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Preface xiChapter 1. Introduction 1& `; l/ d( y( _% n. j4 U& s' y
Background 1) G4 i! m7 ], z
Ideal Voltage Waveform 2
- @- d0 A$ L( N: e9 m, p# r: \Nonlinear Load: The Rectifier 3
/ a1 a4 W9 ^4 |. \$ K' y1 dThe Definition of Power Quality 6# }% [3 t- l* h, H q) ?4 F" Y- h
Examples of poor power quality 7
# b1 K) v) Y! q; uThe need for corrections 96 U. A1 [2 N% v9 X
The Scope of This Text 9: p( z& T8 w- X- C. A
Comment on References 114 E5 [9 P/ K+ D' ` f; ^
References 122 g" k8 C9 w3 X; g/ ^' U, ^
Chapter 2. Power-Quality Standards 15$ Z) ?, o% e0 s3 C( H
IEEE Standards 519 and 1159 155 a2 O |4 I, W* @/ O+ X2 }
ANSI Standard C84 17+ x! c0 b! Q- a3 ]/ A- S
CBEMA and ITIC Curves 18 g# k( p/ \) N4 }( s; G
High-Frequency EMI Standards 20
4 m% M4 j, J% @4 ^, GSummary 23
* F0 T8 N* _! i2 n. i+ ?- ? yReferences 24" V: m' K/ K/ m* } e
Chapter 3. Voltage Distortion 25
( x+ B9 e7 ]7 z+ b2 S( ^2 ?/ h) e% bVoltage Sag 252 Z% E3 [$ d- [8 Q8 R8 H
Voltage “Swell” 30
- F! k8 g. _% uImpulsive “Transient” 30
9 G/ A: u$ H! S5 ~Oscillatory “Transient” 33
6 w5 b& z0 t: c& e6 ^Interruption 35
1 b7 ~9 C; @, y# _Notching 35
) H) J9 b* ~) ]- R1 UVoltage Fluctuations and Flicker 37
+ g: ]: N& y l& _9 X) wVoltage Imbalance 402 v4 X, T% Y6 ]- U& M3 x
Summary 41
$ L. R+ D# I3 rReferences 42
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Chapter 4. Harmonics and Interharmonics 43
5 `, }' y# \* HBackground 43
0 t; s$ s1 C6 R7 R7 CPeriodic Waveforms and Harmonics 439 `/ n o+ Z Y; Z/ i
Root-mean square 47
+ j# w% u1 |2 G+ |DC current 49* R' \0 d& {. w6 x0 O8 |) M
Pure sine wave 49- l7 D3 P, b) r+ y; V
Square wave 495 X" U* h5 i0 R9 p+ ~
DC waveform + ripple 50" G* B5 Z, F; r, w# o) K# X
Triangular ripple 50
" k* T+ m( i( [, h; UPulsating waveform 51 ?$ D* M5 d6 _' k- ]2 I
Pulsating waveform with ripple 52. ~3 b7 a0 F$ S
Triangular waveform 52
$ d4 T0 p1 R! C# |Piecewise Calculation 52
2 D2 f7 n3 J* g e1 x! J4 }6 ZTotal Harmonic Distortion 535 H# T2 A! ?: ~4 H" t$ s# |
Crest Factor 53: V' T! k' D( G+ X
Summary 61* E2 w+ q, U7 L, T0 s) O' z
References 61
6 i; ]: f: {. J' I; t3 g7 ZChapter 5. Harmonic Current Sources 63
! {" Q/ c4 G) I* G4 G/ _3 k' IBackground 63& v, B3 L' q8 T0 R& D+ G! R7 f
Single-Phase Rectifiers 64
p. Q( j# Y3 o% J; `5 MThree-Phase Rectifiers 69
2 t3 ?( Y3 S- s! WThe six-pulse rectifier 69+ M, S5 M H+ p
The twelve-pulse rectifier 70
3 _" ]" K' h: L. O; u8 Z' fHigh-Frequency Fluorescent Ballasts 712 d6 k: L0 u; x2 v' w0 O; Y: P
Transformers 72- m" M7 ~0 K4 T; u$ J% N
Other Systems that Draw Harmonic Currents 737 t2 f$ m! w% ~# S' d
Summary 74$ [8 Q) ]% N: b9 _0 j: H
References 74
/ d' t7 O: ?6 p& W. j# XChapter 6. Power Harmonic Filters 75
: n/ p1 o9 a" C8 q' L* j0 LIntroduction 75
$ y/ q# g* {* {6 r* ]" LA Typical Power System 76, t" b3 Q- g# ?* i2 e
IEEE Std. 519-1992 78
* F' q2 G* \$ R/ I2 [Line reactor 79- c) O4 z" ~) ~, m8 ?/ i
Shunt passive filter 81" A# p' _- B. G+ x8 r h. f
Multisection filters 87- J( q, g8 Z% a% B4 n
Practical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters 952 e! V, ?$ H3 u9 u& n/ q
Active harmonic filters 95
" {0 R5 C0 F8 Z7 b6 x) U/ N2 rHybrid harmonic filters 97" _' x/ f* q9 _& [7 b! n& S
Summary 97! V8 n, ^2 \, R6 [8 m7 }
References 98; g W! C1 C; H z
Chapter 7. Switch Mode Power Supplies 996 V/ v. l+ ^+ a# h4 e
Background 995 ]0 _$ @, ^7 r# S: s
Offline Power Supplies 100
; c# U2 K( R3 pDC/DC Converter high-frequency switching waveforms
& A- f$ x4 E0 q$ l& e3 ?and interharmonic generation 104
* P) P% I5 P8 Z u$ gTesting for conducted EMI 106
( |7 M/ W) M: [/ d; v; JCorrective measures for improving conducted EMI 107
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q, ]" l' x" g6 {' l7 [5 FSummary 107
8 M" r' e5 c: O5 d& Q7 |References 108
; ]( h- H& B4 V# tChapter 8. Methods for Correction of Power-Quality1 W$ P& h! O" O% A6 D4 M/ z$ T n( u
Problems 109
/ b* Q9 k2 A+ l0 M& Z' c7 }; U/ hIntroduction 109
4 Z+ w7 p) m: b) P5 [Correction Methods 110$ X8 x8 ^& o% ?0 J. s$ u
Voltage disturbances versus correction methods 111
2 T# f# V) Y" e5 ?2 s& g8 l4 aReliability 113$ k$ T# v- j# [0 r9 m
Design of load equipment 1157 A& L( R6 f$ Z& |. i( B2 X3 D
The design of electric-power supply systems 117
) V5 r9 R g: H, L. J; @Power harmonic filters 119$ B8 i+ h0 x& a4 t3 y% b& M! w& k! `
Utilization-dynamic voltage compensators 119) K$ K; U W+ N) \. J
Uninterruptible power supplies 1191 F: O6 h4 p1 J+ S! A( f
Transformers 120
' C9 E7 }) E0 P, V. h& y2 U+ O6 RStandby power systems 1227 V- _3 }0 m+ {4 A& {6 f4 J4 V7 d
Summary 126) p5 E4 N6 f% v. r* @ X& C5 R
References 126
: |: n3 M- O, X, ^/ P) D" E8 nChapter 9. Uninterruptible Power Supplies 129
( @9 K4 t- c/ P6 x4 v' ?1 TIntroduction 129& T! `2 b" U" N+ r
History 131
5 ^6 n; R* F: a3 q5 LTypes of UPS Equipment 133
! ?0 q( A8 m& {% N" m2 p8 c- gCommercial equipment 134
* j0 X$ r* K* C9 W$ h6 n+ h$ kEnergy storage 137
# s T* z& T% \1 ^5 r6 N4 bBatteries 1382 S# u# f& y8 M$ [9 e8 L6 R
Flywheels 139
4 `- K7 \- Y# E T8 Z0 n+ hFuel cells 1419 N/ L% z3 }% f0 o
Ultracapacitors 144
0 \- b- m, L/ W1 _6 L8 [% _Summary 145
4 n; m/ ~1 o; _2 X6 c9 ]% A& g: f( wReferences 145
1 p- m. V" V/ Z, ^7 I% [* pChapter 10. Dynamic Voltage Compensators 147, T* s& z6 d3 i8 }5 J- F6 o* x. q
Introduction 147
. W7 i$ ]* ~8 a/ x" [" z9 A! R7 `( ?Principle of Operation 148
& I' I) ^% J4 [, F6 KOperation on ITIC curve 151
+ }8 X( i* w) S4 G; vDetection of disturbance and control 152
i9 O3 b0 A2 h0 T9 [Commercial equipment 153) i! G7 V% @, z7 [" w5 G
Summary 1540 W( K7 |; p" Y- b" c* V" H
References 1543 B, l9 x- X' }0 ?1 L. l+ _( Z
Chapter 11. Power Quality Events 155: G% A% Y' F' o/ X3 F
Introduction 1552 l3 ?8 [6 s" _8 F! V, _
Method 1 155
; f9 b) A3 D4 Y$ v- MMethod 2 1560 D+ Y8 G! v9 o4 b" _8 h R+ `
Personal Computers 156: P; v7 x2 B, N6 N1 d* A( ]
Power-quality characteristics 157
. ?; Z* {# W5 ]) AModes of malfunction 160& ?3 s, Q7 O0 q! p* s( }
Sensitivity to voltage sags and interruptions 160
/ K$ @8 n, T! a6 f6 O+ d/ D" B% C; F- Y5 iCorrection measures 162* B, D G% G- \0 b! a. C, K5 F
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0 J9 ~# A% [. w+ k2 e- i' ^6 fCorrection measures 164
0 }' R- ~0 U: _' e% C7 {AC Contactors and relays 165
9 P* j7 C: y$ D6 O4 J% @Operation 165
0 J; V7 r/ H. |% `1 D. b* NThe Impact of Voltage Disturbance 168
" O/ Y0 G4 h! ]$ n' I8 wCorrection methods 169' k' X4 s1 B# G% Q: M
Summary 1709 Y1 t! g& q% q, _0 t8 [
References 170
1 V% u* E, g$ uChapter 12. Electric Motor Drive Equipment 1735 S1 v. k8 n) E( [4 g$ Z
Electric Motors 1737 h% n4 ]0 E6 w- f' Q9 f: A3 f
Induction Motors 173
: p! D% S( @2 k0 v1 kOperation 174/ Y( f' O( u% `
Hazards 174
7 T5 Q& b0 }8 A5 H1 k3 Q& m6 IPhenomena 175
/ F5 W- a3 v; O' S& v, ^! y* @% EProtection 176
. `: l5 G! a. W; Q7 xAdjustable Speed Drives 177
' }1 }$ a% b# j: `# ] dApplication 178- J0 g# Q( f- c3 W
Voltage disturbances 1805 d- x* r$ w% L7 q. A
Voltage unbalance 1814 s; n) w( k& w6 y# ^0 R
Protective measures 183
, p* ]9 L) J" M" N% z! D& |Summary 188
1 A/ J; D% _+ o/ R1 fReferences 188
$ n' X. M) a7 b, EChapter 13. Standby Power Systems 189* d( W1 A; }% Z% u B' w
Principles: Standby Power System Design 189
* p" e* O: D7 e( o# p8 t. aComponents to Assemble Standby2 [; `; c8 C, I1 @. C& D/ j
Power Systems 1903 e! x F$ S5 z1 X l* F
Sample Standby Power Systems 191
& o- G, f8 l+ [: U8 r0 Q9 G: v, cEngine-Generator Sets 194 b; A2 K. v4 Y1 C
Standards 195
& \( R$ g7 r3 D* M8 Q4 C$ I0 @5 M! ZComponent parts of an E/G set installation 196/ }6 ?' w5 o0 m; h( E( m
Transfer switches 198
# s1 q6 U/ h1 P NSummary 200
! P# a% P; a% {" U7 n b, ^, tReferences 2000 J6 e4 n% m/ o7 \3 t& V
Chapter 14. Power Quality Measurements 201
! v& W( Z" {) N! `# T5 z0 r: |Multimeters 201
, r5 C1 c. ?0 j( w" UOscilloscopes 202
" h9 o" e3 j) Q1 O: B$ _' z" pCurrent Probes 2038 q. q( \- ~, e
Search Coils 204
, ~+ ^/ y$ l" U7 e+ @+ wPower-Quality Meters and Analyzers 205 E# _) X+ h3 _% }
Current Transformer Analysis in Detail 205( i, H0 w' x& L& E
Summary 213- I- ]1 _3 F9 S8 u0 q% R3 ^, T
References 213
. i( f$ |9 J5 P) {4 B) E# |4 pIndex 215 |
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