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- l( a8 @& ]+ ~" q Preface xiChapter 1. Introduction 1' |* L# [1 u4 w2 {, R" H9 K
Background 1
$ g7 D% F. y% @4 Q* ^& ~& xIdeal Voltage Waveform 2
. n$ T9 i3 z. x3 g! U6 l$ H, [# CNonlinear Load: The Rectifier 3
# L) ]* `' s' t+ A) Z9 l$ ]The Definition of Power Quality 6% r2 R# q) ^/ d3 `. k
Examples of poor power quality 7: D s. h7 n# l
The need for corrections 9) R, w' D5 i8 N6 w, p o
The Scope of This Text 9
6 K# q) S$ E5 f6 n! U5 ?Comment on References 11; o8 [$ [' H, ~% b
References 12
- W* M; S) C9 IChapter 2. Power-Quality Standards 15. p. t. J: O" M' ?
IEEE Standards 519 and 1159 15
/ t3 k G) S) s) E: a" m+ w0 ZANSI Standard C84 17* W, V2 H, E2 f4 S: C3 [/ w% Y
CBEMA and ITIC Curves 18
$ k$ S1 ~! W: T: G% J/ f4 jHigh-Frequency EMI Standards 20
) T9 C+ m# y- C+ O* j; mSummary 23
0 f5 Q2 B& k- RReferences 24
* G r7 b- l( g" R& F' ~Chapter 3. Voltage Distortion 25
( }" G4 c' \& p1 m7 f, ^Voltage Sag 25
1 N# {) ~9 |2 h" N' M/ ^Voltage “Swell” 308 l6 q; F E- k
Impulsive “Transient” 30
2 E, U. ^: N5 l1 F2 m' ^Oscillatory “Transient” 33
, M% B/ ]6 }% l6 h7 R9 M+ \' G; p* iInterruption 354 g0 E: K6 J6 g
Notching 35
. _, F- ~3 a# PVoltage Fluctuations and Flicker 37
) y% m5 W7 G: O4 M0 b& OVoltage Imbalance 40
2 t5 B) o. j" L2 e& c& @7 E9 ZSummary 413 J$ `1 n' }4 b" l2 s2 M% [
References 429 J! {1 D X' z- t8 n
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Chapter 4. Harmonics and Interharmonics 43
' r! [4 y, y4 A3 {2 }' h6 U" cBackground 43' Y* a( B' {7 r7 f' D6 Y) y
Periodic Waveforms and Harmonics 438 f2 ^/ P3 U/ j
Root-mean square 47
" M$ Y" D. ~$ L. b& Z2 l {; h6 jDC current 49
1 i7 T$ K p9 APure sine wave 49
; E5 T. ?- R+ J2 Q% H+ ]( CSquare wave 49
0 P9 X, o0 y4 o$ T" N1 lDC waveform + ripple 50
% T% ^4 [4 g/ k _Triangular ripple 50
1 J" e. e- _& T- C+ {, dPulsating waveform 51; c% Q6 V3 y% h2 d+ V5 H4 ^
Pulsating waveform with ripple 52, R& v+ o4 r/ W% s& X6 l; m
Triangular waveform 529 L; ^6 z. F$ m) P/ U3 |
Piecewise Calculation 52
9 {8 m% {5 ^- JTotal Harmonic Distortion 53
" Q6 B6 N- v% P- CCrest Factor 538 d" o9 A5 f2 m( i: M# F$ r! }/ x/ w( F
Summary 611 O& @# R% R- l1 \/ i
References 616 Z v7 k% I" N$ T1 s9 L! |
Chapter 5. Harmonic Current Sources 63) g+ S K' d. B% f: x! u
Background 63; S. W0 q% M% \
Single-Phase Rectifiers 64
q& R! }9 \4 D; VThree-Phase Rectifiers 69
) [0 _ y* r8 L5 K2 N$ cThe six-pulse rectifier 69
/ X* ]% a9 ]( x$ E9 ^$ j3 `2 HThe twelve-pulse rectifier 70
2 u L# V% N) B G" rHigh-Frequency Fluorescent Ballasts 71
5 b. D( N9 H& Q7 q" uTransformers 72- r$ e8 \' M7 j, v5 ~; J, d9 o
Other Systems that Draw Harmonic Currents 73
! @( `2 g. ]* L+ P3 RSummary 74
; S* [0 k4 y% @" b3 k9 B3 ZReferences 74$ k8 S1 O) v3 x* o9 H0 i
Chapter 6. Power Harmonic Filters 75
8 y* a4 u# m* A) G+ @Introduction 75: T+ m- [% e3 N6 v9 B: F: Z: ]
A Typical Power System 76
, O _: L9 M0 n$ mIEEE Std. 519-1992 784 M; D. R+ v! o' d; Q; ~
Line reactor 797 n6 `( |& q! W" _: x$ i1 O
Shunt passive filter 81* y7 B j/ _5 |0 ~2 j. X
Multisection filters 875 o+ i) s" b* P% I3 ?
Practical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters 957 W! O1 t! P' ?' T4 T
Active harmonic filters 95- a% J. O- k% W6 Z
Hybrid harmonic filters 974 m g# |9 F- `6 T4 | l: n5 g
Summary 97
) k/ @/ z( a5 |References 98
. P3 N! j$ D2 c: k TChapter 7. Switch Mode Power Supplies 99, y8 S. `$ p0 O2 T
Background 99- v0 j! t& w+ c4 j! l
Offline Power Supplies 100; @$ ]( b+ u3 p; o4 s6 t
DC/DC Converter high-frequency switching waveforms C* K+ j. g9 N% B/ N) w5 c
and interharmonic generation 104& Y2 i) \3 @3 V$ k$ P/ v2 |9 e
Testing for conducted EMI 1066 E7 V/ \/ V4 [, U9 r' b2 `: a! y: g
Corrective measures for improving conducted EMI 107. v3 F# w# y0 G# n
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Summary 107
7 C1 W: C% w6 u4 {: }! bReferences 108
. {5 D1 w) B% e, \Chapter 8. Methods for Correction of Power-Quality
! S: _" C. l$ @- fProblems 109
# W0 h Q5 R* f6 [# DIntroduction 1092 W+ a" I7 d) c! N0 h2 q
Correction Methods 110
1 C. m/ q- y) _" g. dVoltage disturbances versus correction methods 111
- y5 }$ t, q1 X+ m7 XReliability 113% W( T# D9 x7 B) T1 H+ _1 b+ n
Design of load equipment 1153 G0 b* K# c8 J; a& S( I
The design of electric-power supply systems 117
z4 D. O4 |& u/ rPower harmonic filters 1190 f% N% W+ r9 `, x* H) U+ S9 X( |: N1 y
Utilization-dynamic voltage compensators 119/ \, c0 k% \7 s) }
Uninterruptible power supplies 1195 G% v2 X5 Z7 e
Transformers 120
" f* ?* z: _0 \6 VStandby power systems 122 d% v2 \: t! l0 x& ?
Summary 126- e5 w# |7 Q3 |: E; q3 U
References 1267 {( y/ o$ R G- L2 K
Chapter 9. Uninterruptible Power Supplies 129
' F# ^( \& p7 D, `/ bIntroduction 1290 N0 n6 n( _. n/ r7 T) Q+ C8 W
History 131
& h$ D; M* U* i% U. P4 |8 @Types of UPS Equipment 133
: ?, r" J9 D: m; `/ d9 ^Commercial equipment 134, h* z/ i8 b8 @. c( x& p
Energy storage 137
, C! @% y$ \8 i4 a9 T( vBatteries 138
& ?' t$ g$ D q5 }Flywheels 139
) I- S: M" \4 u1 m. p: AFuel cells 141
$ ], [1 O( Z7 ?# {Ultracapacitors 144 ~* m* D/ G3 H- \8 l; D$ W9 E
Summary 145% J7 J! D$ Y1 v8 x; c. i
References 145
' J7 _) @- n. ]7 }0 D; LChapter 10. Dynamic Voltage Compensators 147# D! W' o; c+ p! s: r
Introduction 1478 `2 ^) d6 O! l$ q% C6 b- d
Principle of Operation 1485 u: o- \) f4 s; U6 G, M! a# M. D
Operation on ITIC curve 151/ [3 x4 r# y2 p
Detection of disturbance and control 152
7 e1 ^% O& [1 W& x9 J6 H! i1 y4 w9 qCommercial equipment 153# x! h0 X. a& x# _& {
Summary 154; V' s2 U3 a% l/ B' t! `; i
References 1541 {+ \$ \$ A9 C) ^ N7 C& u
Chapter 11. Power Quality Events 155
) e k7 Y, z0 s [2 vIntroduction 155* U# S% r! h2 o. ^1 a% E/ s5 T* x
Method 1 1559 _- w, a8 R+ o7 U7 I1 \$ f. q6 v
Method 2 156# X( ~1 v( a4 I
Personal Computers 1568 s; R/ { [0 v% h
Power-quality characteristics 1574 R; V+ ~4 O* |3 t; {
Modes of malfunction 160
5 N# O d: u' D6 v9 ]2 C& cSensitivity to voltage sags and interruptions 160
1 O3 |4 D, ~) f7 x5 PCorrection measures 162
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Correction measures 164
" h$ z0 T: y/ {* j+ iAC Contactors and relays 165
/ Q* C& w6 I" w3 a8 {5 i6 NOperation 165) p& _" \, P& s9 t, V$ j( }. W
The Impact of Voltage Disturbance 168
3 D1 ]$ c v# P4 ICorrection methods 169
* U, _3 _1 b; ^ j( Y5 vSummary 1700 Z; T) n1 f ]9 W% G
References 170! X$ Q& H2 M1 l* y/ s$ n
Chapter 12. Electric Motor Drive Equipment 173
6 \, O+ j2 n1 ^- G. X- y h3 R, h/ mElectric Motors 173
7 q- l) B1 p4 V. xInduction Motors 1732 p2 W! [' \$ y9 A2 H4 \: j
Operation 1742 B8 r) y5 X& U) U) ~
Hazards 174' q# ~, B* ?6 |. k8 G
Phenomena 175
2 ?8 F3 @1 T( [# G1 X# \: K/ LProtection 176/ g& F. f6 j2 ` |% M: }: S
Adjustable Speed Drives 177$ E5 @" Q" w5 N- i
Application 1784 s9 T l% z# K1 c' G3 \
Voltage disturbances 180
& S3 S4 m* D7 Q. w6 x# CVoltage unbalance 181
) G5 m$ Y! q F8 mProtective measures 183
* i8 j. ~6 V" _% E0 dSummary 1885 N, d" k M( ^) m1 R
References 188- V. X! {0 U% Q3 W* [6 f+ ?. M
Chapter 13. Standby Power Systems 189
; |, r2 \8 q: P, }+ [2 |+ g) APrinciples: Standby Power System Design 189! u3 K) t* d) s o3 R
Components to Assemble Standby
0 o1 A" s1 k/ z u, ~: KPower Systems 190
" P( y) y; y5 w" Y) X3 |Sample Standby Power Systems 191. L8 N& I% p. O' H" |
Engine-Generator Sets 1949 o' t$ A4 G6 s
Standards 195
& `8 P- C* e- O" R i7 t- u2 z8 eComponent parts of an E/G set installation 196+ [: `) X+ k- M3 r9 Q+ ~
Transfer switches 198
9 u; L% y+ `7 u; ZSummary 200 p1 K0 _( r1 a& t, b$ J! K& A
References 200( X: h' a' Z5 p' [! Y7 r$ I, ]
Chapter 14. Power Quality Measurements 201
- P3 A. D* t7 TMultimeters 201
3 I& B2 M! _, E2 J; O3 bOscilloscopes 202, X% [$ U/ Z$ ]; g2 e+ S
Current Probes 203
8 X: E3 ]. r# @: `7 @; Q# \Search Coils 204
+ v0 ?: {: l3 K$ ~Power-Quality Meters and Analyzers 205$ x& N7 o; t6 y
Current Transformer Analysis in Detail 205& J k( t( u: G
Summary 213- b: ~7 v# r" _2 @* l+ K$ _: F
References 213
1 S5 N) m, q l/ U& C9 w# BIndex 215 |
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