Preface to First Edition
1. Introduction
1.1 A Perspective
1.2 Structure of Power Systems
1.3 Conventional Sources of Electric Energy
1.4 Renewable Energy Sources
1.5 Energy Storage
1.6 Growth of Power Systems in India
1.7 Energy Conservation
1.8 Deregulation
1.9 Distributed and Dispersed Generation
1.10 Environmental Aspects of Electric Energy Generation
1.11 Power System Engineers and Power System Studies 3!
1.12 Use of Computers and Microprocessors
1.13 Problems Facing Indian Power Industry and its Choices
References
2. Inductance and Resistance of Transmission Lines
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Definition of Inductance
2.3 Flux Linkages of an Isolated Current-Carrying Conductor
2.4 Inductance of a Single-Phase Two-Wire Line
2.5 Conductor Types
2.6 Flux Linkages of one Conductor in a Group
2.7 Inductance of Composite Conductor Lines
2.8 Inductance of Three-Phase Lines
2.9 Double-Circuit Three-Phase Lines
2.10 Bundled Conductors
2.11 Resistance
2.12 Skin Effect and Proximity Effect
Problems
References
3. Capacitance of Transmission Lines
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Electric Field of a Long Straight Conductor
3.3 Potential Difference between two Conductors of a Group of Parallel Conductors
3.4 Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line
3.5 Capacitance of a Three-Phase Line with Equilateral Spacing
3.6 Capacitance of a Three-Phase Line with Unsymmetrical Spacing
3.7 Effect of Earth on Transmission Line Capacitance
3.8 Method of GMD (Modified)
3.9 Bundled Conductors
Problems
References
4. Representation of Power System Components
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Single-phase Solution of Balanced Three-phase Networks
4.3 One-Line Diagram and Impedance or Reactance Diagram
4.4 Per Unit (PU) System
4.5 Complex Power
4.6 Synchronous Machine
4.7 Representation of Loads
Problems
References
5. Characteristics and Performance of Power Transmission Lines
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Short Transmission Line
5.3 Medium Transmission Line
5.4 The Long Transmission Line——Rigorous Solution
5.5 Interpretation of the Long Line Equations
5.6 Ferranti Effect
5.7 Tuned Power Lines
5.8 The Equivalent Circuit of a Long Line
5.9 Power Flow through a Transmission Line
5.10 Methods of Voltage Control
Problems
References
6. Load Flow Studies
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Network Model Formulation
6.3 Formation of YBus by Singular Transformation
6.4 Load Flow Problem
6.5 Gauss-Seidel Method
6.6 Newton-Raphson (NR) Method
6.7 Decoupled Load Flow Methods
6.8 Comparison of Load Flow Methods
6.9 Control of Voltage Profile
Problems
References
7. 0 ptimal System Operation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Optimal Operation of Generators on a Bus Bar
7.3 Optimal Unit Commitment (UC)
7.4 Reliability Considerations
7.5 Optimum Generation Scheduling
7.6 Optimal Load Flow Solution
7.7 Optimal Scheduling of Hydrothermal System
Problems
References
8. Automatic Generation and Voltage Control
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Load Frequency Control (Single Area Case)
8.3 Load Frequency Control and Economic Despatch Control
8.4 Two-Area Load Frequency Control
8.5 Optimal (Two-Area) Load Frequency Control
8.6 Automatic Voltage Control
8.7 Load Frequency Control with Generation Rate Constraints (GRCs)
8.8 Speed Governor Dead-Band and Its Effect on AGC
8.9 Digital LF Controllers
8.10 Decentralized Control
Problems
References
9. Symmetrical Fault Analysis
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Transient on a Transmission Line
9.3 Short Circuit of a Synchronous Machine (On No Load)
9.4 Short Circuit of a Loaded Synchronous Machine
9.5 SeIection of Circuit Breakers
9.6 Algorithm for Short Circuit Studies
9.7 ZBusFormulation
Problems
References
10. Symmetrical Components
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Symmetrical Component Transformation
10.3 Phase Shift in Star-Delta Transformers
10.4 Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines
10.5 Sequence Impedances and Sequence Network of Power System
10.6 Sequence Impedances and Networks of Synchronous Machine
10.7 Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines
10.8 Sequence Impedances and Networks of Transformers
10.9 Construction of Sequence Networks of a Power System
Problems
References
11. Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Symmetrical Component Analysis of Unsymmetrical Faults
11.3 Single Line-To-Ground (LG) Fault
11.4 Line-To-Line (LL) Fault
11.5 Double Line-To-Ground (LLG) Fault
11.6 Open Conductor Faults
11.7 Bus Impedance Matrix Method For Analysis of Unsymmetrical Shunt Faults
Problems
References
12. Power System Stability
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Dynamics of a Synchronous Machine
12.3 Power Angle Equation
12.4 Node Elimination Technique
12.5 Simple Systems
12.6 Steady State Stability
12.7 Transient Stability
12.8 Equal Area Criterion
12.9 Numerical Solution of Swing Equation
12.10 Multimachine Stability
12.11 Some Factors Affecting Transient Stability
Problems
References
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