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PART A: INTRODUCTION 1
$ A5 f, c, c. ~* g/ S/ [2 f1. Introduction..................................................................................................................30 V) @' |5 A% n" n) t
2. pscad components....................................................................................................51 o$ Q3 i$ q! m' X, H% W- q! T* i
3. Modelled structure.......................................................................................................7
: b3 t" }9 S, a7 {; s. u4. Simulations performed.................................................................................................9' T6 Y c0 }! r. W9 u9 H) r
PART B: BUILD THE MODEL 117 {: [1 L0 |4 P1 a# b l: F5 X" {
5. From the wind to the Synchronous Generator...........................................................13
* P& m4 [3 `4 G0 h/ S( e( u' V& |5 C5.1 The Wind Source.........................................................................................................14" a+ H" _3 Q1 S' C( v
5.2 The wind turbine component.......................................................................................157 ]. P+ O+ c9 r9 |- P
5.2.1 Theoretical study...................................................................................................15
) H2 \6 k# Z8 i) D5.2.2 Cp curve with PSCAD standard model.................................................................16
$ C3 j8 T" K9 e" f8 ]0 k5.2.3 Computation of parameters...................................................................................17
9 {( q* c: s' K+ h4 C. E9 j6 @6 a5.2.4 Define the Wind turbine parameters.....................................................................18
% [. u3 `- P# o. [7 U5 I5 ^5.3 Wind turbine governor component..............................................................................19+ u& P2 r' W! Z* }! K5 X; q) N9 k
5.3.1 Theoretical study...................................................................................................19
+ _% w+ F( J$ z# W$ Q5.3.2 Define the Wind governor parameters..................................................................20 N* i9 H5 a8 P w
5.4 The synchronous generator.........................................................................................21
! @6 o0 Z! F7 g( w" u1 s5.5 Turbine generator connection: Simulation at rated load..............................................24! g1 v& N8 ~$ d8 Q* H/ [& O
Simulation parameters & analysis :......................................................................................24
+ U4 _8 M& a* H0 Q1 P1 ^" T' c# r& A6. AC/DC/AC : Power and Frequency conversion.........................................................27
, o4 q4 g* v+ b& c# {6.1 Diode Rectifier.............................................................................................................28
/ h8 S4 m: q, P( e' ~6.2 Overvoltage protection................................................................................................30
* e8 ?/ ]( d& i; m' _; v7 E' p* W6.3 DC bus.........................................................................................................................31
* w5 F) r4 Q; }' x+ D6.3.1 Build the DC bus....................................................................................................31& S2 J" s- N) m
6.3.2 Model validation.....................................................................................................324 n$ E( X. J7 k
6.4 6-Pulse Thyristor inverter............................................................................................34 WIND TURBINE APPLICATIONS PAGE A
2 E/ @) j+ A# @6 C5 _% l# hPSCAD®4.02* b6 e! M1 A/ i5 M& V
Introduction
, P+ p* h5 g) S0 U6.4.1 Presentation..........................................................................................................34
0 b! p7 M& R& U3 x6 `5 v5 ]3 Q6.4.2 Voltage collapse limitation....................................................................................36
5 i& u- m! n3 ^! l6.4.3 Voltage regulation.................................................................................................379 U9 L' V- t' h# B- V- O3 z
6.5 Connection to the network..........................................................................................40
2 ~$ R+ Z ^) l5 I8 D# L1 ?7. The distribution grid...................................................................................................43( \1 ~; a5 ]7 I9 l/ m9 x
7.1.1 Definition of the grid..............................................................................................43
0 [% F/ b5 [' [, H" a7.1.2 Load Flow Simulation...........................................................................................470 \! c" G) Q9 Y! q* j5 v$ ~3 p* \- |; s% s
PART C: SIMULATE 49
$ b( N5 m f. |- ]4 q" X4 n& v: [+ z8. Constant Wind Study.................................................................................................51. [3 ?6 k5 ~ L m) d+ S0 F
8.1 Structure the complete model.....................................................................................515 b) ]9 Q; ~+ N* u# q: V
8.2 Constant wind study....................................................................................................53
# T( D2 p& ]+ J/ J Y" G9. Fault Analysis.............................................................................................................55- A4 L, e6 K! v T
9.1 Default at Node 3........................................................................................................56
, Z. ~8 y' \4 f# `5 B9.1.1 Without DG...........................................................................................................56
, \; n" j. g( {/ _8 S% M9.1.2 With DG connected at node 1..............................................................................57
+ I3 `* {' i9 J+ X: e* K9.2 Default at Node 2........................................................................................................59; j0 P2 V+ F/ @# Q- s6 [
9.2.1 Without DG...........................................................................................................596 d; i5 o p6 a
9.2.2 With DG connected at node 3..............................................................................59, T; p' B9 s8 c9 i" Y
9.3 Conclusion..................................................................................................................611 z" X/ b2 G& R/ p, n3 J
10. Variable wind study....................................................................................................63% T& S/ q* k8 b' T4 O8 Y
10.1 Dynamic pitch control..................................................................................................63; [7 R4 l; R# |* j/ G
10.2 Passive pitch control simulation..................................................................................67/ U9 A( e% G$ U( d( D# m2 S5 y
10.3 Comparison of passive and dynamic pitch control......................................................69: P5 E, H( t$ q: k$ s6 ]
11. Wind farm...................................................................................................................71
( ~$ L/ D" A1 P11.1 From a single wind turbine to a wind farm..................................................................72
7 [; S0 N) N1 O5 l11.1.1 Change the structure of the model.......................................................................72/ P+ e: a+ {* h, @( y
11.1.2 Modifications in the synchronous generator.........................................................73* b+ t2 j/ {' G2 o6 Q" I* i' H
11.1.3 Modifications in the transformer...........................................................................74
6 h! }2 G. W! K$ c5 o: [11.1.4 Modifications in the grid........................................................................................74! ~2 I+ J% p' Z2 ]
11.2 PWM Regulation drives...............................................................................................75
W2 F( h6 ~. T% u1 h11.2.1 Principles..............................................................................................................750 H9 U) ]% G/ {" \
11.2.2 Generation of the triangular waveform.................................................................758 t% V" F+ M, r( y1 E
11.2.3 Generation of the reference..................................................................................797 @/ \7 b$ L+ V- w+ r
11.2.4 Generation of the firing pulses for the GTO inverter............................................83& u! c) B9 ?: I5 S8 p" w1 E6 ~, J
11.3 Simulation 85
7 O6 d8 [4 i* c2 m _" J8 EPART D: APPENDIX 87
& Z3 S. m1 S. R* n; N7 R3 E/ }0 u12. References.................................................................................................................89 |
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