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, m/ g0 S3 }0 W' e) e Preface xiChapter 1. Introduction 1
: {. J$ C& W9 w9 P6 D+ r' OBackground 1
) p* [7 t- j+ P7 C% XIdeal Voltage Waveform 2
# B' J Z* b" t& `. KNonlinear Load: The Rectifier 3. v1 J( V: F0 m) Q# x' N! Y0 ~% K
The Definition of Power Quality 6
+ \' J- p' j* G# s/ R+ TExamples of poor power quality 7- I! x- U6 g3 f- \5 P$ k7 z" s- b
The need for corrections 9
1 {& G! c" a2 t; ^1 b9 ^The Scope of This Text 9
0 `( f, m- f# d; U8 @& WComment on References 11
6 e; o6 k0 J" jReferences 12
, {1 {$ D) I* v4 |Chapter 2. Power-Quality Standards 15
. a" Z/ h( v0 u+ OIEEE Standards 519 and 1159 152 U9 k" ~! t2 k& K E& q" K
ANSI Standard C84 17
8 \# k J, j2 m0 F' l- U! [CBEMA and ITIC Curves 187 r( U& J& N2 Z
High-Frequency EMI Standards 20
: T* [8 J* n& ^% S! H; HSummary 23
* v' y4 u4 Q [; V2 NReferences 24) x/ S3 O1 e, \
Chapter 3. Voltage Distortion 255 c2 S7 f- u* {$ W$ Q
Voltage Sag 25$ N2 Z+ E# U0 S6 Y
Voltage “Swell” 30' [6 J4 f% v$ N7 m! g3 f2 b) C
Impulsive “Transient” 30
' w/ K: z7 p( W* M$ `Oscillatory “Transient” 334 G4 H3 l E! g2 _; Z, C
Interruption 351 e0 j5 C, H G, P# w" J
Notching 35
( K7 L- m: v7 o( W/ g3 [) IVoltage Fluctuations and Flicker 37( c3 K% Z4 z6 ^' w# W
Voltage Imbalance 40+ Z6 P4 e3 {% V
Summary 41
4 F4 A, @6 ?% d L3 SReferences 42
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N; X- O4 [1 [9 J) mChapter 4. Harmonics and Interharmonics 43
: l" i, q _( a5 {) f- l% ~Background 434 P T5 }; J$ j6 H, o
Periodic Waveforms and Harmonics 43
i* ]( D. C( ?0 WRoot-mean square 470 e& ]2 h2 \& Z' ], u
DC current 49: g0 C& _' x9 R) |1 X# Q& C4 P
Pure sine wave 49" F8 u! f. V: B+ g2 [! s
Square wave 49
( i) S5 M. u7 E1 t7 Q1 G9 JDC waveform + ripple 50& }% _" j0 i; e. h9 ~
Triangular ripple 50
5 o9 ]4 k6 n' A% R" y7 q! D# s2 w+ KPulsating waveform 51, l0 @# h7 e6 f5 v1 {/ G4 H, k% b
Pulsating waveform with ripple 52
, l# D( t; U6 {+ \5 {' E0 x: v, x# ~Triangular waveform 52, U2 c/ V, H: W) b k
Piecewise Calculation 52
. ?/ N# i7 }/ K8 U- |Total Harmonic Distortion 53. Y/ Z1 \/ g/ B) {5 i4 Y% _
Crest Factor 533 f+ b) r O* f) V9 H+ m# [
Summary 618 f) c: S U( p! z- |8 H) g& L
References 61
4 {4 G! D$ y; n- F3 RChapter 5. Harmonic Current Sources 63
, I: R, V8 D5 o9 y' y( p* rBackground 63
; ?+ U( [* o' }. ~0 {; RSingle-Phase Rectifiers 64, \+ x: T) N+ U, z
Three-Phase Rectifiers 69
; j* f% v0 M* D, s/ `The six-pulse rectifier 69
& o# O2 o% K# W, Q& W2 ^The twelve-pulse rectifier 70
4 E+ p$ T/ q) u1 ]- NHigh-Frequency Fluorescent Ballasts 71
* N& _2 ]; N I# |! E! T; E7 NTransformers 72
: E5 e. C, T! P' F2 F5 ZOther Systems that Draw Harmonic Currents 73" V. ~" w% p0 s; G7 Y$ i9 ]( s& x5 v
Summary 74
0 X; c2 G5 s- g. _ E8 c% ~References 74
. N$ R" ], \0 x7 |$ z/ l4 C r% R. WChapter 6. Power Harmonic Filters 75
2 l' C5 n. [" a; z! D$ `( p- pIntroduction 75+ J2 }9 z6 x% C! ?! t/ v
A Typical Power System 76% }: V! D7 V5 O2 X( I
IEEE Std. 519-1992 78* M0 R9 |" W' v4 ~1 f% w8 C8 W
Line reactor 79
; I: d1 h. h( n8 {Shunt passive filter 81
0 |* m8 w4 T, L6 s' g/ b8 hMultisection filters 872 ^8 w) a! f; n! z
Practical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters 95
4 A* L5 I. A3 m3 {Active harmonic filters 95- F, L- D* b* E
Hybrid harmonic filters 971 q& i! @, M1 b! X3 K
Summary 971 K9 l6 ]8 G+ @
References 98
- L1 O9 y7 Z, G/ p% s) R( @, g" hChapter 7. Switch Mode Power Supplies 99
4 H4 y* o) ^7 BBackground 996 y% Z7 _( w+ g# k: O# g
Offline Power Supplies 100
Z/ y4 A4 X5 s$ ~ rDC/DC Converter high-frequency switching waveforms
. y! V" U7 ~8 t% y& T; iand interharmonic generation 104
4 J+ [* z: u: H6 J- dTesting for conducted EMI 106
`+ W" M1 }; ~$ E1 I4 H5 p# BCorrective measures for improving conducted EMI 107
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Summary 107
: X9 J% w! B$ hReferences 108
7 G+ Z% R1 _6 ~" ~ w7 oChapter 8. Methods for Correction of Power-Quality
. {' e9 W0 [: ?* T9 GProblems 1094 M5 b8 I( o; c0 U1 U: t
Introduction 109
& R2 T& ?6 o+ {9 D* u" ^! SCorrection Methods 110
' m. l* l# |/ h: {Voltage disturbances versus correction methods 111
2 k0 {! e2 D/ ?" _. c# _Reliability 113
$ S7 F2 B: O/ _' ?4 O% C l/ xDesign of load equipment 115: _$ w- Z! c$ j' h" Z3 v7 f. L
The design of electric-power supply systems 117: _1 {! D0 j1 \# W" P/ M6 C8 v
Power harmonic filters 1197 I7 N. t( r/ S- _$ l
Utilization-dynamic voltage compensators 119
- u0 @6 {$ a; `* b1 v5 R% x3 rUninterruptible power supplies 119
# o1 R5 \: w. {4 _8 z$ [5 YTransformers 120
' \2 _2 a9 z/ j, n! fStandby power systems 1222 G/ n/ `) y& p7 x: c o
Summary 126
' z3 K! i$ Q5 IReferences 126
% h+ ^) k. _. S; I. m( _Chapter 9. Uninterruptible Power Supplies 129
2 t9 D: E# O W/ @3 n6 }Introduction 1293 n; A7 ~2 K, C& C& c- l X) C
History 131
4 n; Z8 y" x( h* _* W# aTypes of UPS Equipment 133( t, r) o1 H/ M$ h% S( i
Commercial equipment 134
0 S! w! @& e: N8 k; WEnergy storage 137
$ g* F+ m- R% d9 G0 ^3 W! t0 kBatteries 138
6 [ f/ D V R% TFlywheels 139
# u. B0 h, N* p0 v fFuel cells 1416 x( \ w& b5 B: E- _
Ultracapacitors 144$ I6 X( z! O8 ~1 v; G0 T( d
Summary 1459 T) u9 N9 w5 y! w. L+ |
References 145
7 \2 {) O4 A3 ] I! s8 r5 f% M( ]6 jChapter 10. Dynamic Voltage Compensators 147
) n8 l& i1 d. d7 fIntroduction 147! M1 W) P+ Y4 R0 F( w% N
Principle of Operation 148
2 Y$ E' g' Q" V+ L- ~Operation on ITIC curve 151
% o4 u0 O) C$ ~$ G' s3 A( TDetection of disturbance and control 152$ h( T( V0 W' t& A; H
Commercial equipment 1538 m' a: L' i6 G$ z3 ^
Summary 1543 W" F: @4 X" e& S% c2 U
References 1549 b2 U6 A& W' s2 H0 r
Chapter 11. Power Quality Events 155
* r( D* }- X0 @% K( `: [Introduction 155
j& N/ G2 K& g C# OMethod 1 155
$ c" H6 @% u( Z K( Z8 z7 A' |Method 2 156* Q$ w7 g3 S6 k# O9 T' h
Personal Computers 156+ G5 O2 Y( K$ c0 c) E
Power-quality characteristics 157
! W9 Q4 G9 ]9 S' tModes of malfunction 160
( W* ?: j1 ~, p) @- S" `- fSensitivity to voltage sags and interruptions 1604 |) w" a- e# m$ r# Q1 i- W2 i
Correction measures 162
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Correction measures 164/ A5 ~+ g2 V0 O A* C* }
AC Contactors and relays 165
: m% c, u- G6 r8 \9 iOperation 165
; I& P* E. {% V# d, pThe Impact of Voltage Disturbance 168
1 i$ q/ I4 t/ \. b' w# W- DCorrection methods 169
) m, u6 Z/ Z+ P6 J+ o4 GSummary 170
; |) ^- v# x8 ^References 170% D, i; ~& j1 J! W
Chapter 12. Electric Motor Drive Equipment 1731 A+ @3 }5 s A0 A
Electric Motors 173" U. I3 W9 y7 P/ J6 i7 j
Induction Motors 173
3 U; W# U( J" POperation 174
2 m8 M4 i* w1 p' o3 T* cHazards 174
9 i9 s" ~1 F* R, z+ gPhenomena 175
, ~2 y1 l* k1 `* l. G; z; cProtection 176
# d; L X0 ^3 g8 K; yAdjustable Speed Drives 177
% x5 D9 A) y4 o5 \' R& BApplication 1787 e/ u" J- |' o) x8 f1 t/ B
Voltage disturbances 180
$ s6 I0 l' v. K& D3 YVoltage unbalance 1813 r) |2 S+ e" l! d* b
Protective measures 183
4 t6 ?3 g/ w" X5 ~: {5 f( ]Summary 1883 \0 m" j$ Z8 ~6 N4 n
References 188
. \4 _* U0 E+ w5 E* g* A( v# \Chapter 13. Standby Power Systems 189
, {) d4 U: F, ?* IPrinciples: Standby Power System Design 189
7 i& ?& w( v; g) Z7 L+ ?$ OComponents to Assemble Standby+ }$ v# D `& {- l
Power Systems 1907 B1 [+ S3 s) [ n2 v
Sample Standby Power Systems 191
& D/ n) |9 L( x. G P. F; MEngine-Generator Sets 194) Y, `) N/ z; i% e7 X" s% q
Standards 195
5 l3 }+ u5 ^3 J2 aComponent parts of an E/G set installation 1969 @$ o5 I2 w5 x8 C
Transfer switches 198
. k, }8 c% ?, p; Y5 _Summary 200: K4 w' ]& d! `1 J
References 2008 k9 j1 y0 j# m8 |
Chapter 14. Power Quality Measurements 201/ u' G, j6 A# I
Multimeters 201
7 D( ~" p1 t4 h0 ~& t$ S7 rOscilloscopes 202
4 v T- n; B! j: S/ J2 KCurrent Probes 2032 o$ @1 F2 w a/ L# W- Y! h7 H
Search Coils 204
9 s- A# q/ e4 L! [: s7 ^1 E- @6 VPower-Quality Meters and Analyzers 2057 \( w4 N+ u# p2 V* I
Current Transformer Analysis in Detail 205
4 e7 e3 ~: Q {3 Z/ ]Summary 213& k! p: ^9 ]* i2 c; m' a# Z
References 213
& \7 H2 Y& s; ?& v7 W; B5 iIndex 215 |
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