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PART A: INTRODUCTION 1
" I( B) S9 g0 h3 |2 W1. Introduction..................................................................................................................33 l4 y+ O1 m* n3 v9 i
2. pscad components....................................................................................................5
J: p/ m3 r7 w. B% y, H7 @3. Modelled structure.......................................................................................................7+ e& o4 b& d/ K; L+ D; J. @$ Y
4. Simulations performed.................................................................................................9: j& h1 t3 v& }0 V; k+ {- W2 g
PART B: BUILD THE MODEL 112 ~5 q0 \6 L+ G5 L6 b) |$ j
5. From the wind to the Synchronous Generator...........................................................13; y( w' b) |* [7 b! P. n4 |& b
5.1 The Wind Source.........................................................................................................14. _# j: e# q# }
5.2 The wind turbine component.......................................................................................15) ?5 p" a/ p! L$ E- L
5.2.1 Theoretical study...................................................................................................157 @! v2 G. B0 T; D' B7 W' J$ @
5.2.2 Cp curve with PSCAD standard model.................................................................16
2 T9 Y; U7 _2 K; A) I1 _5.2.3 Computation of parameters...................................................................................179 x$ y4 L; ]$ K4 w
5.2.4 Define the Wind turbine parameters.....................................................................18
0 s3 }. l; M9 e( k& D" S9 {5.3 Wind turbine governor component..............................................................................19
1 _/ y- y( D0 |8 E8 u2 w5.3.1 Theoretical study...................................................................................................191 n8 A" Q& U* P, }3 n) ^' u+ K
5.3.2 Define the Wind governor parameters..................................................................20" ]8 m: Z7 e$ e, L
5.4 The synchronous generator.........................................................................................21
9 g" U4 B* ?+ l+ j I- w3 [5.5 Turbine generator connection: Simulation at rated load..............................................24
$ x" P I% T! X& e# K1 @2 i/ OSimulation parameters & analysis :......................................................................................24& y' U% R- _* b4 K- t% f
6. AC/DC/AC : Power and Frequency conversion.........................................................27: [/ S& S* ~8 Q& {2 z9 Q h( v/ W Z
6.1 Diode Rectifier.............................................................................................................28
+ h9 a+ f: G* b1 Q# v6.2 Overvoltage protection................................................................................................30
. \* _2 [6 d) \) i6 P$ X" e6.3 DC bus.........................................................................................................................31 J8 B" H& ~9 U0 \+ M% f o0 O
6.3.1 Build the DC bus....................................................................................................31
6 o* j! `$ g$ V6.3.2 Model validation.....................................................................................................32
7 T. B- U7 u f9 ~9 w8 Y6.4 6-Pulse Thyristor inverter............................................................................................34 WIND TURBINE APPLICATIONS PAGE A* B7 c, q1 l9 C, F) T
PSCAD®4.02; g1 `! g. i4 a1 ?( |$ O! ?$ C
Introduction
; ~* P' W9 G9 c# S1 ^$ [ P( c6.4.1 Presentation..........................................................................................................34
4 V m1 N" P, \6.4.2 Voltage collapse limitation....................................................................................362 w5 e, l! ?0 I6 o/ q# W3 W) N
6.4.3 Voltage regulation.................................................................................................37
5 R- S( t1 ]( J: t# A3 S: A6.5 Connection to the network..........................................................................................40
' R* t. ~6 D$ }- u8 |. Y7. The distribution grid...................................................................................................437 ]0 V! Q4 }! e; C* I6 J" w# [
7.1.1 Definition of the grid..............................................................................................43* f6 ~1 c S2 U o% r$ `
7.1.2 Load Flow Simulation...........................................................................................47
3 u# r* G. t [- ~! h( jPART C: SIMULATE 49
! P" h! G: _/ o! b) |8. Constant Wind Study.................................................................................................51) x \8 p7 w# B
8.1 Structure the complete model.....................................................................................51
3 r# \! j: T# H* I8.2 Constant wind study....................................................................................................53
* B- C# ~0 D2 i: ^9. Fault Analysis.............................................................................................................55
7 o* z4 {1 E$ W _9.1 Default at Node 3........................................................................................................56
`0 X) x" T1 s! j5 J o( m. Z9.1.1 Without DG...........................................................................................................56
) `1 l7 o3 x- o1 h4 k0 [, S9.1.2 With DG connected at node 1..............................................................................57
' N' n9 K( C' ~, O. d9.2 Default at Node 2........................................................................................................59+ P a2 y8 i ]1 S" h, f: r
9.2.1 Without DG...........................................................................................................59# g4 t- l r1 o. t. V, Q2 w
9.2.2 With DG connected at node 3..............................................................................59& ~- k3 E8 @- l# ?0 h
9.3 Conclusion..................................................................................................................619 O w% P# R/ L& \% C
10. Variable wind study....................................................................................................636 ~2 c8 t* D# ?* Q
10.1 Dynamic pitch control..................................................................................................63% O X8 l ]# m u( n
10.2 Passive pitch control simulation..................................................................................67" N% P: M7 e- o N$ h
10.3 Comparison of passive and dynamic pitch control......................................................69& O/ ]) `# a# x" X7 c
11. Wind farm...................................................................................................................71
; w3 r; A& ^- ~; g0 ]11.1 From a single wind turbine to a wind farm..................................................................72
. @4 @( j2 e4 {: [5 A11.1.1 Change the structure of the model.......................................................................72. P1 A) P( `: Y$ g
11.1.2 Modifications in the synchronous generator.........................................................73
- w9 @/ ?7 I+ C, ~& N) k4 W11.1.3 Modifications in the transformer...........................................................................74% ]% O0 J$ r8 ^: H' ~8 c! e
11.1.4 Modifications in the grid........................................................................................74. f) t. a5 @2 A6 z% A0 {, ^
11.2 PWM Regulation drives...............................................................................................75
; j% [$ T9 y- n' j' _" h. \11.2.1 Principles..............................................................................................................75
! e, q6 h+ d! ]% j6 j11.2.2 Generation of the triangular waveform.................................................................75: K' p& @3 q& n/ {9 O, h
11.2.3 Generation of the reference..................................................................................79
: {3 z1 i% {& G6 Q11.2.4 Generation of the firing pulses for the GTO inverter............................................83/ q1 H4 R' I' ]: }* ?" e
11.3 Simulation 85
6 A1 Q0 o; v) R9 _) I. O- BPART D: APPENDIX 87
! Y' E8 ^0 i% Q12. References.................................................................................................................89 |
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