012 ^& A6 Y& @0 Q( A& `: n
Multimeters 201
6 @) J% v" @1 }" w8 k) SOscilloscopes 202- E% W1 ^: ?" x Q/ i3 H
Current Probes 2033 T% L$ Y; i& W
Search Coils 204# G! K$ @, |: `# I5 C
Power-Quality Meters and Analyzers 205
) O; [" Q" e: o8 L* HCurrent Transformer Analysis in Detail 205+ S9 ~6 }* y# @! L" e
Summary 213
* \6 ]4 g- w2 Z$ ]- pReferences 213
1 ] t: a9 F) gIndex 215 |
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