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5 ~1 L9 m* E7 ` Preface xiChapter 1. Introduction 1
# D. k! Z; t4 T1 a- o! @Background 1
: _7 z# q+ y, z" XIdeal Voltage Waveform 2
9 E/ J: M% ^( XNonlinear Load: The Rectifier 3+ e$ \, c4 d6 q$ k
The Definition of Power Quality 64 e) q6 l8 a% }, S8 F
Examples of poor power quality 7$ I1 k8 t" k1 s4 o) s$ Z
The need for corrections 9
$ T; T* n( h9 D. |1 YThe Scope of This Text 9
8 \' m+ K8 x4 P9 {6 hComment on References 11( z+ h7 m. b9 J& f# s
References 12
$ _& S k7 ?* m$ i# TChapter 2. Power-Quality Standards 15
8 h& V* v4 v1 ^1 M4 w4 ]IEEE Standards 519 and 1159 15* q( y( `: \4 `2 K9 |
ANSI Standard C84 179 t# i7 j6 n4 T' q- J2 v
CBEMA and ITIC Curves 18
4 e" n& c' s" nHigh-Frequency EMI Standards 20
7 q3 H8 C# e+ F) vSummary 23% [7 C+ I( k8 ^# u( V" T6 z
References 249 y2 u: o; w* T' I4 ^" X
Chapter 3. Voltage Distortion 257 H, \* R1 s# V% M) {. `: U
Voltage Sag 25
8 f& v# k, b: f2 qVoltage “Swell” 30
6 V- t/ d& \, {+ e9 B7 JImpulsive “Transient” 306 u) q* x# [( r. g$ g
Oscillatory “Transient” 33% ?) q: j9 ]! l+ m3 B
Interruption 35
% ]3 `6 u; E8 E( d2 L; J; S, f9 E6 \* DNotching 350 s6 E8 P6 T! \1 j1 y
Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker 37' l T2 J$ a0 I( w# R0 Y7 x, g& i7 l
Voltage Imbalance 40
4 V0 Z: U1 c: ] p7 tSummary 41
. V% W* P1 z0 j6 M0 }- g" hReferences 42* m' _3 \. A( I: ?4 ]; g
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Chapter 4. Harmonics and Interharmonics 43) E) K! h* _& \; B! y
Background 43
6 U5 J: k5 y2 F8 MPeriodic Waveforms and Harmonics 434 p) x T4 }9 k( F
Root-mean square 471 U% n2 Z& I d
DC current 49
7 I5 O9 T# L0 g. J4 GPure sine wave 49
: P" ^# ~' U6 X9 [( _% I z0 CSquare wave 49
6 f! w/ U% p# l; x9 Q% Z6 l8 N( ]DC waveform + ripple 506 R5 w' w! d, J, M5 M
Triangular ripple 50
. |6 W5 ~6 E4 r0 B; J% z$ lPulsating waveform 51# v) ]! P1 }6 B- E3 C. _+ S
Pulsating waveform with ripple 527 y. Q+ @4 m9 H$ I0 a) o
Triangular waveform 528 O' e# u H! J" |3 r
Piecewise Calculation 52
6 y1 V: M/ j$ P# ~& e `1 cTotal Harmonic Distortion 53
. H" a# K0 _, Q; }5 r- QCrest Factor 53( k$ D) E* P3 v2 }9 @
Summary 611 A7 W4 v2 S2 g9 B- \! a0 f1 I
References 61
* [9 s( u" I, S# {Chapter 5. Harmonic Current Sources 63
6 t& j, O/ d6 R" {- M/ |Background 63; b+ \1 \0 o( W V3 Y$ F2 ^; L
Single-Phase Rectifiers 64
7 J9 M8 t) ~1 ^Three-Phase Rectifiers 69- s# j* }- i0 Z
The six-pulse rectifier 69
& T0 M) C3 U. m+ d1 k. @The twelve-pulse rectifier 70
# Y* m9 ^$ k4 I. @/ \High-Frequency Fluorescent Ballasts 71
* s) z6 A& E9 h: [ M* WTransformers 72
! X# S4 _8 |. l8 V% J5 VOther Systems that Draw Harmonic Currents 73+ Y% v1 L7 C( h
Summary 74" g; c' r3 T9 m& z
References 74
! Y0 N1 _. m2 ~8 e7 Z9 A7 Y) F/ u# WChapter 6. Power Harmonic Filters 75
0 W9 Q( w& m6 w1 l8 tIntroduction 75
1 d1 ?- H: w5 l% }" WA Typical Power System 76+ `4 @' R: i# e
IEEE Std. 519-1992 78
# y6 U5 P3 H4 i) ]* Q: zLine reactor 798 X, u0 G- B( r
Shunt passive filter 81
) t; f; B0 H8 t% vMultisection filters 87
9 b) ^. M# G3 G$ s" S- B( a2 ]Practical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters 95
4 M% c& h' V6 X4 l+ YActive harmonic filters 95
1 A( f& F2 [! `: Q$ wHybrid harmonic filters 97
% F" S) j1 q- \5 V& _Summary 97
% i- j- J; W0 O" w5 A" ?References 98. z9 {# w' V8 a, r, R, N" @. b* }
Chapter 7. Switch Mode Power Supplies 99# t: l+ b. H! O% S2 Z9 k
Background 996 x, b, E3 S' d* A7 K' s+ s J
Offline Power Supplies 100
+ D6 p& [; H- n/ I0 @+ wDC/DC Converter high-frequency switching waveforms
9 s3 w3 @5 ^& Sand interharmonic generation 104
1 B5 y9 J: n( C) sTesting for conducted EMI 106
5 q* c7 }: t# e( X+ |' s+ I8 ~$ q3 H) aCorrective measures for improving conducted EMI 1074 }& f/ A! Y, k, s
5 t) E8 F% F" c" X% `
( j/ L0 V* y. }& }* e2 rSummary 107
# W" V$ `. M5 M$ }1 mReferences 108
% A3 s& M( ?1 v1 z7 X* b. x0 UChapter 8. Methods for Correction of Power-Quality
4 H/ C) d6 i/ v4 zProblems 109
8 ?( t9 T: q3 T4 n8 o; f3 _& I: xIntroduction 109 M: s0 [7 o4 e1 s0 Z
Correction Methods 110
) ]; M( b& O" @% H; N' G1 A& fVoltage disturbances versus correction methods 111
+ d6 u ~! [( u: x" L/ EReliability 113
8 H9 V/ w8 x8 _2 }2 lDesign of load equipment 115, ^; E; s& j$ U- b5 G$ M% \
The design of electric-power supply systems 117
% [2 |4 a- }6 ` |( w8 @5 p0 aPower harmonic filters 119
( S2 Y; U/ P- [1 z# T. b, aUtilization-dynamic voltage compensators 119, |' w* D, N' V4 z) e- b' Y
Uninterruptible power supplies 119: k5 O2 R, K$ \
Transformers 120. }" l) Q* f# e6 e; Y* P5 s
Standby power systems 122
. U' F V+ G7 x0 R5 k- j' _Summary 126 M: g, `2 E; A- ]" d
References 126
) j5 A1 ]3 H/ e0 AChapter 9. Uninterruptible Power Supplies 1295 N0 @0 p% k4 r& b! O
Introduction 129! P6 |. k* [5 u+ y/ ]) v
History 131
: \( j& S1 p& L1 n! ETypes of UPS Equipment 133
% {! N! p1 k, S8 B' pCommercial equipment 134
. d2 w. M0 s% i! j4 cEnergy storage 137! s; P/ R+ p8 Q( M7 B$ N
Batteries 138
2 H6 Q t7 G1 J/ t' vFlywheels 139
1 f1 N+ \5 G- Q1 `2 PFuel cells 141' D6 o9 d3 E6 c3 \3 Y2 y
Ultracapacitors 144- a0 u, j4 N7 j5 ]# V9 }2 s ~0 U
Summary 145) Z. o$ d! S. s* k
References 1459 x) P: O1 L/ b( n9 q, k. d% o
Chapter 10. Dynamic Voltage Compensators 147
3 E) q O: p! J0 z* l/ p- o# ^Introduction 147+ \# S" E) G7 s7 o, P
Principle of Operation 148
& [/ ^0 \$ K$ `7 @" g; s7 O$ ^Operation on ITIC curve 151! u+ B0 \' @* ?' f1 u0 z
Detection of disturbance and control 1528 F6 }, K& j, p% k
Commercial equipment 153
$ z3 M2 x- L) t3 z' o5 v2 `Summary 154& _+ c( j* G: j8 w$ y; r
References 154% A7 A" m! v" O" v' T/ O
Chapter 11. Power Quality Events 155
- O8 e; Q* Y# r& e2 I# h, {Introduction 155# }' ~9 r4 h- n1 z" r
Method 1 155
3 b, ]. a l, IMethod 2 156
( |( E. f+ I d6 PPersonal Computers 156
g: r. q$ r G U# f cPower-quality characteristics 1571 r$ m5 q$ `1 @0 x- _3 w4 ^% h
Modes of malfunction 1607 H8 }3 {7 {! f
Sensitivity to voltage sags and interruptions 160
$ l9 {! @! n+ KCorrection measures 1622 x% @* z y0 R# F
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O, R# B' L: r$ ?' e+ [ I8 I, k" kCorrection measures 164, S) }3 ~$ V1 `+ a
AC Contactors and relays 1657 [5 p. P& H6 S* s5 W) R, P& ^
Operation 165
" P& Q9 q" }% N! ~" n, ~/ ]The Impact of Voltage Disturbance 168
: l" b" \* V- J/ ^2 ^( KCorrection methods 169 D# j' I# M1 F' K
Summary 1702 a6 Y w- n) Q
References 170
l- u$ Z- O1 i+ e; [+ RChapter 12. Electric Motor Drive Equipment 173
. K3 G9 c1 @2 _& @Electric Motors 1732 t3 f; R. T2 @+ C C9 m; U: `
Induction Motors 173$ ]& Z- y) Q7 W5 a; k* S
Operation 174" Q; A4 R# h0 G1 `: a6 R
Hazards 174 C8 W# j' m- R) W4 H' P) b
Phenomena 175# x w# J ~0 k) L5 h3 A1 _ I* y( \
Protection 176+ F/ Z* F. L4 x, g
Adjustable Speed Drives 177
; I8 O% |4 c2 v9 }Application 1788 }4 n' X5 x: R8 C
Voltage disturbances 180
2 K E1 d/ ~/ r9 [( o0 \Voltage unbalance 181* i9 b. G8 k8 d6 k1 k1 d" y
Protective measures 183- x7 Z+ U" E) ^* E
Summary 188
8 u* F5 @9 a- g, ~/ A( c) v/ vReferences 188* _* {' D$ H5 ^) f: A/ o: g
Chapter 13. Standby Power Systems 1892 o! Q, R9 P% B+ H# u8 g( [6 t
Principles: Standby Power System Design 189
# Y. _0 }# T0 K2 Z( ]& m& nComponents to Assemble Standby2 @" R. y9 p! Y9 b
Power Systems 190$ b& k3 e6 ^( n. i3 Y& \
Sample Standby Power Systems 1915 a0 x* H: C, E! U/ |9 R; D5 b1 ? m
Engine-Generator Sets 194
* k" k$ c! q# i& lStandards 195
) V/ S$ c' z$ Y3 \+ sComponent parts of an E/G set installation 1968 Q5 n* O, p7 I o S8 Z" [* m
Transfer switches 198
# B* P2 e; r; \Summary 2001 x4 ^$ N$ k( v1 j& W' I* P0 R, I
References 200
* R4 X+ T9 n: r. _Chapter 14. Power Quality Measurements 201
+ w3 @9 ?. X+ }+ A, i: R- K5 a/ v4 hMultimeters 2019 r* s) }$ [8 r" ~! t. ]$ @ z& m
Oscilloscopes 202
% Q$ [! B) f _5 f3 D! HCurrent Probes 203
( E+ U7 ]2 F' a. pSearch Coils 204! [; j6 \5 e/ P1 R7 b2 z
Power-Quality Meters and Analyzers 205* ~1 \" `$ T, n& c+ y* B
Current Transformer Analysis in Detail 205: I0 }7 h0 k0 g
Summary 2131 G$ j& r5 [$ c( v. }5 |& h/ H
References 213, |% e5 c c# ~7 I& k9 f6 U
Index 215 |
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