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PART A: INTRODUCTION 1: D# n/ f- d: [
1. Introduction..................................................................................................................3- f; z z# s1 j6 Z4 m
2. pscad components....................................................................................................5, B4 V0 D& E' {3 Z- a8 k
3. Modelled structure.......................................................................................................7* {4 S C5 @$ S! k$ B: @
4. Simulations performed.................................................................................................9
7 v( H9 r# P6 a. X, XPART B: BUILD THE MODEL 11
7 n* a# v: @6 j# Z6 p+ y5. From the wind to the Synchronous Generator...........................................................13
& U& a8 p- }. u5 j0 e7 _/ j5.1 The Wind Source.........................................................................................................149 q( G1 V' i7 `' |) Z" w
5.2 The wind turbine component.......................................................................................15' l) Z# M0 V. _9 R
5.2.1 Theoretical study...................................................................................................15
9 v$ U0 Q+ y: }8 F6 h, v5.2.2 Cp curve with PSCAD standard model.................................................................16; z% e6 i# F( {% _* r0 j% h
5.2.3 Computation of parameters...................................................................................17
& Q, X; H/ w( o8 c5.2.4 Define the Wind turbine parameters.....................................................................182 h6 z" S( i4 c- U
5.3 Wind turbine governor component..............................................................................19
6 t: j; Q/ t4 q e& `9 B4 V5.3.1 Theoretical study...................................................................................................19* k; F, O4 c" b& [! ]
5.3.2 Define the Wind governor parameters..................................................................20$ C; ?( _1 p, o2 L+ a/ H0 s. g/ m
5.4 The synchronous generator.........................................................................................21/ @ b1 C% E0 S/ z9 b, O
5.5 Turbine generator connection: Simulation at rated load..............................................24
4 G9 ?# u9 A1 U2 X7 \ FSimulation parameters & analysis :......................................................................................24! Y, i6 X, V4 i4 z A7 U
6. AC/DC/AC : Power and Frequency conversion.........................................................27
, p5 b* L% C& k5 {# u) ~6.1 Diode Rectifier.............................................................................................................28 x$ d- t2 ? J1 g
6.2 Overvoltage protection................................................................................................30
' Q5 U Z. a/ O" J; Q& m3 l) a& @# g5 C6.3 DC bus.........................................................................................................................31
7 G( R3 l& S# G4 W6 V% e9 [6.3.1 Build the DC bus....................................................................................................31; u% ]5 `" c) |0 `6 D8 r5 X4 J
6.3.2 Model validation.....................................................................................................32
1 E+ [# l. E, ~+ x9 U4 C5 p6.4 6-Pulse Thyristor inverter............................................................................................34 WIND TURBINE APPLICATIONS PAGE A. y) U; `" C; V- N0 a+ M6 X4 y' O2 c
PSCAD®4.02
: F3 C; X( `# x* A! b. ]Introduction
' c1 j# }! V4 A9 d* ]6.4.1 Presentation..........................................................................................................34/ R3 Z5 z( n# e. V$ q3 N* Z
6.4.2 Voltage collapse limitation....................................................................................36
6 G9 R) z$ Z# [6 d/ N$ D6.4.3 Voltage regulation.................................................................................................378 o7 `' G; z1 v6 l
6.5 Connection to the network..........................................................................................40
/ x. M5 \9 G# V7. The distribution grid...................................................................................................43, N3 t) e2 K/ S( k
7.1.1 Definition of the grid..............................................................................................43/ A& n z. r1 q) K4 `
7.1.2 Load Flow Simulation...........................................................................................47
! u+ l& U5 b( K% gPART C: SIMULATE 49
, w1 a: ^8 C' `3 W( N) J0 d* c8. Constant Wind Study.................................................................................................51% P# i/ h4 \' s# b( @' b2 _5 q3 V5 `
8.1 Structure the complete model.....................................................................................51
* }& V8 M; ]6 O+ y/ v8.2 Constant wind study....................................................................................................531 M4 N/ r) u; e
9. Fault Analysis.............................................................................................................55
& ~ }# J5 |/ Q9.1 Default at Node 3........................................................................................................56
/ y* P- u/ c j: h9.1.1 Without DG...........................................................................................................56
7 h: M: T$ n! C+ n0 G- s( F9.1.2 With DG connected at node 1..............................................................................57
6 ^% d8 A5 F0 w: M- a3 J9.2 Default at Node 2........................................................................................................59. `1 B! B7 b( l' y4 {: F( e5 H
9.2.1 Without DG...........................................................................................................59
, d) z+ n: c2 O9.2.2 With DG connected at node 3..............................................................................59
3 A% Y$ z, c8 A) r& x: I9.3 Conclusion..................................................................................................................61: g8 _5 R' i* [9 o+ f
10. Variable wind study....................................................................................................631 J6 |8 U; ~$ i
10.1 Dynamic pitch control..................................................................................................63, ~5 z1 c: V0 M' Z1 e
10.2 Passive pitch control simulation..................................................................................67& i4 ^: t( x0 j& Z4 [4 q* s2 B
10.3 Comparison of passive and dynamic pitch control......................................................69
* j5 {1 m# X* A2 ^8 u11. Wind farm...................................................................................................................71( K& q5 i% }; d F! a/ I
11.1 From a single wind turbine to a wind farm..................................................................72
% G* I2 ?! y2 |' m2 f/ f11.1.1 Change the structure of the model.......................................................................721 v/ b1 Y. _+ T8 h F8 p* L3 s) F
11.1.2 Modifications in the synchronous generator.........................................................73
" Q) }/ T) k' V* z# O2 S11.1.3 Modifications in the transformer...........................................................................74% x. a) L G3 r6 r8 A
11.1.4 Modifications in the grid........................................................................................74* G' e4 I; J9 `0 t
11.2 PWM Regulation drives...............................................................................................75/ D3 G/ j' s w! ?9 e6 C( M% u0 G
11.2.1 Principles..............................................................................................................757 B$ ]; p- _0 A# G5 w6 T5 V
11.2.2 Generation of the triangular waveform.................................................................75. C' g; { Q7 R8 Z8 q; ?
11.2.3 Generation of the reference..................................................................................79
7 N$ U: N6 v: r& M) e0 I$ c- D4 w11.2.4 Generation of the firing pulses for the GTO inverter............................................83
" Z# x; |+ y3 I4 r: u! [8 {11.3 Simulation 85( ^& G4 c1 A* `! v( f) _2 F$ \5 n
PART D: APPENDIX 87
2 }% I2 M& K" V9 n12. References.................................................................................................................89 |
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