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电子图书
| 电子图书名: |
Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options |
| 编者: |
J. Arrillaga,Y.H. Liu,N.R. Watson |
| 内容简介: |
高压直流输电原理及多电平换流器技术。 |
| 所属专业方向: |
电力系统及其自动化 |
| 出版社: |
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
| 来源: |
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Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options.part1.rar
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Flexible Power Transmission - The HVDC Options.part2.rar
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2 ^" C$ o# C3 z' {0 @/ M
目录如下
2 a9 u( L" x2 p' A' Q& E2 m) uContents
: ?( S' a3 b) A$ [4 B9 {) c5 @- @Preface xi9 ^3 x" l: l* A, |
1 Introduction 1
1 Q* R# S6 c* B, ~# i6 U& B1.1 The Conventional Power Grid 1. ~4 n }( F+ X9 s* ~. f. L9 w/ T) Y, O
1.1.1 Power Transfer Mechanism 1
1 K$ R9 S( o o* {8 K+ y/ C1.2 Towards a More Flexible Power Grid 5$ g% `4 ?4 t$ I, v$ z+ G7 B: n3 S
1.2.1 Power Electronics Control 5
: m2 Q4 [6 }. ]4 f( }6 f+ \/ m1.3 HVDC Transmission 8
( m- `% S1 ^" t3 y1.3.1 Thyristor-Based CSC Transmission 10
|% n1 i- c& Y2 b2 k1.3.2 VSC Transmission Based on the Integrated Gate Bipolar
6 w, y8 O6 o' ZTransistor (IGBT) 11
3 c: p9 p% j, H! v& {% H$ ^1.3.3 Multi-terminal HVDC 12( u* T" }7 J' \& n* }
1.3.4 The Flexibility Concept Applied to HVDC 13
2 J3 D( V+ a. W( j8 V6 _1.4 Relative Power Carrying Capability of AC and DC Transmission Lines 13
( R9 @& A- t7 D: e1 ]0 A2 k' O1 v# C1.5 The Impact of Distributed Generation 16
5 _. [9 \0 L' o+ |1.6 The Effect of Electricity Deregulation 16( v2 B) \! h, k( _# w
1.7 Discussion 18
: b5 \: k* o0 Z2 e$ j* z6 ] cReferences 19
4 N9 [, n2 T5 o/ V2 Semiconductor Power Devices 21
1 r/ w w3 V' ?8 V9 A3 G; P: e: X% D2.1 Introduction 21' \5 A; a" k& g
2.2 Semiconductor Principles 21
1 M: f& r! T0 v `, v& e) d( f2.3 Power Semiconductor Elements 22, w2 a1 p4 x# Q4 y" H; K' o
2.3.1 The pn Rectifier 22
# ?5 }" w' f: i8 ]$ |, ?* e2.3.2 The Transistor 25
# F& g4 A# E+ I6 a" _& G; N2.3.3 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect! b% i! M O( G8 I0 A
Transistor 25* x. s. V2 ?+ h) m
2.4 Dynamic Stresses on Power Switches 27
) I- u0 }% r$ }8 @* d2.4.1 Rate of Change of Voltage dv/dt 273 y$ ]6 z' L& G0 F2 ], ^( D: p+ @1 C
2.4.2 Rate of Change of Current di/dt 28
: B. w+ E- W. f6 V6 @2.4.3 Balancing Problems in Series Chains 28vi CONTENTS
3 e) P/ a! J1 l1 M2.5 Other Switching Issues 29
. f& l3 `$ w5 V# o0 R/ I5 S2.5.1 Switching Frequency 29" X) B* l+ [1 C/ l/ B0 i
2.5.2 Switching Losses 29
) N- x# X' Y1 }. X. }* j q. ^2.5.3 Soft Switching 29" ~4 A; s2 f9 w) ]: K
2.5.4 Use of Snubbers 30
t+ |6 i, K& A8 Y! ?2 x2.6 Thyristor-Type Power Switches 31/ L0 L1 k) z- V; l+ E5 g# I
2.6.1 The Thyristor 31$ Q& t: u% l: F+ {. V& t* _
2.6.2 Gate Turn-Off Thyristor 367 e+ z, Z6 a$ q2 q5 P3 r3 V9 w
2.6.3 Insulated Gate-Commutated Thyristor 41
2 T& G" E0 ?" N1 R2.6.4 MOS Turn-Off Thyristor 42
" S% z& e: ?0 a' e5 B2.6.5 MOS Controlled Thyristor 44
1 Z& G+ P0 ~; d) J2.6.6 Emitter Turn-Off Thyristor 45* l" J# Q2 m; u" I+ C+ A
2.7 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor 476 g: r4 z" K& [+ s
2.7.1 IGBT (Series) Chains 49
6 i! X6 C. {# `+ j7 n. W7 |2.8 Diodes 51
, F8 u: I: z7 a5 T J2.9 Prognostic Assessment 536 N- Z) s8 c, i9 _. ~, V" I m5 V
2.9.1 Ratings and Applicability 53
y) }/ k) \3 h! s/ F2.9.2 Relative Losses 559 j9 X. j% o8 t) \
References 56
. `, x1 _ h- i, t3 Line-Commutated HVDC Conversion 57
2 z* l" ~9 X; C3.1 Introduction 57
+ Z' ~8 T5 j. ]. i3.2 Three-Phase AC–DC Conversion 57
% W! k# y8 I8 _& q! v" L3.2.1 Basic CSC Operating Principles 58% @3 L/ e4 m9 X
3.2.2 Effect of Delaying the Firing Instant 58- z2 `1 ]! c, h/ ^! w# @" ^
3.3 The Commutation Process 62! J6 W& k: C7 y; I' c: w" }
3.3.1 Analysis of the Commutation Circuit 62& J) }& I2 w/ }0 M/ J( H
3.4 Rectifier Operation 64
$ [5 ]+ d f4 J3.5 Inverter Operation 67
# h7 u! U' W" x1 M3 P0 N* E3.6 Power Factor and Reactive Power 69
( K3 Y! [- {- g! [8 I- ?. {. ~3.7 Characteristic Harmonics 71- e$ K6 g& _$ O5 Q& [
3.7.1 DC Side Harmonics 72
6 J. c# r" N D5 Y+ D9 u3 I& l3.7.2 AC Side Harmonics 73
( g; s2 g: }2 B- H, O$ c u: p3.8 Multi-Pulse Conversion 74
& P9 I: V4 b: x' i" {3.8.1 Transformer Phase Shifting 74
: V4 T$ f9 ^+ B2 d" J3.8.2 DC Ripple Reinjection 77
0 T/ h# z7 m0 N. ~3.9 Uncharacteristic Harmonics and Interharmonics 81
6 I9 N# c7 o9 G3.9.1 Imperfect AC Source 83
' N0 ~( ^9 \+ s7 W3 a3.9.2 DC Modulation 87
( \( h6 F4 N/ R3.9.3 Control System Imperfections 886 _6 t5 O. V8 F; _) P! v
3.9.4 Firing Asymmetry 88 b. k3 h. h$ \3 t* z( n- A
3.9.5 Magnification of Low-Order Harmonics 89; ?( O* i6 ?, C; ?: I5 r5 ^
3.10 Harmonic Reduction by Filters 90
- T; Z0 K& H, `$ L! v) Z& \3.10.1 AC Side Filters 90- L' i: G3 k9 ? K% [4 C
3.10.2 DC Side Filters 92CONTENTS vii6 W$ j/ b% o1 \3 p" |3 e
3.11 Frequency Cross-Modulation Across the LCC 93
. s! X9 T: t, n3.12 Summary 944 F5 {8 ~1 {2 C' O1 `! t
References 94- u) D- e5 M: {) q
4 Self-Commutating Conversion 97; n3 j. y4 [7 M( F6 U
4.1 Introduction 97/ B$ w7 _& R! y
4.2 Voltage Source Conversion 97
8 o4 J# s3 }: y( Q4.2.1 VSC Operating Principles 97" R4 d( ]6 W* K4 h/ x7 P/ n" J
4.2.2 Converter Components 1024 J2 Z! c9 Y3 ?( [9 \
4.2.3 The Three-Phase VSC 105
2 S1 Q7 g, m$ V, g, z, J4.3 Comparison of LCC and VSC 114
* x, U3 Y3 Q% W L4.4 Current Source Conversion 114! i$ i; p0 o a1 S/ S: \6 m
4.4.1 Analysis of the CSC Waveforms 116 X1 }9 a/ Z) ~, G
4.5 The Reinjection Concept with Self-Commutation 116
4 T# D" Z) W3 ?2 S g! d4.5.1 Application to VSC 116& F, W4 N t; j
4.5.2 Application to CSC 121' |8 |. [* Y9 J) X" m& i# @
4.6 Discussion 124
$ M- t; I& [2 Z5 |0 H1 W7 a2 m* o- dReferences 125
, [ R5 L: u; h$ K5 Pulse Width Modulation 127
4 Y1 F) W- ^$ _2 c. p) R/ W5.1 Introduction 1275 @) t, h$ A# \; i: [9 V
5.2 PWM Operating Principles 127
" K. a3 r0 S7 m# O- A, I0 ~5.3 Selective Harmonic Cancellation 128
X# I8 f0 _# X: x+ s: ?$ e2 `5.4 Sinusoidal (Carrier-Based) PWM 131& W0 J$ e$ ~5 i8 j) [9 @9 q
5.5 PWM Carrier-Based Implementation 133: z9 G6 J+ ?; r' K- ~
5.5.1 Naturally Sampled PWM 1346 K# N( P% c7 v% z/ P
5.5.2 Uniformly Sampled 1360 Q* n8 J" T, b. k$ j! X& I1 B
5.6 Modulation in Multi-Bridge Converters 1371 n7 ~; y* i4 [" g( R' W
5.7 Summary 138
% `. O3 H- ^6 N& L# WReferences 140
& S* t# n) n# q# o" `! T6 Multi-Level Conversion 141
+ F/ S+ T: T4 `8 H6.1 Introduction 141; R T- t; |- |* }5 S$ ]
6.2 Diode Clamping 142) u2 t5 p: L, D0 g# |
6.2.1 Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped VSC 142" N+ S, i2 G6 y6 A# b% a
6.2.2 Five-Level Diode-Clamped VSC 145
0 P% U9 X, a1 j7 m! g6.2.3 Diode Clamping Generalisation 1493 B/ @: H5 R, }- R& |
6.3 Flying Capacitor Configuration 154
6 r3 K% \( T$ G5 L" W6.3.1 Three-Level Flying Capacitor 154) {' E8 E. u; W& \$ D
6.3.2 Multi-Level Flying Capacitor 155
0 `' h7 ]; P- O. R0 H, r: w& c6.4 Cascaded H-Bridge Configuration 158
. O7 \" p5 G1 u6 E7 q& }6.5 Combined PWM/Multi-Level Conversion 161
8 j9 |' F$ l/ c: A4 y" N& [6.6 Relative Merits of the Multi-Level Alternatives 164
# \4 {5 L$ m% P. E6.6.1 A Cost Comparison of Alternative Configurations for
' i! X1 I4 {* }Use in HVDC 165
7 V( t- J! }* f) y5 j4 PReferences 167viii CONTENTS
% e- T: I: i& o: X: E1 A4 Y7 Multi-Level DC Reinjection 169/ o: ~6 T) g3 a2 O4 y, S+ P( e) k
7.1 Introduction 1697 r) V J! O0 m( B2 j7 s
7.2 Soft Switching in Multi-Level Reinjection Converters 170' g2 I8 A& l/ _2 G# v4 g0 u+ m9 S
7.3 Clamp-Controlled MLVR 170# i$ Y$ }3 U$ s' K2 E/ G
7.3.1 Firing Coordination 174
& E" Z# N l# y( I7.3.2 Analysis of the Voltage Waveforms 176* C% {$ } M, D1 `
7.3.3 Analysis of the Output Current 1783 f H6 C/ V4 s. w
7.3.4 Capacitor Voltage Balancing 179
' ]# c7 I H- g) t) l" t* G: f7.3.5 Dynamic Performance 185( N$ X+ q5 Y; |* x |1 k9 `# t
7.4 Transformer-Coupled MLVR 1873 z/ M5 h2 z I6 h' C
7.5 Cascaded H-Bridge MLVR 193
# w+ v; g `$ @# {$ }( G5 C+ A6 }# _7.5.1 Basic Structure and Waveforms 193
! n$ d8 S# _/ q: x7.5.2 Switching Pattern of the Reinjection Bridges 196
' z) J: ~( o: Q- u9 L7.5.3 Design of the Cascaded H-Bridge Chain 197
# u F$ p' ?3 t9 ?+ `+ N( n7.5.4 Capacitors’ Balancing 199( T5 S( j0 _+ O( o2 Z2 y
7.5.5 STATCOM Application 204
0 W- m; ^2 S( j8 l' _6 e4 b) j6 R7.6 Summary of Main Characteristics of MLVR Alternatives 209
5 `) ?/ W: v! C7 k8 G7.7 Multi-Level Current Reinjection (MLCR) 2109 | j: G* L) d% ~
7.7.1 Structure and Operating Principles 210; u$ A0 R7 E& K7 n
7.7.2 Self-Commutating Thyristor Conversion 213
v" v w: i4 }- w; |9 V7.7.3 EMTDC Verification 216
* q; G& `1 i# J$ L% x7.8 MLCR-CSC Versus MLVR-VSC 221. E, p8 G. ~& ^3 @
References 222
- e+ Z& f* {' \ ?2 L8 Line-Commutated CSC Transmission 225
% @: l7 e/ e8 H4 R8.1 Introduction 225
1 M5 i7 @: w+ r |, _, g7 @, r8.2 The Line-Commutated HVDC Converter 226; o7 i& c3 v6 r+ W: d$ w; f/ }7 a( j# `
8.3 HVDC Converter Disturbances 232
! q# P' W5 K4 J3 D5 q8 N8.4 Structure of the HVDC Link 233
& k( \* G# M/ l# J/ t- d# `: J" |8.5 DC System Configurations 239
0 j$ X; b7 O# P- Y. q8.6 DC System Control and Operation 242& i0 H: Q, U% m+ O9 a: a
8.6.1 General Philosophy 2425 ~9 s V% S9 Y5 F' v
8.6.2 Different Control Levels 243" F9 G/ A/ N* c& |; n1 U/ x% L
8.6.3 Overall Control Coordination 243" X, d* x3 d* ^& b) u* c9 `
8.6.4 Pole Controls 245& x8 M e: t8 s2 ~" }
8.6.5 Converter Unit Controls 253
0 | c$ `( b: ]' z; K$ y/ o8.7 AC–DC System Interaction 2573 k# d) ?% J9 W. K0 @
8.7.1 Voltage Interaction 257! `; {6 p- `2 {: Z0 T) c9 p
8.7.2 Dynamic Voltage Regulation 258
/ F9 o1 f) ]. b `: W4 v8.7.3 Dynamic Stabilisation of AC Systems 259$ p2 l( _0 y/ z0 c u* i
8.7.4 Controlled Damping of DC-Interconnected6 I0 A" D0 ]3 A1 w @; x/ k$ S- K
Systems 260* h+ |: z( ` C2 g
8.7.5 Damping of Sub-Synchronous Resonances 260* Z5 W& I% x% y" z& J3 m/ s" M
8.7.6 Active and Reactive Power Coordination 261
7 I* B) [; F0 {2 a# ?8.7.7 Transient Stabilisation of AC Systems 2611 v9 {9 Q$ P+ R
8.8 AC–DC–AC Frequency Interactions 262' `4 }( C9 e- G7 P
8.8.1 Harmonic Cross-Modulation Across the DC Link 262; M4 [; `& [2 N5 a2 P7 ~# a
8.8.2 Complementary and Composite Resonances 265CONTENTS ix- C }5 H. u6 l6 c% g) Z( S
8.9 DC Link Response to External Disturbances 2667 Y* M9 F- @# h) r
8.9.1 Response to AC System Faults 266
; g2 @5 d* p2 n; V8.9.2 Response to DC Line Faults 2679 J& y7 x" ~0 x
8.10 Reliability of LCC Transmission 2670 d. p) |' H& N5 t. ^
8.11 Concluding Statements 273
9 b9 X' }/ ^5 D- Q8 m% AReferences 273
% g v h! u! A9 Developments in Line-Commutated HVDC Schemes 275
% f6 f7 _! J- G, h7 d% E9.1 Introduction 275
Y1 _- W* h/ S! S" O7 x9.2 Capacitor Commutated Conversion 276- K" |. a9 B8 ?0 ?. v. l. Y' g0 {8 S
9.2.1 Basic CCC Operation 2771 y! k& d/ b( } @! b) m
9.2.2 Simulated Performance 277
% {% k _& e, s$ i, d$ D! A9.3 Continuously Tuned AC Filters 280% Q. A5 |6 O) {0 S
9.4 Active DC Side Filters 281
2 x& s" N1 D- c9.5 STATCOM-Aided DC Transmission 282
2 q: e0 M( h. t2 |9.6 AC Transmission Lines Converted for Use with HVDC 286/ h+ l3 s3 @% p) u$ y0 H1 g, f! k
9.6.1 Modulated (Tripole) DC Transmission 287
/ \3 H) D9 A) Q$ |% N9.7 HVDC Transmission at Voltages above 600 kV 288
2 G% s7 A$ C& j% o6 n6 Z$ A9.8 Concluding Statements 289$ c5 b2 h5 n6 o- v: q/ V" }4 v
References 289
; l% Q) h# y& }3 w( P10 VSC Transmission 291$ e" ?: j- D5 H, h: k4 B
10.1 Introduction 2917 K. S: `6 b- k+ d K t
10.2 Power Transfer Characteristics 292
& H/ A# [% X( q2 d$ Y# x10.2.1 Current Relationships 2949 O q: H; \1 V# t
10.3 Structure of the VSC Link 296
1 }; S$ q- j& e2 k$ M10.3.1 VSC-HVDC Cable Technology 2974 r- w9 ]( u/ q. T2 j; ]
10.4 VSC DC System Control 299
+ ]6 O4 L7 _: q, ~10.4.1 General Philosophy 299' b! o2 z. U9 N' R' T
10.4.2 Different Control Levels 302
% y1 M+ q) v1 J. E+ D- K* N9 ]10.4.3 DC Link Control Coordination 303
$ z8 L% o5 }- @+ @+ S2 T10.4.4 Control Capability of VSC Transmission 304
" X: l& F+ I: P4 _, ^9 L) _10.4.5 Assistance During Grid Restoration 305
1 M+ f' F0 C2 @10.5 HVDC Light Technology 3063 n8 K* b) i& z* U) q
10.5.1 Two-Level PWM Schemes 308
) g% B# X! y" w' k% L10.5.2 Three-Level PWM Schemes 312
- E. H u3 \6 B* ~( Q2 |& _10.5.3 HVDC Light Performance 314
' n5 o& s( W8 z7 \# r6 M7 {10.6 Other VSC Projects 321
! N- z7 i9 U+ b# [10.7 Potential for Multi-Terminal Sub-Transmission Systems 323
$ w, E6 v6 R% }10.8 Discussion 324
; [1 ^( _6 `$ gReferences 326
+ T3 x+ H5 b4 Z9 W/ _5 D11 Multi-Level VSC and CSC Transmission 327
, f; r# o+ o; M11.1 Introduction 327
5 F+ m3 B1 h2 m) X11.2 Multi-Level VSC Transmission 328$ Q0 s2 }# R3 A- i2 m' v- `. B2 S
11.2.1 Power Flow Considerations 328; P. y# I2 X- _; c5 N: L$ v
11.2.2 DC Link Control Characteristics 331x CONTENTS
; F8 J$ T0 Q+ w; {5 R2 S11.2.3 Test System and Simulation Results 332% ?3 g. b# ^# \1 }
11.2.4 Provision of Independent Reactive Power Control 337+ r7 Q8 e Q- L
11.3 Multi-Level CSC Transmission 3418 G: V- D( M9 K9 n7 P6 m+ @2 D
11.3.1 Dynamic Model 343
/ i4 Y. f& y4 R3 {11.3.2 Control Structure 344
7 j9 k5 m; x8 L# p7 \7 f11.3.3 Simulated Performance under Normal Operating Conditions 3458 l; A" y- L& S6 c
11.3.4 Simulated Performance Following Disturbances 348
, f# W! N$ ]- w- S8 m( @# Y7 k( z- Y11.3.5 Reactive Power Control in Multi-Level CSC Transmission 352, [4 k5 ~2 u$ Q* r
11.4 Summary 356
9 K D- P4 ~) h0 Z3 s/ wReferences 3571 {. {0 j$ |' u! b Z
Index 359 |
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