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bird841011 · 发表于 2009-6-16 16:12:19

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本帖最后由 bird841011 于 2009-6-16 16:39 编辑

两本书:
1、Integration of Alternative Sources of Energy.pdf
IEEE press
简要目录
1 ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY 1
2 PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS 28
3 HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS 57
4 WIND POWER PLANTS 84
5 THERMOSOLAR POWER PLANTS 112
6 PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS 129
7 POWER PLANTS WITH FUEL CELLS 159
8 BIOMASS-POWERED MICROPLANTS 198
9 MICROTURBINES 215
10 INDUCTION GENERATORS 233
11 STORAGE SYSTEMS 262
12 INTEGRATION OF ALTERNATIVE SOURCES
OF ENERGY 301
13 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION 333
14 INTERCONNECTION OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
SOURCES WITH THE GRID 354
15 MICROPOWER SYSTEM MODELING WITH HOMER 379
Glossary 416
APPENDIX A: DIESEL POWER PLANTS 419
APPENDIX B: GEOTHERMAL ENERGY 431
APPENDIX C: THE STIRLING ENGINE 438

2、fuel cell system explained.pdf
Wiley press
简要目录
1. Introduction ............................................................................. 1
2. Efficiency and Open Circuit Voltage ..................................... 25
3. Operational Fuel Cell Voltages .............................................. 45
4. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells ................................ 67
5. Alkaline Electrolyte Fuel Cells ............................................... 121
6. Direct Methanol Fuel Cells ..................................................... 141
7. Medium and High Temperature Fuel Cells ........................... 163
8. Fuelling Fuel Cells .................................................................. 229
9. Compressors, Turbines, Ejectors, Fans, Blowers, and
10. Delivering Fuel Cell Power ..................................................... 331
11. Fuel Cell Systems Analyzed .................................................. 369
Appendix 1. Change in Molar Gibbs Free Energy Calculations ......... 391
Appendix 2. Useful Fuel Cell Equations ............................................. 395

yangqiqi · 发表于 2009-6-16 16:21:45

不错但能不能现简单介绍下传的东西

dawnchorus · 发表于 2009-6-16 16:44:17

刚下下来先把目录贴出来
Fuel Cell Systems Explained
Second Edition 2003出版的
第一版是2000年1月出版的
下面是目录
Contents
Preface ............................................................................................ xiii
Foreword to the First Edition ........................................................... xv
Acknowledgements ......................................................................... xvii
Abbreviations  ................................................................................... xix
Symbols  ........................................................................................... xxi
1. Introduction ............................................................................. 1
1.1  Hydrogen Fuel Cells – Basic Principles  ..................................... 1
1.2  What Limits the Current? ........................................................... 5
1.3  Connecting Cells in Series – the Bipolar Plate .......................... 6
1.4  Gas Supply and Cooling ............................................................ 10
1.5  Fuel Cell Types  .......................................................................... 14
1.6  Other Cells – Some Fuel Cells, Some Not ................................ 16
1.6.1  Biological Fuel Cells ...................................................... 17
1.6.2  Metal/Air Cells  ................................................................ 17
1.6.3  Redox Flow Cells or Regenerative Fuel Cells ............... 18
1.7  Other Parts of a Fuel Cell System ............................................. 19
1.8  Figures Used to Compare Systems  ........................................... 21
1.9  Advantages and Applications .................................................... 22
References ......................................................................................... 24
2.  Efficiency and Open Circuit Voltage ..................................... 25
2.1  Energy and the EMF of the Hydrogen Fuel Cell ........................ 25
2.2  The Open Circuit Voltage of Other Fuel Cells and Batteries ..... 30
2.3  Efficiency and Efficiency Limits ................................................. 31
2.4  Efficiency and the Fuel Cell Voltage .......................................... 34
2.5  The Effect of Pressure and Gas Concentration ......................... 35
2.5.1  The Nernst Equation ...................................................... 35
2.5.2  Hydrogen Partial Pressure  ............................................. 38
2.5.3  Fuel and Oxidant Utilization ........................................... 39
2.5.4  System Pressure  ............................................................ 40
2.5.5  An Application – Blood Alcohol Measurement ............... 41
2.6 Summary  ................................................................................... 42
References ......................................................................................... 43
3.  Operational Fuel Cell Voltages .............................................. 45
3.1 Introduction  ................................................................................ 45
3.2 Terminology  ............................................................................... 47
3.3  Fuel Cell Irreversibilities – Causes of Voltage Drop .................. 47
3.4  Activation Losses  ....................................................................... 48
3.4.1  The Tafel Equation ........................................................ 48
3.4.2  The Constants in the Tafel Equation  .............................. 49
3.4.3  Reducing the Activation Overvoltage  ............................. 52
3.4.4  Summary of Activation Overvoltage  ............................... 53
3.5  Fuel Crossover and Internal Currents ....................................... 53
3.6  Ohmic Losses ............................................................................ 56
3.7  Mass Transport or Concentration Losses  .................................. 57
3.8  Combining the Irreversibilities ................................................... 59
3.9  The Charge Double Layer ......................................................... 61
3.10  Distinguishing the Different Irreversibilities  ................................ 63
References ......................................................................................... 66
4.  Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells  ................................ 67
4.1 Overview  .................................................................................... 67
4.2  How the Polymer Electrolyte Works .......................................... 69
4.3  Electrodes and Electrode Structure ........................................... 72
4.4  Water Management in the PEMFC  ............................................ 75
4.4.1  Overview of the Problem  ................................................ 75
4.4.2  Airflow and Water Evaporation ...................................... 76
4.4.3  Humidity of PEMFC Air .................................................. 80
4.4.4  Running PEM Fuel Cells without Extra Humidification .. 83
4.4.5  External Humidification – Principles  ............................... 85
4.4.6  External Humidification – Methods ................................ 87
4.5  PEM Fuel Cell Cooling and Air Supply ...................................... 90
4.5.1  Cooling Using the Cathode Air Supply  ........................... 90
4.5.2  Separate Reactant and Cooling Air ............................... 91
4.5.3  Water Cooling of PEM Fuel Cells .................................. 93
4.6  PEM Fuel Cell Connection – the Bipolar Plate .......................... 94
4.6.1 Introduction  .................................................................... 94
4.6.2  Flow Field Patterns on the Bipolar Plates ...................... 94
4.6.3  Making Bipolar Plates for PEM Fuel Cells ..................... 96
4.6.4  Other Topologies ........................................................... 100
4.7  Operating Pressure ................................................................... 102
4.7.1  Outline of the Problem ................................................... 102
4.7.2  Simple Quantitative Cost/Benefit Analysis of Higher
Operating Pressures ...................................................... 103
4.7.3  Other Factors Affecting Choice of Pressure .................. 108
4.8  Reactant Composition ............................................................... 110
4.8.1  Carbon Monoxide Poisoning  .......................................... 110
4.8.2  Methanol and Other Liquid Fuels  ................................... 111
4.8.3  Using Pure Oxygen in Place of Air  ................................. 111
4.9  Example Systems ...................................................................... 112
4.9.1  Small 12-W System ....................................................... 112
4.9.2  Medium 2-kW System  .................................................... 114
4.9.3  205-kW Fuel Cell Engine ............................................... 117
References ......................................................................................... 118
5.  Alkaline Electrolyte Fuel Cells ............................................... 121
5.1  Historical Background and Overview  ......................................... 121
5.1.1  Basic Principles ............................................................. 121
5.1.2  Historical Importance ..................................................... 121
5.1.3  Main Advantages ........................................................... 122
5.2  Types of Alkaline Electrolyte Fuel Cell ...................................... 124
5.2.1  Mobile Electrolyte .......................................................... 124
5.2.2  Static Electrolyte Alkaline Fuel Cells  .............................. 127
5.2.3  Dissolved Fuel Alkaline Fuel Cells  ................................. 129
5.3  Operating Pressure and Temperature ....................................... 132
5.4  Electrodes for Alkaline Electrolyte Fuel Cells ............................ 134
5.4.1 Introduction  .................................................................... 134
5.4.2  Sintered Nickel Powder ................................................. 134
5.4.3 Raney Metals  ................................................................. 135
5.4.4  Rolled Electrodes  ........................................................... 135
5.5  Cell Interconnections ................................................................. 137
5.6  Problems and Development ...................................................... 137
References ......................................................................................... 138
6.  Direct Methanol Fuel Cells ..................................................... 141
6.1 Introduction  ................................................................................  141
6.2  Anode Reaction and Catalysts .................................................. 143
6.2.1  Overall DMFC Reaction ................................................. 143
6.2.2  Anode Reactions in the Alkaline DMFC  ......................... 144
6.2.3  Anode Reactions in the PEM Direct Methanol FC ......... 144
6.2.4  Anode Fuel Feed ........................................................... 146
6.2.5  Anode Catalysts  ............................................................. 147
6.3  Electrolyte and Fuel Crossover ................................................. 148
6.3.1  How Fuel Crossover Occurs .......................................... 148
6.3.2  Standard Techniques for Reducing Fuel Crossover ...... 149
6.3.3  Fuel Crossover Techniques in Development ................. 150
6.4  Cathode Reactions and Catalysts ............................................. 151
6.5  Methanol Production, Storage, and Safety ................................ 152
6.5.1  Methanol Production ...................................................... 152
6.5.2  Methanol Safety ............................................................. 153
6.5.3  Methanol Compared to Ethanol ..................................... 155
6.5.4  Methanol Storage .......................................................... 156
6.6  Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Applications ...................................... 157
References ......................................................................................... 160
7.  Medium and High Temperature Fuel Cells ........................... 163
7.1 Introduction  ................................................................................  163
7.2  Common Features ..................................................................... 165
7.2.1  An Introduction to Fuel Reforming ................................. 165
7.2.2  Fuel Utilization ............................................................... 166
7.2.3  Bottoming Cycles ........................................................... 168
7.2.4  The Use of Heat Exchangers – Exergy and Pinch
Technology .................................................................... 174
7.3  The Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) ..................................... 177
7.3.1  How It Works ................................................................. 177
7.3.2  Performance of the PAFC  .............................................. 182
7.3.3  Recent Developments in PAFC ..................................... 184
7.4  The Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) .................................. 187
7.4.1  How It Works ................................................................. 187
7.4.2  Implications of Using a Molten Carbonate Electrolyte ... 190
7.4.3  Cell Components in the MCFC ...................................... 190
7.4.4  Stack Configuration and Sealing  .................................... 195
7.4.5  Internal Reforming ......................................................... 196
7.4.6  Performance of MCFCS  ................................................. 198
7.4.7  Practical MCFC Systems ............................................... 202
7.5  The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell .......................................................... 207
7.5.1  How It Works ................................................................. 207
7.5.2 SOFC Components  ........................................................ 209
7.5.3  Practical Design and Stacking Arrangements for the
SOFC ............................................................................. 213
7.5.4  SOFC Performance ....................................................... 220
7.5.5  SOFC Combined Cycles, Novel System Designs and
Hybrid Systems  .............................................................. 221
7.5.6  Intermediate Temperature SOFCs  ................................. 225
References ......................................................................................... 226
8.  Fuelling Fuel Cells .................................................................. 229
8.1 Introduction  ................................................................................  229
8.2  Fossil Fuels ............................................................................... 232
8.2.1 Petroleum  ...................................................................... 232
8.2.2  Petroleum in Mixtures: Tar Sands, Oil Shales, Gas
Hydrates, and LPG ........................................................ 233
8.2.3  Coal and Coal Gases  ..................................................... 234
8.2.4  Natural Gas  .................................................................... 235
8.3 Bio-Fuels  ...................................................................................  236
8.4  The Basics of Fuel Processing .................................................. 238
8.4.1  Fuel Cell Requirements ................................................. 238
8.4.2 Desulphurization  ............................................................ 239
8.4.3  Steam Reforming ........................................................... 241
8.4.4  Carbon Formation and Pre-Reforming  ........................... 244
8.4.5  Internal Reforming ......................................................... 246
8.4.6  Direct Hydrocarbon Oxidation  ........................................ 248
8.4.7  Partial Oxidation and Autothermal Reforming  ................ 248
8.4.8  Hydrogen Generation by Pyrolysis or Thermal
石皮解ing of Hydrocarbons ............................................. 250
8.4.9  Further Fuel Processing – Carbon Monoxide Removal . 250
8.5  Practical Fuel Processing – Stationary Applications  .................. 252
8.5.1  Conventional Industrial Steam Reforming ..................... 252
8.5.2  System Designs for Natural Gas Fed PEMFC and
PAFC Plants with Steam Reformers  .............................. 253
8.5.3  Reformer and Partial Oxidation Designs ....................... 257
8.6  Practical Fuel Processing – Mobile Applications ....................... 263
8.6.1  General Issues  ............................................................... 263
8.6.2  Methanol Reforming for Vehicles  ................................... 264
8.6.3  Micro-Scale Methanol Reactors  ..................................... 267
8.6.4  Gasoline Reforming ....................................................... 269
8.7 Electrolysers  ..............................................................................  270
8.7.1  Operation of Electrolysers ............................................. 270
8.7.2  Applications of Electrolysers .......................................... 272
8.7.3  Electrolyser Efficiency  .................................................... 272
8.7.4  Generating at High Pressure ......................................... 273
8.7.5 Photo-Electrolysis  .......................................................... 275
8.8  Biological Production of Hydrogen ............................................ 275
8.8.1 Introduction  .................................................................... 275
8.8.2 Photosynthesis  .............................................................. 276
8.8.3  Hydrogen Production by Digestion Processes  ............... 278
8.9  Hydrogen Storage I – Storage as Hydrogen ............................. 279
8.9.1  Introduction to the Problem  ............................................ 279
8.9.2 Safety  ............................................................................. 280
8.9.3  The Storage of Hydrogen as a Compressed Gas  .......... 282
8.9.4  Storage of Hydrogen as a Liquid ................................... 284
8.9.5  Reversible Metal Hydride Hydrogen Stores  ................... 286
8.9.6  Carbon Nanofibres  ......................................................... 289
8.9.7  Storage Methods Compared  .......................................... 291
8.10  Hydrogen Storage II – Chemical Methods  ................................. 293
8.10.1 Introduction  .................................................................... 293
8.10.2 Methanol  ........................................................................ 293
8.10.3  Alkali Metal Hydrides ..................................................... 295
8.10.4  Sodium Borohydride ...................................................... 297
8.10.5 Ammonia  ........................................................................ 301
8.10.6  Storage Methods Compared  .......................................... 304
References ......................................................................................... 305
9.  Compressors, Turbines, Ejectors, Fans, Blowers, and
Pumps  ...................................................................................... 309
9.1 Introduction  ................................................................................  309
9.2  Compressors – Types Used ...................................................... 310
9.3  Compressor Efficiency  ............................................................... 312
9.4  Compressor Power .................................................................... 314
9.5  Compressor Performance Charts .............................................. 315
9.6  Performance Charts for Centrifugal Compressors  ..................... 318
9.7  Compressor Selection – Practical Issues .................................. 320
9.8 Turbines  .....................................................................................  321
9.9 Turbochargers  ...........................................................................  325
9.10  Ejector Circulators ..................................................................... 326
9.11  Fans and Blowers ...................................................................... 327
9.12 Membrane/Diaphragm Pumps  ................................................... 328
References ......................................................................................... 330
10.  Delivering Fuel Cell Power  ..................................................... 331
10.1 Introduction  ................................................................................ 331
10.2  DC Regulation and Voltage Conversion .................................... 332
10.2.1  Switching Devices  .......................................................... 332
10.2.2  Switching Regulators ..................................................... 334
10.3 Inverters  ..................................................................................... 339
10.3.1  Single Phase  .................................................................. 339
10.3.2  Three Phase .................................................................. 344
10.3.3  Regulatory Issues and Tariffs ........................................ 346
10.3.4  Power Factor Correction ................................................ 348
10.4  Electric Motors ........................................................................... 349
10.4.1  General Points ............................................................... 349
10.4.2  The Induction Motor ....................................................... 350
10.4.3  The Brushless DC Motor  ................................................ 352
10.4.4  Switched Reluctance Motors ......................................... 355
10.4.5  Motors Efficiency ........................................................... 357
10.4.6  Motor Mass .................................................................... 361
10.5  Fuel Cell/Battery or Capacitor Hybrid Systems ......................... 362
References ......................................................................................... 367
11.  Fuel Cell Systems Analyzed .................................................. 369
11.1 Introduction  ................................................................................ 369
11.2  Energy Systems ........................................................................ 370
11.3 Well-To-Wheels Analysis  ........................................................... 371
11.3.1  Importance of Well-to-Wheels Analysis ......................... 371
11.3.2 Well-to-Tank Analysis .................................................... 372
11.3.3  Main Conclusions of the GM Well-to-Wheels Study ...... 374
11.4  Power-Train or Drive-Train Analysis  .......................................... 375
11.5  Example System I – PEMFC Powered Bus  ............................... 377
11.6  Example System II – Stationary Natural Gas Fuelled System  ... 382
11.6.1 Introduction  .................................................................... 382
11.6.2  Flow Sheet and Conceptual Systems Designs .............. 382
11.6.3  Detailed Engineering Designs ....................................... 386
11.6.4  Further Systems Analysis .............................................. 387
11.7  Closing Remarks ....................................................................... 388
References ......................................................................................... 389
Appendices
Appendix 1. Change in Molar Gibbs Free Energy Calculations  ......... 391
A1.1 Hydrogen Fuel Cell ........................................................ 391
A1.2 The Carbon Monoxide Fuel Cell .................................... 393
References ............................................................................. 394
Appendix 2. Useful Fuel Cell Equations  ............................................. 395
A2.1 Introduction  .................................................................... 395
A2.2 Oxygen and Air Usage  ................................................... 396
A2.3 Air Exit Flow Rate .......................................................... 397
A2.4 Hydrogen Usage ............................................................ 398
A2.5 Water Production ........................................................... 399
A2.6 Heat Produced ............................................................... 399
Index ...............................................................................................  401

yangqiqi · 发表于 2009-6-16 16:46:45

恩这本书我手里也有写的比较详细

dawnchorus · 发表于 2009-6-16 16:46:45

第二本比较新 06年出的
CONTRIBUTORS xvii
FOREWORD xix
PREFACE xxi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxiii
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxv
1 ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Renewable Sources of Energy 2
1.3 Renewable Energy Versus Alternative Energy 4
1.4 Planning and Development of Integrated Energy 8
1.4.1 Grid-Supplied Electricity 9
1.4.2 Load 10
1.4.3 Distributed Generation 10
1.5 Renewable Energy Economics 11
1.5.1 Calculation of Electricity Generation Costs 12
1.6 European Targets for Renewables 14
1.6.1 Demand-Side Management Options 15
1.6.2 Supply-Side Management Options 16
1.7 Integration of Renewable Energy Sources 19
1.7.1 Integration of Renewable Energy in the United States 20
1.7.2 Energy Recovery Time 21
1.7.3 Sustainability 23
1.8 Modern Electronic Controls of Power Systems 26
References 27
2 PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS 28
2.1. Introduction 28
2.2. State of a Thermodynamic System 29
2.3. Fundamental Laws and Principles 36
2.3.1 Example in a Nutshell 37
2.3.2 Practical Problems Associated with Carnot Cycle Plant 40
2.3.3 Rankine Cycle for Power Plants 41
2.3.4 Brayton Cycle for Power Plants 44
2.3.5 Energy and Power 46
2.4 Examples of Energy Balance 47
2.4.1 Simple Residential Energy Balance 47
2.4.2 Refrigerator Energy Balance 48
2.4.3 Energy Balance for a Water Heater 49
2.4.4 Rock Bed Energy Balance 51
2.4.5 Array of Solar Collectors 51
2.4.6 Heat Pump 52
2.4.7 Heat Transfer Analysis 53
2.5 Planet Earth: A Closed But Not Isolated System 54
References 56
3 HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS 57
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Determination of the Useful Power 58
3.3 Expedient Topographical and Hydrological Measurements 60
3.3.1 Simple Measurement of Elevation 60
3.3.2 Global Positioning Systems for Elevation Measurement 60
3.3.3 Speciﬁcation of Pipe Losses 62
3.3.4 Expedient Measurements of Stream Water Flow 63
3.3.5 Civil Works 67
3.4 Generating Unit 67
3.4.1 Regulation Systems 67
3.4.2 Butterﬂy Valves 68
3.5 Waterwheels 68
3.6 Turbines 70
3.6.1 Pelton Turbine 71
3.6.2 Francis Turbine 74
3.6.3 Michel–Banki Turbine 77
3.6.4 Kaplan or Hydraulic Propeller Turbine 79
3.6.5 Deriaz Turbines 80
3.6.6 Water Pumps Working as Turbines 80
3.6.7 Speciﬁcation of Hydro Turbines 81
References 82
4 WIND POWER PLANTS 84
4.1 Introduction 84
4.2 Appropriate Location 85
4.2.1 Evaluation of Wind Intensity 85
4.2.2 Topography 93
4.2.3 Purpose of the Energy Generated 95
4.2.4 Means of Access 95
4.3 Wind Power 95
4.4 General Classiﬁcation of Wind Turbines 97
4.4.1 Rotor Turbines 99
4.4.2 Multiple-Blade Turbines 99
4.4.3 Drag Turbines (Savonius) 100
4.4.4 Lifting Turbines 101
4.4.5 System TARP–WARP 102
4.4.6 Accessories 103
4.5 Generators and Speed Control Used in Wind Power Energy 104
4.6 Analysis of Small Generating Systems 107
References 110
5 THERMOSOLAR POWER PLANTS 112
5.1 Introduction 112
5.2 Water Heating by Solar Energy 112
5.3 Heat Transfer Calculation of Thermally Isolated Reservoirs 115
5.4 Heating Domestic Water 118
5.5 Thermosolar Energy 119
5.5.1 Parabolic Trough 120
5.5.2 Parabolic Dish 122
5.5.3 Solar Power Tower 124
5.5.4 Production of Hydrogen 125
5.6 Economical Analysis of Thermosolar Energy 126
References 127
CONTENTS ix6 PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS 129
6.1 Introduction 129
6.2 Solar Energy 130
6.3 Generation of Electricity by Photovoltaic Effect 132
6.4 Dependence of a PV Cell Characteristic on Temperature 135
6.5 Solar Cell Output Characteristics 137
6.6 Equivalent Models and Parameters for Photovoltaic Panels 139
6.6.1 Dark-Current Electric Parameters of a Photovoltaic Panel 140
6.6.2 Model of a PV Panel Consisting of n Cells in Series 142
6.6.3 Model of a PV Panel Consisting of n Cells in Parallel 144
6.7 Photovoltaic Systems 145
6.7.1 Illumination Area 146
6.7.2 Solar Modules and Panels 146
6.7.3 Aluminum Structures 146
6.7.4 Load Controller 148
6.7.5 Battery Bank 148
6.8 Applications of Photovoltaic Solar Energy 149
6.8.1 Residential and Public Illumination 149
6.8.2 Stroboscopic Signaling 150
6.8.3 Electric Fence 150
6.8.4 Telecommunications 151
6.8.5 Water Supply and Micro-Irrigation Systems 151
6.8.6 Control of Plagues and Conservation of
Food and Medicine 153
6.8.7 Hydrogen and Oxygen Generation by Electrolysis 154
6.8.8 Electric Power Supply 155
6.8.9 Security and Alarm Systems 156
6.9 Economical Analysis of Solar Energy 156
References 157
7 POWER PLANTS WITH FUEL CELLS 159
7.1 Introduction 159
7.2 The Fuel Cell 160
7.3 Commercial Technologies for Generation of Electricity 162
7.4 Practical Issues Related to Fuel Cell Stacking 169
7.4.1 Low- and High-Temperature Fuel Cells 169
7.4.2 Commercial and Manufacturing Issues 170
x CONTENTS7.5 Constructional Features of Proton Exchange
Membrane Fuel Cells 171
7.6 Constructional Features of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 173
7.7 Water, Air, and Heat Management 175
7.8 Load Curve Peak Shaving with Fuel Cells 176
7.8.1 Maximal Load Curve Flatness at Constant Output Power 176
7.8.2 Amount of Thermal Energy Necessary 178
7.9 Reformers, Electrolyzer Systems, and Related Precautions 180
7.10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Fuel Cells 181
7.11 Fuel Cell Equivalent Circuit 182
7.12 Practical Determination of the Equivalent Model Parameters 188
7.12.1 Example of Determination of FC Parameters 191
7.13 Aspects of Hydrogen as Fuel 194
7.14 Future Perspectives 195
References 196
8 BIOMASS-POWERED MICROPLANTS 198
8.1 Introduction 198
8.2 Fuel from Biomass 202
8.3 Biogas 204
8.4 Biomass for Biogas 205
8.5 Biological Formation of Biogas 206
8.6 Factors Affecting Biodigestion 207
8.7 Characteristics of Biodigesters 209
8.8 Construction of Biodigester 210
8.8.1 Sizing a Biodigester 211
8.9 Generation of Electricity Using Biogas 211
References 214
9 MICROTURBINES 215
9.1 Introduction 215
9.2 Princples of Operation 217
9.3 Microturbine Fuel 219
9.4 Control of Microturbines 220
9.4.1 Mechanical-Side Structure 220
9.4.2 Electrical-Side Structure 222
9.4.3 Control-Side Structure 224
CONTENTS xi9.5 Efﬁciency and Power of Microturbines 228
9.6 Site Assessment for Installation of Microturbines 230
References 231
10 INDUCTION GENERATORS 233
10.1 Introduction 233
10.2 Principles of Operation 234
10.3 Representation of Steady-State Operation 236
10.4 Power and Losses Generated 237
10.5 Self-Excited Induction Generator 240
10.6 Magnetizing Curves and Self-Excitation 242
10.7 Mathematical Description of the Self-Excitation Process 243
10.8 Interconnected and Stand-Alone Operation 246
10.9 Speed and Voltage Control 248
10.9.1 Frequency, Speed, and Voltage Controls 249
10.9.2 Load Control Versus Source Control
for Induction Generators 250
10.9.3 The Danish Concept 254
10.9.4 Variable-Speed Grid Connection 255
10.9.5 Control by the Load Versus Control by
the Source 256
10.10 Economical Aspects 258
References 259
11 STORAGE SYSTEMS 262
11.1 Introduction 262
11.2 Energy Storage Parameters 265
11.3 Lead–Acid Batteries 268
11.3.1 Constructional Features 268
11.3.2 Battery Charge–Discharge Cycles 269
11.3.3 Operating Limits and Parameters 271
11.3.4 Maintenance of Lead–Acid Batteries 273
11.3.5 Sizing Lead–Acid Batteries for DG Applications 273
11.4 Ultracapacitors 276
11.4.1 Double-Layer Ultracapacitors 277
11.4.2 High-Energy Ultracapacitors 278
11.4.3 Applications of Ultracapacitors 279
xii CONTENTS11.5 Flywheels 282
11.5.1 Advanced Performance of Flywheels 282
11.5.2 Applications of Flywheels 282
11.5.3 Design Strategies 284
11.6 Superconducting Magnetic Storage System 286
11.6.1 SMES System Capabilities 287
11.6.2 Developments in SMES Systems 288
11.7 Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage 290
11.7.1 Storage Capabilities of Pumped Systems 291
11.8 Compressed Air Energy Storage 292
11.9 Storage Heat 294
11.10 Energy Storage as an Economic Resource 295
References 299
12 INTEGRATION OF ALTERNATIVE SOURCES
OF ENERGY 301
12.1 Introduction 301
12.2 Principles of Power Injection 302
12.2.1 Converting Technologies 302
12.2.2 Power Converters for Power Injection
into the Grid 304
12.2.3 Power Flow 306
12.3 Instantaneous Active and Reactive Power
Control Approach 309
12.4 Integration of Multiple Renewable Energy Sources 312
12.4.1 DC-Link Integration 315
12.4.2 AC-Link Integration 316
12.4.3 HFAC-Link Integration 317
12.5 Islanding and Interconnection Control 320
12.6 DG Control and Power Injection 325
References 331
13 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION 333
13.1 Introduction 333
13.2 The Purpose of Distributed Generation 335
13.3 Sizing and Siting of Distributed Generation 338
13.4 Demand-Side Management 339
13.5 Optimal Location of Distributed Energy Sources 340
CONTENTS xiii13.5.1 DG Inﬂuence on Power and Energy
Losses 342
13.5.2 Estimation of DG Inﬂuence on Power
Losses of Subtransmission Systems 346
13.5.3 Equivalent of Subtransmission Systems
Using Experimental Design 348
13.6 Algorithm of Multicriterial Analysis 350
References 352
14 INTERCONNECTION OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
SOURCES WITH THE GRID 354
Benjamin Kroposki, Thomas Basso, Richard DeBlasio,
and N. Richard Friedman
14.1 Introduction 354
14.2 Interconnection Technologies 357
14.2.1 Synchronous Interconnection 357
14.2.2 Induction Interconnection 358
14.2.3 Inverter Interconnection 359
14.3 Standards and Codes for Interconnection 359
14.3.1 IEEE 1547 360
14.3.2 National Electrical Code 361
14.3.3 UL Standards 362
14.4 Interconnection Considerations 364
14.4.1 Voltage Regulation 364
14.4.2 Integration with Area EPS Grounding 365
14.4.3 Synchronization 365
14.4.4 Isolation 365
14.4.5 Response to Voltage Disturbance 366
14.4.6 Response to Frequency Disturbance 367
14.4.7 Disconnection for Faults 368
14.4.8 Loss of Synchronism 369
14.4.9 Feeder Reclosing Coordination 369
14.4.10 DC Injection 370
14.4.11 Voltage Flicker 371
14.4.12 Harmonics 371
14.4.13 Unintentional Islanding Protection 373
14.5 Interconnection Examples for Alternative Energy Sources 373
14.5.1 Synchronous Generator for Peak Demand Reduction 375
xiv CONTENTS14.5.2 Small Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System 375
References 378
15 MICROPOWER SYSTEM MODELING WITH HOMER 379
Tom Lambert, Paul Gilman, and Peter Lilienthal
15.1 Introduction 379
15.2 Simulation 381
15.3 Optimization 385
15.4 Sensitivity Analysis 388
15.4.1 Dealing with Uncertainty 389
15.4.2 Sensitivity Analyses on Hourly Data Sets 391
15.5 Physical Modeling 393
15.5.1 Loads 393
15.5.2 Resources 395
15.5.3 Components 397
15.5.4 System Dispatch 408
15.6 Economic Modeling 414
References 416
Glossary 416
APPENDIX A: DIESEL POWER PLANTS 419
A.1 Introduction 419
A.2 Diesel Engine 420
A.3 Principal Components of a Diesel Engine 421
A.3.1 Fixed Parts 421
A.3.2 Moving Parts 421
A.3.3 Auxiliary Systems 422
A.4 Terminology of Diesel Engines 422
A.4.1 Diesel Cycle 422
A.4.2 Combustion Process 424
A.5 Diesel Engine Cycle 425
A.5.1 Relative Diesel Engine Cycle Losses 425
A.5.2 Classiﬁcation of Diesel Engines 426
A.6 Types of Fuel Injection Pumps 427
A.7 Electrical Conditions of Generators Driven by
Diesel Engines 427
References 429
CONTENTS xvAPPENDIX B: GEOTHERMAL ENERGY 431
B.1 Introduction 431
B.2 Geothermal as a Source of Energy 432
B.2.1 Geothermal Economics 434
B.2.2 Geothermal Electricity 435
B.2.3 Geothermal/Ground Source Heat Pumps 436
References 437
APPENDIX C: THE STIRLING ENGINE 438
C.1 Introduction 438
C.2 Stirling Cycle 439
C.3 Displacer Stirling Engine 442
C.4 Two-Piston Stirling Engine 444
References 446
INDEX 447

bg1nfe · 发表于 2009-6-16 16:50:16

英文原版的，看不懂呀，还是谢谢。

mzx699 · 发表于 2009-6-16 21:59:29

谢谢，英文的，看起来比较费劲。

nomad0728 · 发表于 2009-6-25 21:43:51

英文，有些恐怖呀！

wwyes · 发表于 2009-7-10 21:16:06

好像看啊，就是看不到。地方地方地方法大幅度大幅度飞地方飞好想看啊，hao

annie · 发表于 2009-7-13 14:15:11

谢谢，正需要这方面的资料

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