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. z; Y# u% ?/ a4 [; M+ x; [ Preface xiChapter 1. Introduction 1( N: u3 c6 ^" F. B. }
Background 1# J$ F2 }" b4 w8 a' V# Z
Ideal Voltage Waveform 2
: k9 `: j: ]" r0 `% oNonlinear Load: The Rectifier 3 W( J4 i j$ }
The Definition of Power Quality 6- v- H! f! m/ g, K( `( F+ k
Examples of poor power quality 7
8 s; O! S G- k$ ?! \3 U% eThe need for corrections 9
3 L& @3 Y! r3 G3 zThe Scope of This Text 9
3 L! [6 m9 U5 b% ^Comment on References 11" H2 a. \: L# @$ M
References 12; {" Z4 }- v% B9 u9 O
Chapter 2. Power-Quality Standards 158 O; \0 Q/ t7 }: g5 o" H
IEEE Standards 519 and 1159 15* | I' U* o. H2 r1 R4 B
ANSI Standard C84 17
. L' C; T+ |' G; b6 P2 aCBEMA and ITIC Curves 18- \3 t. J" C4 s
High-Frequency EMI Standards 20) v% a5 H7 y" S
Summary 239 i) e2 } I0 o! @: J2 a1 R
References 24
4 _: H& G2 p+ @3 e& N% h/ sChapter 3. Voltage Distortion 25: n, u( L; S5 i: o9 c; `6 f7 P
Voltage Sag 25
4 x9 q" i( o) G$ {! C9 L1 c# XVoltage “Swell” 30
9 W. F) c" u' R. M2 Q' H4 S5 aImpulsive “Transient” 30
$ \& C. G4 H: ROscillatory “Transient” 33( I8 c+ E. e! T* V6 j \
Interruption 35
; `, G; H, X7 r. o/ \2 y KNotching 35
5 M( I/ `5 f8 ~2 w5 j$ U, D- I( mVoltage Fluctuations and Flicker 37
8 s5 y' l6 u: |6 a/ Y; D% jVoltage Imbalance 40) V' F; A! x- D( H5 _! C5 \% `
Summary 41! [7 `+ ?" {: H! O5 Z% c2 e3 u% c
References 42
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3 j s5 o6 @. |Chapter 4. Harmonics and Interharmonics 43
u7 s' }+ L" d' {$ S- xBackground 43& R. y6 {; _+ A( J( k) e9 D8 G
Periodic Waveforms and Harmonics 43! Z. d2 a4 f; n h4 | s1 r/ U
Root-mean square 47, ]; M# k' ^) W' p5 [
DC current 49
8 m' ^( U- @) \6 fPure sine wave 490 ]5 }! S, s& ~8 o$ N9 o
Square wave 49# P. m: \1 ^* c
DC waveform + ripple 506 v( a% E$ C1 \0 `
Triangular ripple 50
# F7 m( u9 u `" m& m: p7 ]7 p$ iPulsating waveform 510 |, L+ Q8 x2 j8 i: e' h( e
Pulsating waveform with ripple 528 g$ s8 s( R1 M: ]/ B6 K) W
Triangular waveform 52. m+ n/ i( E* z
Piecewise Calculation 52
7 E4 V/ j- d1 y; j. l5 z' ~Total Harmonic Distortion 53
" `" w/ Q; E& Q8 J5 G- W; G" LCrest Factor 53
, [) |, v0 l- z+ w/ h. uSummary 61
+ h1 o4 g9 R+ o1 g# k( ^0 QReferences 61
' _% \. J8 N# o" f0 o2 q' o" BChapter 5. Harmonic Current Sources 63
0 X0 o4 H9 H6 N4 C# n2 {( wBackground 63- X0 G) C% y2 [2 u* s- Z
Single-Phase Rectifiers 64+ n! W6 V) p z* d: Q/ Q# V& }3 j# W" W
Three-Phase Rectifiers 69
( u" b( Y s- F3 a5 l* ~The six-pulse rectifier 69$ h( }4 }. z' ]# B7 C6 l& a# m/ F9 b9 k
The twelve-pulse rectifier 70- U) g) T) R5 A' ^0 S
High-Frequency Fluorescent Ballasts 71% e8 E% g( b" x% d
Transformers 72
2 w4 T, b: Z7 V6 i3 R3 F xOther Systems that Draw Harmonic Currents 735 d5 d# Q# _2 `6 k1 T1 w
Summary 74
2 @- t2 L T4 mReferences 74
% {1 O) i! x+ @. d. z4 i3 VChapter 6. Power Harmonic Filters 75
$ _# P2 x5 S1 l( f: NIntroduction 75
4 L: m z; V; s. w" dA Typical Power System 76+ G3 G2 B2 T, K/ m) j" f; q
IEEE Std. 519-1992 78
- `: J# |- M J% {4 iLine reactor 79( Z' ~! ^' R# B2 B; C7 m
Shunt passive filter 81
0 b( }- i ?/ S0 X7 vMultisection filters 87
5 d. ]% _, A" YPractical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters 95' Z; J) U; Y, N/ ~8 ? T
Active harmonic filters 95
, Y: S" D1 s' ?( S+ SHybrid harmonic filters 97% _% H i" ~# M1 i4 j; r9 [( e* F) s
Summary 97
" O U; p2 H( G& {References 98
3 j$ a* \( l6 r9 r- Z; ]) Y6 A" KChapter 7. Switch Mode Power Supplies 992 u a* q: c2 l! [7 Z# T
Background 99
W0 T$ L7 |7 `& fOffline Power Supplies 1005 W, I4 d4 i0 m0 B
DC/DC Converter high-frequency switching waveforms
. b' z& Q: ?& m0 i( Oand interharmonic generation 1044 p5 i1 R$ t0 S: [' A" K
Testing for conducted EMI 106* @9 Z2 G9 q" I
Corrective measures for improving conducted EMI 107" \) O. N4 i; F* a1 Y8 V
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; v: o9 W2 E1 O* _) mSummary 107
- u0 {' ~2 T- T% }7 ?References 108
4 O2 v) v' {6 N: G4 ~1 s. ~Chapter 8. Methods for Correction of Power-Quality- S- H8 ` ~* x1 n f. V
Problems 109
! |0 }; h+ Y0 _, ?0 UIntroduction 109
3 y5 J( v8 @% Y2 _2 f8 h1 k' oCorrection Methods 110: n) G# G2 q. m4 Y: U! m
Voltage disturbances versus correction methods 111
7 [' x. j! P7 Y( VReliability 113
3 ^6 X* T, b$ t. S6 BDesign of load equipment 1157 \2 J6 a, v n4 g& B6 C9 U
The design of electric-power supply systems 117* X" Q+ z9 |" d4 j* ~
Power harmonic filters 1196 \# ~+ P0 o( H* i% m* t+ ~
Utilization-dynamic voltage compensators 119
% ~ l/ D5 Y7 @, PUninterruptible power supplies 119" z0 E& w: F$ Q7 o$ x4 a; I
Transformers 120+ x0 B% I" p4 v2 h# s' X- A
Standby power systems 122
0 [5 a& I* E% \' {4 ?" f* YSummary 126
- e; `' }* ^" J6 T8 fReferences 126' J( g9 b/ t7 b, W
Chapter 9. Uninterruptible Power Supplies 129) M8 a+ t! z+ o- J. L. e% `, s' T
Introduction 129
) C: |. E* K1 o; q1 { d+ CHistory 131& u- p) i2 M/ b# F; }4 I
Types of UPS Equipment 1334 c9 Q7 J! P1 D$ q* u4 l
Commercial equipment 134
2 f; Y6 Y- q* d, ]2 REnergy storage 137
* ]0 h1 b/ X1 E1 a) q' mBatteries 1387 D" j/ p* `# n2 b; y. `7 z
Flywheels 1394 o: L* H2 r# M- K
Fuel cells 141
2 b" m b* |' H' {- K) E nUltracapacitors 144
; H. K; P8 C( O2 MSummary 145
: T) R. k3 r0 \3 {4 \References 145
! e' _) j8 {' s& c; JChapter 10. Dynamic Voltage Compensators 147
. F0 W* K; k0 q) W) A6 nIntroduction 147. ^4 k* r+ I- n1 Q6 q7 y$ T9 {& K
Principle of Operation 148
* J6 S( F. r3 I' y. ~2 DOperation on ITIC curve 151
$ [: H' a; q" o( XDetection of disturbance and control 1529 Z# g- m8 ~- p
Commercial equipment 153( ^+ q6 F4 f% W& H0 M5 \* \
Summary 154
( V1 U# _+ o! A7 D0 }1 y& SReferences 154
' @, f+ F3 M+ FChapter 11. Power Quality Events 155
- w1 e6 E: K$ K! N. t, J aIntroduction 155, O# @3 z% ]$ ~& B% S* [( B
Method 1 155
: ?/ f, {) u; ~Method 2 156% |! w: G) i7 Q9 I; q' E% D+ D6 P
Personal Computers 1560 \, f9 g6 |9 g+ C/ f( W# L
Power-quality characteristics 157) T; D; F, L# Z y, ~" Z
Modes of malfunction 160
/ V D* ]- f2 n4 B/ LSensitivity to voltage sags and interruptions 160- ~, [& v+ B" F2 N( n' w
Correction measures 162
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Correction measures 164; Q! }8 X3 V* z0 j X
AC Contactors and relays 165
/ Q! C3 W, j" O' QOperation 165; o" [" {- J& I: y4 s
The Impact of Voltage Disturbance 168
2 q0 b; C* I8 |5 D4 QCorrection methods 1698 T5 g& k! y8 u4 D% q8 m* c- p Z
Summary 170
3 Q9 n" u, [2 zReferences 170
3 U- e+ w: X$ o7 E, }7 xChapter 12. Electric Motor Drive Equipment 173
" c7 `( ~: z* v1 ?! vElectric Motors 173% T1 n8 i6 q$ ]5 ~* c4 j
Induction Motors 173
9 `, O: x/ r! x% pOperation 174; D; z, Q* ~! ~+ Y
Hazards 1742 B0 S+ O6 {; i. ~3 M
Phenomena 175
4 g( R- G/ ~5 U3 s! V; aProtection 176
" J: C4 U4 [5 ~9 `6 l. nAdjustable Speed Drives 177
# p- V J3 u/ K) s# C3 KApplication 1784 m6 z$ u) u5 [9 P7 T7 L% q! F/ C
Voltage disturbances 1803 f* M* M" `. N- f4 U
Voltage unbalance 181: \. H' G; M0 L$ [) Q; \
Protective measures 183
: Q. e+ @$ X, c; ~1 L$ u5 Q- `4 ESummary 188
1 F) n' D- d. @References 188
6 t% p2 U% H" OChapter 13. Standby Power Systems 189! y$ C4 [. T' b W( K5 h k
Principles: Standby Power System Design 189
. G* e7 u5 Q4 [) t" NComponents to Assemble Standby6 _. r6 l5 A, l
Power Systems 190
' o* X, d( \# J3 I: \% J8 g6 L( K. M9 W CSample Standby Power Systems 191
- r" s) h( W1 E+ j" M' dEngine-Generator Sets 1945 b5 }! U$ @1 A3 ^ ^" y5 k/ Y
Standards 195
6 P# U3 H7 v. z6 a m: ]Component parts of an E/G set installation 196
, h7 v/ o5 z3 W @) {: K7 l3 x H jTransfer switches 198
9 R: K4 r6 b" h% e J( HSummary 200' I: q9 T/ U& x8 I7 T! u
References 2002 I1 d' X' a3 o4 J$ o3 r
Chapter 14. Power Quality Measurements 201# h: ~6 g& p6 Z& r+ ?
Multimeters 201- i) h s0 ?9 P# K
Oscilloscopes 202
6 ^! J8 i$ @& ~6 Y% R8 WCurrent Probes 203/ d# u/ J! J7 A0 W
Search Coils 204! E9 s, F: T# z5 Z8 w
Power-Quality Meters and Analyzers 205
; n5 C5 U; i" F e/ s% fCurrent Transformer Analysis in Detail 205/ m! {1 \ D x1 d6 E0 D/ W
Summary 213
3 o/ \5 C( E6 sReferences 213: U! A" p. E* W; P
Index 215 |
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