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电子图书
| 电子图书名: |
Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options |
| 编者: |
J. Arrillaga,Y.H. Liu,N.R. Watson |
| 所属专业方向: |
电力系统及其自动化 |
| 内容简介: |
高压直流输电原理及多电平换流器技术。 |
| 出版社: |
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
| 来源: |
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Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options.part1.rar
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Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options.part2.rar
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0 @- K2 @! K8 t) P目录如下2 K; U2 R7 R, O- z
Contents
1 G4 a6 Y% c) k& C+ GPreface xi4 A' n0 {2 D3 C6 L5 k z' T
1 Introduction 1
' L6 D0 p2 U$ _1.1 The Conventional Power Grid 1
; D; q- X" V F8 o! I# p9 g1.1.1 Power Transfer Mechanism 1% u' O3 T, I7 ^+ O: E
1.2 Towards a More Flexible Power Grid 5! F9 h2 |. y) h1 e- C. h5 o
1.2.1 Power Electronics Control 5
7 A* g6 G1 g! q1.3 HVDC Transmission 8
3 k% e& A9 e5 P- F, c, X$ H1.3.1 Thyristor-Based CSC Transmission 100 a4 p; ~9 \5 U2 z% {
1.3.2 VSC Transmission Based on the Integrated Gate Bipolar1 y2 H; z# R+ Q& l8 M7 u; f
Transistor (IGBT) 11* w0 Q V. Y, ?" U$ U2 M. K
1.3.3 Multi-terminal HVDC 12' W7 [& _1 X; o& @
1.3.4 The Flexibility Concept Applied to HVDC 13) G- ]5 w2 O" S* ]9 ?$ b8 N# X
1.4 Relative Power Carrying Capability of AC and DC Transmission Lines 13
/ i6 w# r" T% {9 X1.5 The Impact of Distributed Generation 16$ v( M1 b* M+ I6 G& r' F& R; W
1.6 The Effect of Electricity Deregulation 16, @0 w5 J0 }7 D, I8 E
1.7 Discussion 18
; a# v, c" R! {5 |6 j: C7 QReferences 19
" Z) I6 u1 ?9 _+ g; Q1 y2 Semiconductor Power Devices 215 R7 i: b$ j; g" m, o& m
2.1 Introduction 21$ j& w( F! v. o4 a8 _
2.2 Semiconductor Principles 21
0 S& k+ U2 J& g1 T. t/ P4 m/ F2.3 Power Semiconductor Elements 223 S0 F6 [( u8 r: Q, c% A2 B
2.3.1 The pn Rectifier 22
- d8 B o, T8 v2 {& E9 \2.3.2 The Transistor 25 v! c) `9 Q" D3 g: U$ r
2.3.3 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect4 q- |- {+ ?- H' ]( x' l
Transistor 25
& g W" ] w' R3 r9 g2.4 Dynamic Stresses on Power Switches 273 m# f$ E+ A! r: f" u% M3 [. P3 Z
2.4.1 Rate of Change of Voltage dv/dt 27
' h8 _, U e6 y' E# _" H2.4.2 Rate of Change of Current di/dt 28
! O d# `! f% h; t+ P. b$ v7 n2.4.3 Balancing Problems in Series Chains 28vi CONTENTS
* O3 F3 P" y. m" C2.5 Other Switching Issues 29
% V; p0 \; C$ s2 E% p5 e2 k8 `2.5.1 Switching Frequency 29
( n; n7 y; y8 y* _- {* \9 Y2.5.2 Switching Losses 29: S0 n# V6 z7 G5 J! O3 A
2.5.3 Soft Switching 29
+ `+ o8 n5 @" r9 k2 U( I) Y2.5.4 Use of Snubbers 309 k5 l2 k. Z6 \$ v5 e' U
2.6 Thyristor-Type Power Switches 31
7 f- F+ D: ^6 X0 J, }) h+ R2.6.1 The Thyristor 31* g) o. Y" a# Z6 r) T1 u
2.6.2 Gate Turn-Off Thyristor 36
1 A! x0 I! i3 W$ q/ D9 R2.6.3 Insulated Gate-Commutated Thyristor 41, L, |9 K5 b, `( z
2.6.4 MOS Turn-Off Thyristor 42) W8 p0 ] @4 G1 \( E4 x
2.6.5 MOS Controlled Thyristor 44
- w- c3 S! N3 R5 k& {4 ]8 V2.6.6 Emitter Turn-Off Thyristor 457 u _7 M9 J+ G8 F; M
2.7 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor 47
& Y/ H3 i/ O( m2 s0 [' G2.7.1 IGBT (Series) Chains 49
# c6 y" G9 z/ n/ M2.8 Diodes 51 f; E* G# {9 `1 g" R1 J
2.9 Prognostic Assessment 53/ e! u% S3 U2 u
2.9.1 Ratings and Applicability 53
# ?1 ]: }) E& Z t& d7 a2.9.2 Relative Losses 55# ~: R% w1 F1 U
References 56
6 v$ j7 c0 g/ z3 x/ f3 Line-Commutated HVDC Conversion 57) Q2 [3 D6 I- P( ]
3.1 Introduction 57# `4 u7 R/ [- K. u8 m9 c: G
3.2 Three-Phase AC–DC Conversion 57
; R5 a# g) K3 Z3.2.1 Basic CSC Operating Principles 58! x* N0 E8 l- X" }) ~
3.2.2 Effect of Delaying the Firing Instant 58( D6 S1 q" {$ r% |8 k3 @
3.3 The Commutation Process 629 n/ S: Q+ H: G( A2 Q+ e9 h
3.3.1 Analysis of the Commutation Circuit 62) w8 K! w% X4 g4 ^/ G( R0 S
3.4 Rectifier Operation 64
: O+ @9 Z$ C3 ^* s0 V- Y" a3.5 Inverter Operation 67( N9 K( z, |+ d+ y! r1 v i
3.6 Power Factor and Reactive Power 69# o3 Y. W! o6 m+ ~% ?8 [2 v- {1 B
3.7 Characteristic Harmonics 71! z% U/ q. r) H: z& S
3.7.1 DC Side Harmonics 72# O) M2 {1 u9 Z" O. C. S
3.7.2 AC Side Harmonics 73# N4 W+ V4 H) D! W: x
3.8 Multi-Pulse Conversion 74
! B4 `- l5 A3 z7 z. _9 g9 q3.8.1 Transformer Phase Shifting 74% Q/ d t, u( X7 U& b
3.8.2 DC Ripple Reinjection 77# H% J' l( S9 J' c
3.9 Uncharacteristic Harmonics and Interharmonics 81" p0 f8 _% c* B8 n. C; l
3.9.1 Imperfect AC Source 83
- ^1 C* M2 ]- u: \" r& P0 g6 v1 @4 Z3.9.2 DC Modulation 87' g# G7 Y8 ~2 D8 z
3.9.3 Control System Imperfections 88( c: }+ X+ u, p+ m
3.9.4 Firing Asymmetry 88
4 q0 R9 f* V. @9 \! Q- M0 M0 c" j3.9.5 Magnification of Low-Order Harmonics 89
$ z) S& l* B' C$ ~% S3.10 Harmonic Reduction by Filters 90+ q& H/ N5 p3 P% a& l. [0 n
3.10.1 AC Side Filters 90# Q* ~1 s; V' v8 C9 n
3.10.2 DC Side Filters 92CONTENTS vii
& w# s$ Z# y9 @3.11 Frequency Cross-Modulation Across the LCC 93
" O# g% r4 ~5 {3.12 Summary 948 N! @. h O$ O( K8 O( l5 o7 Y
References 94
$ Z) J8 O4 W- h$ J' ^' c- a4 Self-Commutating Conversion 97* z& f- r' {* o2 m5 z3 ?
4.1 Introduction 97
; u7 d& j8 f% \# n N# y4.2 Voltage Source Conversion 97% a6 \5 N( f* [) H n" Y
4.2.1 VSC Operating Principles 97
& c; F6 R0 _9 k* B% Q" C4.2.2 Converter Components 102; Q3 y# F8 Y; g, d) Q( `5 o/ K
4.2.3 The Three-Phase VSC 105
8 V4 w* E5 H4 h; M4.3 Comparison of LCC and VSC 114+ m6 b! e' [2 v
4.4 Current Source Conversion 114
, M W& m5 z/ I- j# j, {: I4.4.1 Analysis of the CSC Waveforms 116
+ a0 F0 i; L G) i4.5 The Reinjection Concept with Self-Commutation 116
7 S# Q1 L5 x2 L( Y3 @4.5.1 Application to VSC 116/ x; _1 C* X; {& i8 F8 n% r
4.5.2 Application to CSC 121
0 \* l/ j0 Q9 s4.6 Discussion 124
7 q; a" t" t; [# r9 u, _* }, Y( MReferences 125
0 j' r- S) T/ x* \2 i$ W5 Pulse Width Modulation 127
, ^: ~1 R9 [0 b, X" T5.1 Introduction 1279 }" S7 h% c6 F3 A
5.2 PWM Operating Principles 127- l+ D6 [2 K( {) `0 d* {9 o
5.3 Selective Harmonic Cancellation 128
& { I) K6 j3 b5.4 Sinusoidal (Carrier-Based) PWM 131
) l3 G# U2 U' r& {" Q: V5.5 PWM Carrier-Based Implementation 133! B: N6 D, h# v1 V5 w
5.5.1 Naturally Sampled PWM 134. b' f7 L+ I, b* w
5.5.2 Uniformly Sampled 136
- Y" K6 K i b) B; O. G5.6 Modulation in Multi-Bridge Converters 137$ \9 t2 p! B3 R
5.7 Summary 138
, Q- ^& L' \+ _! `. @References 140' b6 _$ o1 L \- ]& Q) U& G$ T
6 Multi-Level Conversion 141! ?! `! ] h! N; ?. l7 E p
6.1 Introduction 1417 j& @+ P/ X. ~
6.2 Diode Clamping 142
& x% n6 t. W% y* g- f4 T0 v* V6.2.1 Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped VSC 142" X, g/ S: |0 q8 Z6 \
6.2.2 Five-Level Diode-Clamped VSC 145( l3 S7 j- v* w, Z
6.2.3 Diode Clamping Generalisation 1492 z; P- ~+ Y$ Z9 \: \+ _' ~) p
6.3 Flying Capacitor Configuration 154) b8 r9 }+ l3 _. S" q
6.3.1 Three-Level Flying Capacitor 1549 y7 J8 A0 ^8 }0 M p& {
6.3.2 Multi-Level Flying Capacitor 155* M6 U% S) h- Z7 [! G
6.4 Cascaded H-Bridge Configuration 158. `6 }+ q% z' ^+ A0 A' t: ~
6.5 Combined PWM/Multi-Level Conversion 1616 S4 p+ P' g1 s8 y3 V" y' g
6.6 Relative Merits of the Multi-Level Alternatives 164
4 F) |7 Z! U" K5 W6.6.1 A Cost Comparison of Alternative Configurations for
& y# N' }( O! f3 FUse in HVDC 1651 B9 L( [# |/ @8 |/ H# w% q
References 167viii CONTENTS D$ c7 w; Q8 F* q8 p# p; o
7 Multi-Level DC Reinjection 169
3 m! R. r; R3 U2 }+ Q7.1 Introduction 169
2 M0 @# m" h* k" [7.2 Soft Switching in Multi-Level Reinjection Converters 170
9 h- P6 `/ A) W5 U' P' a0 L7.3 Clamp-Controlled MLVR 1703 ^/ f6 Q" p, F+ i, J/ E5 T4 E* b
7.3.1 Firing Coordination 174. O: N# ~; ^, H9 P
7.3.2 Analysis of the Voltage Waveforms 176
. ~6 l1 ^$ l. w, b* i F9 ?! T0 Z; Z, G7.3.3 Analysis of the Output Current 178
. ` A) T* A: E. l4 a4 O, p4 u8 R8 a7.3.4 Capacitor Voltage Balancing 179+ J2 t# C$ O y* z( D# e. A
7.3.5 Dynamic Performance 185
5 H1 M2 Z* W( x, n2 Y7.4 Transformer-Coupled MLVR 187% C2 Q9 w1 k& w; w4 l" x( h
7.5 Cascaded H-Bridge MLVR 193) Z0 J H' H( X# l
7.5.1 Basic Structure and Waveforms 193
9 x( ?/ A6 K& Z; s: T7.5.2 Switching Pattern of the Reinjection Bridges 1963 p" c: I" U) Y! s" y3 Q1 `3 n
7.5.3 Design of the Cascaded H-Bridge Chain 1975 p1 _, ~" s8 J. }
7.5.4 Capacitors’ Balancing 199- b- i$ F: J7 y/ E
7.5.5 STATCOM Application 204) O4 n) I5 E$ `8 ?
7.6 Summary of Main Characteristics of MLVR Alternatives 209
% _9 S% \, I; P( a# N7.7 Multi-Level Current Reinjection (MLCR) 210; U7 |: l+ T; }. I' L
7.7.1 Structure and Operating Principles 210, ^( `% S& c! Y O
7.7.2 Self-Commutating Thyristor Conversion 2139 B* i" t( } v4 W4 W
7.7.3 EMTDC Verification 216) g- K4 ^1 x; [' `# J
7.8 MLCR-CSC Versus MLVR-VSC 221: N( P2 } `8 `2 W* H
References 222; D7 j' C+ j* W1 l4 h
8 Line-Commutated CSC Transmission 2258 J7 } f$ ?) W5 Y& U
8.1 Introduction 225
0 i: b! E9 L5 p' N1 n8 k% L8.2 The Line-Commutated HVDC Converter 226
" F! Q, p6 l' h' y" S$ j8.3 HVDC Converter Disturbances 232# m; i& R8 x- v' [2 e" y
8.4 Structure of the HVDC Link 2336 s: S" s& l( O+ L
8.5 DC System Configurations 239
# @% g) Z( Y2 [, D6 ]+ z/ Z& u8.6 DC System Control and Operation 242
/ l% J% l1 w5 C7 m8.6.1 General Philosophy 242+ w6 B! A* c5 P0 |; L/ o! f
8.6.2 Different Control Levels 243
" b% m. z; ^$ c8.6.3 Overall Control Coordination 2431 @7 n( i2 x0 ?
8.6.4 Pole Controls 245; i" \$ Z" |! b, o* E0 j
8.6.5 Converter Unit Controls 253
2 U7 Y3 k5 W z. k8.7 AC–DC System Interaction 257
- C2 }( B' Z' d: m! i: L7 d# A8.7.1 Voltage Interaction 257
& }2 e# D& D; a+ j5 Z. i4 v) U8.7.2 Dynamic Voltage Regulation 258
9 R" G: n E/ H8.7.3 Dynamic Stabilisation of AC Systems 259
! O$ P. B! f% p8.7.4 Controlled Damping of DC-Interconnected
' I' ^# h: L" t3 E# KSystems 260
, F, p9 t2 I0 M% \; m. U8.7.5 Damping of Sub-Synchronous Resonances 260
$ e3 }/ {) d( h& {$ ?7 R8.7.6 Active and Reactive Power Coordination 261
' Y Y* ?$ Z; k8.7.7 Transient Stabilisation of AC Systems 261
8 t/ a! C& o& Q1 H1 v o8.8 AC–DC–AC Frequency Interactions 262
$ f) j) |1 Y9 H m8.8.1 Harmonic Cross-Modulation Across the DC Link 2629 ~. Z1 }- X) R6 I& x* C- l# d: _
8.8.2 Complementary and Composite Resonances 265CONTENTS ix6 M5 N, @# i* X6 H- N( w
8.9 DC Link Response to External Disturbances 2664 J% a% o: d6 U
8.9.1 Response to AC System Faults 266
5 |# o! d: u0 d8.9.2 Response to DC Line Faults 267
7 s9 ^7 E8 X& c* Q+ b! y$ h- m8.10 Reliability of LCC Transmission 267$ N, B$ j9 n, I8 `+ @/ U( A8 {5 {
8.11 Concluding Statements 273
! r0 N/ }# b! }References 273# f" h) r( u! o5 p' w2 k: a* s
9 Developments in Line-Commutated HVDC Schemes 275
) Y8 E% G( |8 x v2 O, l2 t9.1 Introduction 2756 P7 X* h5 E) r
9.2 Capacitor Commutated Conversion 276" V, a% E1 \) x1 M+ j0 G0 u1 {/ p
9.2.1 Basic CCC Operation 277" {9 m/ E" ]- _
9.2.2 Simulated Performance 277
/ ~2 C: q6 ?. J7 H9.3 Continuously Tuned AC Filters 2805 ^1 V- r: v7 N b
9.4 Active DC Side Filters 281( c6 R7 k2 A2 g* `2 b7 r7 l
9.5 STATCOM-Aided DC Transmission 282
( z. R9 w6 y0 O0 U+ F. W9.6 AC Transmission Lines Converted for Use with HVDC 286, X( L( ?' n* E- G
9.6.1 Modulated (Tripole) DC Transmission 287
{2 m( h2 k& V* p' T9.7 HVDC Transmission at Voltages above 600 kV 288# u7 P) f; T+ U. G7 G q! z
9.8 Concluding Statements 289" F2 M8 t5 V+ P2 N3 Q
References 289
8 O4 Z" d& F/ _10 VSC Transmission 291, f/ Y p6 _# _ K5 M
10.1 Introduction 291" d9 d, }3 f- z- K) q& w b0 y
10.2 Power Transfer Characteristics 292 V }3 _1 `% L- h, `
10.2.1 Current Relationships 2946 k& |2 ~; d0 j p; U) ~' ]+ y. X! \" D/ p
10.3 Structure of the VSC Link 296
' u K+ f9 J# e' F2 |10.3.1 VSC-HVDC Cable Technology 297$ F L: N( F) w' v4 F b
10.4 VSC DC System Control 299
/ v7 {3 ^* I1 e! k k10.4.1 General Philosophy 299
$ B8 Y* c5 [, X# X5 f10.4.2 Different Control Levels 302/ U- {. x8 ^: ~3 Z- i1 |- G9 w
10.4.3 DC Link Control Coordination 3031 d8 v$ v4 y8 }( J
10.4.4 Control Capability of VSC Transmission 304$ j+ F5 E7 S8 f5 J- z
10.4.5 Assistance During Grid Restoration 305 k9 j# v y: K% L
10.5 HVDC Light Technology 306& ~; n1 C# o* p- f( u2 y
10.5.1 Two-Level PWM Schemes 308+ n" h3 a5 d ]' v8 ]
10.5.2 Three-Level PWM Schemes 3121 K) G$ ]1 z' ^
10.5.3 HVDC Light Performance 314
( L* j* H4 L3 m+ s8 \' _& {10.6 Other VSC Projects 3219 |8 D- |4 ^8 W! L% C
10.7 Potential for Multi-Terminal Sub-Transmission Systems 323
. o) a m# c2 h' @) j5 _10.8 Discussion 324$ F1 m. G c0 ~" L; f! k: k
References 326
# Y$ C: m, O( f+ j3 G11 Multi-Level VSC and CSC Transmission 327 P( c7 _( Z% |1 G. _5 P5 F
11.1 Introduction 327/ _/ L& j2 s7 u7 r1 L1 R
11.2 Multi-Level VSC Transmission 328% [7 j0 R' O, K4 y6 \
11.2.1 Power Flow Considerations 328$ Y4 A2 _8 {* f o
11.2.2 DC Link Control Characteristics 331x CONTENTS
' {, r+ q/ v2 O& b4 {8 _2 }5 S11.2.3 Test System and Simulation Results 332
x+ X% Q% p [5 s( b11.2.4 Provision of Independent Reactive Power Control 337
0 z$ X1 {" L2 J$ V; F11.3 Multi-Level CSC Transmission 341) ?3 X3 r; _* t/ T+ G2 ~
11.3.1 Dynamic Model 343 I: D2 f7 i3 O, o6 c1 ^! l& `
11.3.2 Control Structure 344: G; c5 Z/ K! C4 Y
11.3.3 Simulated Performance under Normal Operating Conditions 345 p K* ^7 z5 u- V9 c
11.3.4 Simulated Performance Following Disturbances 3485 n" S1 u4 | {0 M! f) x2 E
11.3.5 Reactive Power Control in Multi-Level CSC Transmission 352
" E2 M6 S% Z) N4 @- A11.4 Summary 3569 k B: g+ \! q( J1 j5 x
References 357
k2 G/ M3 S( oIndex 359 |
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