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PART A: INTRODUCTION 1
- u+ X- k6 g; g ~1. Introduction..................................................................................................................3
7 n+ M8 D' M$ ?3 W2. PSCAD components....................................................................................................5
3 L! k4 Y8 `: {; m3 J3 W3. Modelled structure.......................................................................................................7
& m' }2 @* W+ Z: A8 W5 B y* Z4. Simulations performed.................................................................................................95 @- l1 X* L) {' T% j" U3 Q
PART B: BUILD THE MODEL 11
; ^: o8 n5 S6 K' d7 C; g/ |+ o, g5. From the wind to the Synchronous Generator...........................................................13
+ r% L+ q$ M- i3 r9 { V2 t5.1 The Wind Source.........................................................................................................14' f3 Y+ b0 R* G& N+ ^% W1 k
5.2 The wind turbine component.......................................................................................15
[5 c A& N2 \1 }8 v5.2.1 Theoretical study...................................................................................................153 k. E9 o! J+ n6 ]4 C" u. h
5.2.2 Cp curve with PSCAD standard model.................................................................16
4 x0 c% X/ z) e- A+ a5.2.3 Computation of parameters...................................................................................17
4 p6 {% n5 i2 q5.2.4 Define the Wind turbine parameters.....................................................................185 \# `& h1 N* p) ^9 E, [; b
5.3 Wind turbine governor component..............................................................................195 f6 G, A1 }# Q' A+ m
5.3.1 Theoretical study...................................................................................................191 ]7 e7 E2 G/ G0 x
5.3.2 Define the Wind governor parameters..................................................................20
+ L0 X& L- @- ^. b) ^( O5.4 The synchronous generator.........................................................................................21. D+ `4 N* Z" N" u6 X; }) u% J
5.5 Turbine generator connection: Simulation at rated load..............................................24/ Q/ S$ |* [1 |
Simulation parameters & analysis :......................................................................................24
/ F8 V6 `0 U2 [9 C) ~! d6. AC/DC/AC : Power and Frequency conversion.........................................................27: F! x" `6 w" G6 y
6.1 Diode Rectifier.............................................................................................................28
+ O' Q5 `7 J& v! |4 H6.2 Overvoltage protection................................................................................................301 p) V$ z; q" t1 S' j, n: F8 z2 j
6.3 DC bus.........................................................................................................................315 s7 l# H% M4 Q; h/ v
6.3.1 Build the DC bus....................................................................................................31
$ B, P! p' A' N& d& c6.3.2 Model validation.....................................................................................................32
# A* p, X& |6 k% _8 t6.4 6-Pulse Thyristor inverter............................................................................................34 WIND TURBINE APPLICATIONS PAGE A! a8 k. [* d) ~
PSCAD®4.02
n9 u2 e& D; f. G, p1 K% N+ k; @: fIntroduction" f: s }3 h1 A
6.4.1 Presentation..........................................................................................................34# G8 k) j) x! ^- m8 W V/ [% K
6.4.2 Voltage collapse limitation....................................................................................36
8 ]; r8 R+ ^4 y# v! G6.4.3 Voltage regulation.................................................................................................37* o- Q+ ~4 H9 F, J; N( }" s5 w6 R5 |
6.5 Connection to the network..........................................................................................40
* t! a& ]$ F0 ~; Z7. The distribution grid...................................................................................................43
' f+ }+ a, X+ G8 t7.1.1 Definition of the grid..............................................................................................43% X9 ~4 A6 H% R9 [
7.1.2 Load Flow Simulation...........................................................................................476 y( O* [* S$ _
PART C: SIMULATE 49
3 w9 n- w4 [; y/ i. a8. Constant Wind Study.................................................................................................511 c* `" S' i2 u4 [6 n/ y& o
8.1 Structure the complete model.....................................................................................51$ B/ o1 ?8 S4 O+ }1 C' p2 m
8.2 Constant wind study....................................................................................................53
, s4 {; i+ y* [2 P; h3 c9. Fault Analysis.............................................................................................................55
* S+ _" @: b0 R, O9.1 Default at Node 3........................................................................................................56$ y& u2 d' z1 g5 H g* L9 b2 M' i
9.1.1 Without DG...........................................................................................................56# c: p6 W- g6 ^1 Q% J
9.1.2 With DG connected at node 1..............................................................................57
- D& {' H: L$ M2 J% K9.2 Default at Node 2........................................................................................................59; u7 ? B$ u# _% G# D
9.2.1 Without DG...........................................................................................................59
3 V! P$ K( v; k$ T9 X& O9.2.2 With DG connected at node 3..............................................................................597 I3 ^4 d6 h1 d% l2 k: n0 I: |
9.3 Conclusion..................................................................................................................618 ?) |! l% a! a; C5 Z
10. Variable wind study....................................................................................................632 t0 E+ Y6 k3 s- S: _4 I
10.1 Dynamic pitch control..................................................................................................63/ ~$ U% R/ f2 X
10.2 Passive pitch control simulation..................................................................................67
: M; P, |4 E6 C10.3 Comparison of passive and dynamic pitch control......................................................691 @0 {2 y, j4 e O: M
11. Wind farm...................................................................................................................71+ X9 x. q4 e. z; Y8 X/ ?
11.1 From a single wind turbine to a wind farm..................................................................72$ v4 n( [* r; c) l! ^% _- L' f) T
11.1.1 Change the structure of the model.......................................................................72) x5 Y! {' V3 A2 Q: f, W
11.1.2 Modifications in the synchronous generator.........................................................73
+ E: J7 k; ]# K' B7 ^11.1.3 Modifications in the transformer...........................................................................74 l6 F, ]7 a u! t, I
11.1.4 Modifications in the grid........................................................................................74
3 t! d. A U1 W4 v11.2 PWM Regulation drives...............................................................................................75% D! i; I. n9 d2 I
11.2.1 Principles..............................................................................................................75 }$ T3 x+ W/ Z
11.2.2 Generation of the triangular waveform.................................................................75' B- v T: o- K# |
11.2.3 Generation of the reference..................................................................................79
& b0 r8 ]) [& Q' |1 F( F# G11.2.4 Generation of the firing pulses for the GTO inverter............................................83
9 {; _# i1 I9 n- ]$ z0 J! o11.3 Simulation 85
6 \! |. C0 \: T9 OPART D: APPENDIX 87$ \/ q" A& E- X3 O0 m6 y
12. References.................................................................................................................89 |
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