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两本微网的书

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发表于 2009-6-16 16:12:19 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
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标题: 两本微网的书
作者: FELIX A. FARRET, M. GODOY SIMO˜ ES, James Larminie, Andrew Dicks(估计写了也没啥用)
所属专业方向: 电力系统及其自动化
摘要: 两本书:
1、Integration of Alternative Sources of Energy.pdf
2、fuel cell system explained.pdf
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本帖最后由 bird841011 于 2009-6-16 16:39 编辑
- W# Z4 ]" l( W9 U$ X' r: d4 k4 z- C9 P0 B
两本书:! ]$ W$ C3 H5 ^9 n$ @6 A5 Z
1、Integration of Alternative Sources of Energy.pdf
* n4 t+ n" L, Z2 I  v2 X7 Y8 wIEEE press- Y& B- K% i4 o+ |
简要目录& S1 n. D* i; e- |
1 ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY 1# \! h( U+ _7 w% U) U3 g' M
2 PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS 28
/ n* t' u1 m/ ?( c' ]& }4 V3 HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS 57. n$ x; O+ G0 c/ f
4 WIND POWER PLANTS 84
( @  [6 z" g- R5 v5 THERMOSOLAR POWER PLANTS 112" J* J/ X+ o; r7 t% v( W  @4 z" L
6 PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS 129) K0 X8 c: z% s6 y9 d- O
7 POWER PLANTS WITH FUEL CELLS 159
7 d7 P$ ~5 e) w, R8 BIOMASS-POWERED MICROPLANTS 1989 X! W4 I  |4 j
9 MICROTURBINES 215
; \7 O8 E# q! e- l6 E% i5 i+ q% k10 INDUCTION GENERATORS 233" h6 C, S5 w( M9 C- S8 I3 o2 e/ q
11 STORAGE SYSTEMS 262" q+ w3 O! u8 O; w
12 INTEGRATION OF ALTERNATIVE SOURCES9 o( W% K" n7 g) B
OF ENERGY 301/ f1 j& B3 B  T7 c5 S
13 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION 3332 n6 V3 P  V! ^
14 INTERCONNECTION OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
' O5 F# f' h3 m, J7 l9 QSOURCES WITH THE GRID 354
; u8 k, o4 G2 K' d+ G15 MICROPOWER SYSTEM MODELING WITH HOMER 379
1 q" ~) G2 L) T$ d) bGlossary 4164 M' }, N& S. \: _& B8 k5 C( C
APPENDIX A: DIESEL POWER PLANTS 419# T8 ~) \# M6 y% Y& Y/ \- d
APPENDIX B: GEOTHERMAL ENERGY 431/ y2 u3 ~) i( o) o7 K
APPENDIX C: THE STIRLING ENGINE 4388 ?0 B- n9 O9 f, r% `' \# G" q( B
! D: d2 s) z' a  F  X% V/ H1 |! a
3 O; n8 r/ ~! ]8 B

. K6 a( h& k  q6 _! K5 l7 P2、fuel cell system explained.pdf
# v; ?9 N2 U8 B1 CWiley press
7 |/ S+ T- F# ^/ |) H简要目录/ u' o% O7 Q4 |$ ?& W
1. Introduction ............................................................................. 1
  X! o' x% T7 P& m$ \' N$ H0 X2. Efficiency and Open Circuit Voltage ..................................... 25& g: N, ~1 \, k; i: _2 c
3. Operational Fuel Cell Voltages .............................................. 458 W- q$ Q: @& r" ~+ N
4. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells ................................ 67
9 j, T7 t  r1 V) e: w5. Alkaline Electrolyte Fuel Cells ............................................... 1214 T' y( ?( ^! L0 L" ?. K6 T" q
6. Direct Methanol Fuel Cells ..................................................... 141
6 S4 _- T+ ^2 R- R7. Medium and High Temperature Fuel Cells ........................... 163
# D' a- y. C6 o3 z, l  g8. Fuelling Fuel Cells .................................................................. 229
4 ?# _; J7 z, k0 E  X9. Compressors, Turbines, Ejectors, Fans, Blowers, and! _' j- ^! l, I/ b5 x$ W
10. Delivering Fuel Cell Power ..................................................... 331" e# u3 V$ M0 ^9 \& J3 m/ A
11. Fuel Cell Systems Analyzed .................................................. 369
3 T% {3 b1 |. jAppendix 1. Change in Molar Gibbs Free Energy Calculations ......... 391. K" q6 x; F0 d
Appendix 2. Useful Fuel Cell Equations ............................................. 395

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    [LV.1]初来乍到

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    发表于 2009-6-16 16:44:17 | 显示全部楼层
    刚下下来 先把目录贴出来 4 w4 i9 ?5 P/ K" X6 T2 m9 n
    Fuel Cell Systems Explained; g: z' H4 T" G% [% b- e
    Second Edition 2003出版的
    9 w; o( U9 Y2 q3 b4 J第一版是2000年1月出版的
    ) y$ Y5 S  u0 E1 z下面是目录
    - T8 ^7 P) ^' O/ w7 K9 U; WContents
    9 K2 E9 ?+ N2 x' f5 P  @Preface   ............................................................................................   xiii
    . B& W# D" {1 X' u, \3 I/ ~3 n+ P# ZForeword to the First Edition   ...........................................................   xv
    , x+ `( I& d7 Y# bAcknowledgements   .........................................................................   xvii + X' w; t1 {  a8 C+ r. m
    Abbreviations  ...................................................................................   xix
    : `; h8 {4 P6 @2 T& ~Symbols  ...........................................................................................   xxi
    4 g, x2 _; p- S1. Introduction   .............................................................................   1
    # m7 n. y# f$ ]* O: j. z1.1  Hydrogen Fuel Cells – Basic Principles  .....................................   1
    4 S* i% e, }  g& n1 Y1.2  What Limits the Current?   ...........................................................   5 5 }* T. d: _2 U5 J6 Y9 |
    1.3  Connecting Cells in Series – the Bipolar Plate   ..........................   6 1 J8 c4 r2 j) X9 _5 ?
    1.4  Gas Supply and Cooling   ............................................................   10
    , b6 b$ L4 M( {9 v. b4 {# g. p1.5  Fuel Cell Types  ..........................................................................   14
    * s4 V( A1 d) x/ v# P7 b2 K1.6  Other Cells – Some Fuel Cells, Some Not   ................................   16
    : Q6 y2 X+ {2 s+ }1.6.1  Biological Fuel Cells   ......................................................   17 1 S: f! @7 E8 n
    1.6.2  Metal/Air Cells  ................................................................   17
    0 L$ M$ n0 @1 K  g& ~1.6.3  Redox Flow Cells or Regenerative Fuel Cells   ...............   18   L/ |: G, v! [, T( s
    1.7  Other Parts of a Fuel Cell System   .............................................   19
    : n# f1 w- T' w3 {) j1.8  Figures Used to Compare Systems  ...........................................   21
    " u3 ~+ @+ M" Y$ |2 Y* V) E1.9  Advantages and Applications   ....................................................   22 # |0 q( m0 C) I; V: i
    References   .........................................................................................   24
    7 P" v1 ?) ?" B2.  Efficiency and Open Circuit Voltage   .....................................   25
    * [5 F) e# ^1 S2.1  Energy and the EMF of the Hydrogen Fuel Cell   ........................   25
    . E" X' D9 s1 K: L8 B+ K2.2  The Open Circuit Voltage of Other Fuel Cells and Batteries   .....   30 ) X. _9 @- u$ C8 D
    2.3  Efficiency and Efficiency Limits   .................................................   31
    ' v" z* p* h2 ^/ U8 K" j2.4  Efficiency and the Fuel Cell Voltage   ..........................................   34 " l& O* P# m8 @; h0 L$ S3 d
    2.5  The Effect of Pressure and Gas Concentration   .........................   35
    : j4 n  k0 @/ t2.5.1  The Nernst Equation   ......................................................   35 $ N7 G/ o) {$ a2 q( G0 y+ L7 A
    2.5.2  Hydrogen Partial Pressure  .............................................   38 ! v6 c3 {9 N, ^
    2.5.3  Fuel and Oxidant Utilization   ...........................................   39
    ) I$ H2 i; r2 p8 t2.5.4  System Pressure  ............................................................   40 ' p- u' i+ d& o8 d) ~
    2.5.5  An Application – Blood Alcohol Measurement   ...............   41
    % n5 Z) Z) k3 L( e5 f0 V2.6 Summary  ...................................................................................   42 - R8 d; Q7 @! M6 @. d8 r
    References   .........................................................................................   43
    5 q5 e8 O: I! N6 `3.  Operational Fuel Cell Voltages   ..............................................   45
    0 c; k+ G/ ?% T, [" u  J* i- A3.1 Introduction  ................................................................................   45
    & N2 l: l- p9 B( L& G3.2 Terminology  ...............................................................................   47
    7 B' n$ v9 L. _) t3.3  Fuel Cell Irreversibilities – Causes of Voltage Drop   ..................   47 # Z& t/ e9 X3 D( |4 F) [
    3.4  Activation Losses  .......................................................................   48
    8 X7 h/ O% ~8 b$ v3 i3.4.1  The Tafel Equation   ........................................................   48
    1 e, u; d; x" C& m$ s, A- k3.4.2  The Constants in the Tafel Equation  ..............................   49
    3 M* t; U- P5 `8 g: S7 ?3.4.3  Reducing the Activation Overvoltage  .............................   52 . t0 C1 t- K8 `/ n/ l- j
    3.4.4  Summary of Activation Overvoltage  ...............................   53
    , P+ a: Z9 y: E8 p2 ?3.5  Fuel Crossover and Internal Currents   .......................................   53 ; m' ?( h, s- o
    3.6  Ohmic Losses   ............................................................................   56
    ; ?+ D6 N( @0 ^3.7  Mass Transport or Concentration Losses  ..................................   57 : Z( h/ F+ _0 u, ]. B! i. _
    3.8  Combining the Irreversibilities   ...................................................   59
    & w2 Y" j3 |) E. l3.9  The Charge Double Layer   .........................................................   61 $ V/ M5 W8 c5 u; b5 n
    3.10  Distinguishing the Different Irreversibilities  ................................   63
    1 v! z5 @- I! Q4 IReferences   .........................................................................................   66
    # H6 y) j+ T# B- T' s4.  Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells  ................................   67
    3 \8 g1 n8 w, q" J4.1 Overview  ....................................................................................   67 ' T% x8 i$ u5 R' c/ n
    4.2  How the Polymer Electrolyte Works   ..........................................   69
    ! g( ^, X5 w8 n8 p3 _4.3  Electrodes and Electrode Structure   ...........................................   72 ! k9 m/ c: F. y) p! V
    4.4  Water Management in the PEMFC  ............................................   75
    + l# d* T& L7 ^- W, a  q/ E4.4.1  Overview of the Problem  ................................................   75 * f: X4 c" Q$ F( s- H- Q# w/ A7 b
    4.4.2  Airflow and Water Evaporation   ......................................   76 ) @/ }' L- {9 Q6 U" |% X
    4.4.3  Humidity of PEMFC Air   ..................................................   80 4 ^2 j1 b6 r0 I
    4.4.4  Running PEM Fuel Cells without Extra Humidification   ..   83
    " F5 `2 o- s* L4.4.5  External Humidification – Principles  ...............................   85
    ' ]  U6 K0 @* L- o$ F' S" m" c4 Y4.4.6  External Humidification – Methods   ................................   87 0 o( V  B8 Q5 O: H6 x" P' j
    4.5  PEM Fuel Cell Cooling and Air Supply   ......................................   90 0 i7 Y$ S9 h0 v, k1 D: d
    4.5.1  Cooling Using the Cathode Air Supply  ...........................   90
    7 ]4 G1 u( H! N4 U% L2 \7 a  \4.5.2  Separate Reactant and Cooling Air   ...............................   91
    , {& x& U5 o( ~1 v+ [9 p3 R4.5.3  Water Cooling of PEM Fuel Cells   ..................................   93 ' ~5 I/ ]0 I( \5 n  N$ Y
    4.6  PEM Fuel Cell Connection – the Bipolar Plate   ..........................   94
    , m3 ?7 O& P9 x$ S4.6.1 Introduction  ....................................................................   94
    4 _! w1 ~; o5 Q- U0 c0 H! x4.6.2  Flow Field Patterns on the Bipolar Plates   ......................   94 7 ~' c" o5 `1 p. m: \4 Q. G" r* Y, m
    4.6.3  Making Bipolar Plates for PEM Fuel Cells   .....................   96
    " t6 C: g" d  F. Q8 B0 U9 P* H4.6.4  Other Topologies   ...........................................................   100   u8 A, [( o& o, |; p
    4.7  Operating Pressure   ...................................................................   102
    # N- z- @$ t: @2 \4.7.1  Outline of the Problem   ...................................................   102
    % j5 {9 @/ l! C$ I/ \4.7.2  Simple Quantitative Cost/Benefit Analysis of Higher
    % Q/ _( P: ~6 g/ d0 yOperating Pressures   ......................................................   103 + M$ c' e4 \$ y1 a  {
    4.7.3  Other Factors Affecting Choice of Pressure   ..................   108 3 P$ A2 y* t  H: _4 P
    4.8  Reactant Composition   ...............................................................   110
    6 D1 C: c+ V  J7 o6 R* H4.8.1  Carbon Monoxide Poisoning  ..........................................   110
    : j" }1 r8 [3 B) c4.8.2  Methanol and Other Liquid Fuels  ...................................   111 9 m" m+ h" F% g0 g
    4.8.3  Using Pure Oxygen in Place of Air  .................................   111 # [2 K' x- u  E% [
    4.9  Example Systems   ......................................................................   112 1 ^  Z* z2 I& R1 R  [- D( e( B* l
    4.9.1  Small 12-W System   .......................................................   112 0 w# v4 X( o; O. n) m; M/ E& [$ i
    4.9.2  Medium 2-kW System  ....................................................   114
    8 B" p+ V, k  n# ^5 P0 B4.9.3  205-kW Fuel Cell Engine   ...............................................   117
    # {% ^  k0 Y2 j9 H! A- [9 o5 AReferences   .........................................................................................   118
    & M/ H. |4 T2 m1 z5.  Alkaline Electrolyte Fuel Cells   ...............................................   121
    + G& E! Y3 M; M; [9 V8 r5.1  Historical Background and Overview  .........................................   121
    6 Y  d' o; g7 h& r5.1.1  Basic Principles   .............................................................   121 : L! \8 j1 ?. ~& ^* \
    5.1.2  Historical Importance   .....................................................   121
    7 T6 O, j. X$ @$ b  R8 W! S6 P5.1.3  Main Advantages   ...........................................................   122
      U& A1 |0 I" E3 M5.2  Types of Alkaline Electrolyte Fuel Cell   ......................................   124
    6 u1 h3 N0 `  e( X5.2.1  Mobile Electrolyte   ..........................................................   124
      J, c+ o$ A2 a7 h8 W5.2.2  Static Electrolyte Alkaline Fuel Cells  ..............................   127 : A  P( ?+ g5 {9 v
    5.2.3  Dissolved Fuel Alkaline Fuel Cells  .................................   129 # B: ^5 P! ?, C. x4 r% B# B! E0 A" U6 |
    5.3  Operating Pressure and Temperature   .......................................   132
    % d( H5 l. X$ i& u! h5.4  Electrodes for Alkaline Electrolyte Fuel Cells   ............................   134 - l4 r/ m& }4 ~+ c1 N" F$ L( r
    5.4.1 Introduction  ....................................................................   134
    & F* X8 o: A) D* D: Z5.4.2  Sintered Nickel Powder   .................................................   134 3 M+ x! Q6 v0 V% O0 g1 l, w
    5.4.3 Raney Metals  .................................................................   135 - A, l' E- K( V- \$ b) ~6 v
    5.4.4  Rolled Electrodes  ...........................................................   135 2 l; S7 w# @" C/ p) W0 j/ e
    5.5  Cell Interconnections   .................................................................   137 5 M! o5 f: S. x: k5 J; g
    5.6  Problems and Development   ......................................................   137
      w1 L8 [* \: m1 p* QReferences   .........................................................................................   138 + g+ l% Q4 j6 s) f$ Y5 w/ I$ @
    6.  Direct Methanol Fuel Cells   .....................................................   141
    ; E6 z' W+ p  u6.1 Introduction  ................................................................................  141
    , j! t- |0 K( l( F- ^5 U6.2  Anode Reaction and Catalysts   ..................................................   143 3 n7 g; W$ j+ O$ `8 |+ U
    6.2.1  Overall DMFC Reaction   .................................................   143
    1 o% }. f2 e2 }6.2.2  Anode Reactions in the Alkaline DMFC  .........................   144
    ( g+ F1 v! ?( z, ^: z6.2.3  Anode Reactions in the PEM Direct Methanol FC   .........   144
    / y2 i3 N  Y9 y' r1 h6.2.4  Anode Fuel Feed   ...........................................................   146 # _9 R) e( g8 T; n+ R1 Z: S
    6.2.5  Anode Catalysts  .............................................................   147 5 s2 v' t4 q5 i: [) ?5 G
    6.3  Electrolyte and Fuel Crossover   .................................................   148
    0 D# i0 E  m4 S3 ~8 I6 H0 j* C6.3.1  How Fuel Crossover Occurs   ..........................................   148
    / t. ]. H8 v( @1 V' G6.3.2  Standard Techniques for Reducing Fuel Crossover   ......   149
    ; z- \1 E2 L2 {+ E. X: D9 K8 p6.3.3  Fuel Crossover Techniques in Development   .................   150 : o  \& K# h$ G6 d
    6.4  Cathode Reactions and Catalysts   .............................................   151
    / x) v: ^* j0 A; T1 c: c/ _6.5  Methanol Production, Storage, and Safety   ................................   152 $ o6 C$ M  |- L
    6.5.1  Methanol Production   ......................................................   152 . P0 y) D% `9 y9 v
    6.5.2  Methanol Safety   .............................................................   153
    ; P- c' r# S1 n2 _' d6.5.3  Methanol Compared to Ethanol   .....................................   155
    . a# A' s7 y/ e0 t6 ?6.5.4  Methanol Storage   ..........................................................   156 " `0 w# X& j0 s0 ?+ p2 x
    6.6  Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Applications   ......................................   157
    8 ~9 \0 n2 C9 @References   .........................................................................................   160 ' P" f1 ]9 J3 j* V( j5 A
    7.  Medium and High Temperature Fuel Cells   ...........................   163
    1 E: o  U+ z) X7.1 Introduction  ................................................................................  163
    4 Q/ b7 x* W0 m9 S- z$ H7.2  Common Features   .....................................................................   165 - G+ D- o7 a& e& ^5 _2 A) p" e9 n7 h
    7.2.1  An Introduction to Fuel Reforming   .................................   165
    / m/ [/ z9 Q  g8 w7 x0 F7.2.2  Fuel Utilization   ...............................................................   166
    * K, Q2 g8 x  W- V" }7.2.3  Bottoming Cycles   ...........................................................   168
    6 a( x3 C% ]5 D7.2.4  The Use of Heat Exchangers – Exergy and Pinch
    ! g) R1 E- {7 t/ [5 {; |* h0 dTechnology   ....................................................................   174 ) L- @: o8 [9 _0 a8 b
    7.3  The Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC)   .....................................   177
    ' d; _2 r+ x) d3 K7.3.1  How It Works   .................................................................   177 9 w4 ?* }( m4 z0 T, T' Z& t) \
    7.3.2  Performance of the PAFC  ..............................................   182 " f3 }% v: u) c& p* i* c
    7.3.3  Recent Developments in PAFC   .....................................   184 5 f+ N2 c4 v6 ?7 a! m
    7.4  The Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)   ..................................   187 ; X7 G/ z0 j  y1 s/ R0 k
    7.4.1  How It Works   .................................................................   187 4 m9 w8 G  t. @8 o! _5 \7 q
    7.4.2  Implications of Using a Molten Carbonate Electrolyte   ...   190   f# C( I4 l9 d
    7.4.3  Cell Components in the MCFC   ......................................   190
    2 F, I5 ]  ]% x0 i% u( f7 u7.4.4  Stack Configuration and Sealing  ....................................   195 6 L8 a" K" p" a! o3 u
    7.4.5  Internal Reforming   .........................................................   196
      W, M6 [9 _- P- [  d/ B/ l' G7.4.6  Performance of MCFCS  .................................................   198 7 `* E3 ?3 P6 W+ }, Y2 t
    7.4.7  Practical MCFC Systems   ...............................................   202
    : W0 U8 F% A  Q$ x8 I3 c2 H) c7.5  The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell   ..........................................................   207
    . [1 V! ^, I- _6 n7.5.1  How It Works   .................................................................   207
    & ~8 F8 B3 S* J& R& S* t8 r7.5.2 SOFC Components  ........................................................   209 9 Q) j6 e6 Q4 D3 z$ f5 c
    7.5.3  Practical Design and Stacking Arrangements for the
    9 K2 R1 W7 D5 |  |SOFC   .............................................................................   213 1 G+ `1 Q+ B0 v) l
    7.5.4  SOFC Performance   .......................................................   220 # \+ ]! T# E4 y& a% q
    7.5.5  SOFC Combined Cycles, Novel System Designs and * v. H$ `! _' z3 u5 _4 b; X- p7 E
    Hybrid Systems  ..............................................................   221 3 z+ r+ Z4 z6 Q) b$ v- b* B
    7.5.6  Intermediate Temperature SOFCs  .................................   225 7 T% `: `) {) P5 ^8 |
    References   .........................................................................................   226
    ) b, K8 i* T) K/ j3 h8.  Fuelling Fuel Cells   ..................................................................   229 . o+ [4 N7 [$ O- E- x) H4 S
    8.1 Introduction  ................................................................................  229 . G# G) m% H8 d
    8.2  Fossil Fuels   ...............................................................................   232 1 p1 A2 c- m! k: M9 j0 I2 L
    8.2.1 Petroleum  ......................................................................   232
    % M% B1 o; u- G9 t8.2.2  Petroleum in Mixtures: Tar Sands, Oil Shales, Gas
    * `0 J$ R- D) a0 h! gHydrates, and LPG   ........................................................   233
    + \# {. v! d7 P! n4 k- @8.2.3  Coal and Coal Gases  .....................................................   234 - w/ i8 T$ ]* E$ K
    8.2.4  Natural Gas  ....................................................................   235
    8 z% J6 K2 j: ]1 P- l; _8.3 Bio-Fuels  ...................................................................................  236 - F. s6 U0 B* y
    8.4  The Basics of Fuel Processing   ..................................................   238
    ! f7 `2 w0 [* |& z( t( n: _$ ^% Z" g8.4.1  Fuel Cell Requirements   .................................................   238
    - o% o$ t7 D" }- D- m& R8.4.2 Desulphurization  ............................................................   239
    8 M* D  k3 E3 G/ S) y6 Z( n; O8.4.3  Steam Reforming   ...........................................................   241
    & K! ?+ N! H; V* k. ?8.4.4  Carbon Formation and Pre-Reforming  ...........................   244 : I! p7 r( F7 |
    8.4.5  Internal Reforming   .........................................................   246 % k; F& v/ O7 K( d) m1 x
    8.4.6  Direct Hydrocarbon Oxidation  ........................................   248
    2 s- d. i3 O7 g' Q8.4.7  Partial Oxidation and Autothermal Reforming  ................   248
    8 {5 t1 a5 H% j& z* s+ ~8 Y8.4.8  Hydrogen Generation by Pyrolysis or Thermal
    # [1 a$ z2 C5 W# ~6 l/ h石皮解ing of Hydrocarbons   .............................................   250 0 F; {" p* \' @" T% _/ W$ m* [
    8.4.9  Further Fuel Processing – Carbon Monoxide Removal   .   250 3 n, ?3 Z3 _/ u) v, m% C
    8.5  Practical Fuel Processing – Stationary Applications  ..................   252
    ) u' k* X/ _2 Y& X8.5.1  Conventional Industrial Steam Reforming   .....................   252 5 d+ Q  x' `" _" r" j
    8.5.2  System Designs for Natural Gas Fed PEMFC and
    9 ]; p. x' Z) j8 `: l! Z8 HPAFC Plants with Steam Reformers  ..............................   253
    ( [+ @& H3 b' ~: W8 B8 w" C% M& r8.5.3  Reformer and Partial Oxidation Designs   .......................   257
    : B% K. q0 G- f, k! N8.6  Practical Fuel Processing – Mobile Applications   .......................   263
    / G- F* K0 n0 D( T1 @% @0 W8.6.1  General Issues  ...............................................................   263
    , |' C# C6 e: _5 _+ A8.6.2  Methanol Reforming for Vehicles  ...................................   264 , a3 b1 W# u7 T7 w4 g
    8.6.3  Micro-Scale Methanol Reactors  .....................................   267
    % |& V% x8 s( f+ L8.6.4  Gasoline Reforming   .......................................................   269 8 v/ G4 s7 n( B
    8.7 Electrolysers  ..............................................................................  270
    & t1 [4 O3 U. C3 o& x8.7.1  Operation of Electrolysers   .............................................   270
    - T8 r3 z, j+ x# w8.7.2  Applications of Electrolysers   ..........................................   272 , a( T+ d4 y0 r# T
    8.7.3  Electrolyser Efficiency  ....................................................   272 4 w0 `% `9 E% H- T
    8.7.4  Generating at High Pressure   .........................................   273
    0 F6 v) k  B8 H3 G' O4 Q1 H8.7.5 Photo-Electrolysis  ..........................................................   275
    6 z" y/ o9 ?- b  r5 o8.8  Biological Production of Hydrogen   ............................................   275 3 ]' D1 k6 ?% X8 K. y
    8.8.1 Introduction  ....................................................................   275 * U" F+ C1 V9 c# H# O
    8.8.2 Photosynthesis  ..............................................................   276 5 B. t; @" f7 W; J7 z: b0 n
    8.8.3  Hydrogen Production by Digestion Processes  ...............   278
    * V8 [) U' Y. K8.9  Hydrogen Storage I – Storage as Hydrogen   .............................   279
    2 }% N, S( ?. s$ x# t' v8.9.1  Introduction to the Problem  ............................................   279 8 N$ S$ A) s  I
    8.9.2 Safety  .............................................................................   280 6 y* e0 r4 a5 J/ Y: o4 q- ~
    8.9.3  The Storage of Hydrogen as a Compressed Gas  ..........   282
    8 P- @) Z' J! U: \3 X+ A8.9.4  Storage of Hydrogen as a Liquid   ...................................   284
    , S  H4 }" \' p; M$ G  a8.9.5  Reversible Metal Hydride Hydrogen Stores  ...................   286
    $ b: v0 [* ~5 m; R  x1 L: O8.9.6  Carbon Nanofibres  .........................................................   289 , g8 O1 Q, e; O* R- f
    8.9.7  Storage Methods Compared  ..........................................   291   e" k; x# J  D/ V( }  |. R) [
    8.10  Hydrogen Storage II – Chemical Methods  .................................   293 5 c& j8 B5 |. S$ {3 u1 v
    8.10.1 Introduction  ....................................................................   293 & o9 T* C0 L6 [3 i; a/ ^
    8.10.2 Methanol  ........................................................................   293
    1 ~+ F# T7 ~5 c  b8.10.3  Alkali Metal Hydrides   .....................................................   295 ' E9 D' w5 r/ A
    8.10.4  Sodium Borohydride   ......................................................   297 / F% _! m0 |, o, e: [. O% q3 e
    8.10.5 Ammonia  ........................................................................   301
    : d4 }5 g  J5 c% [# D* g8.10.6  Storage Methods Compared  ..........................................   304 / I. k+ P* Z+ f+ r# @* d- t
    References   .........................................................................................   305 : D1 \8 `1 a+ g, W
    9.  Compressors, Turbines, Ejectors, Fans, Blowers, and 4 M9 ]% J8 M3 ~
    Pumps  ......................................................................................   309 ! B3 p0 o) M  X& N
    9.1 Introduction  ................................................................................  309
    & `3 p- e4 p' p; @) a& C9 L) }" f9.2  Compressors – Types Used   ......................................................   310
      i: W! C; P% L* g. W8 `! r* _( O! Y9.3  Compressor Efficiency  ...............................................................   312 ! N* {. q; z$ `  n- E
    9.4  Compressor Power   ....................................................................   314   P8 T$ A9 X' h! }
    9.5  Compressor Performance Charts   ..............................................   315
    ( w" w& |+ M) W" z% j4 F8 d5 ~$ t9.6  Performance Charts for Centrifugal Compressors  .....................   318 # k$ {9 M/ I( _" L7 ?
    9.7  Compressor Selection – Practical Issues   ..................................   320 6 L6 o' T( l' h# y% ~' T' H, F9 T8 A
    9.8 Turbines  .....................................................................................  321
    # C& p0 G# M4 F0 |8 u. ~8 x9.9 Turbochargers  ...........................................................................  325 ( D; W0 c2 l3 Z9 Y$ @6 Q2 g
    9.10  Ejector Circulators   .....................................................................   326 " n  f( M$ C1 @# f/ Q& t2 q' j
    9.11  Fans and Blowers   ......................................................................   327 ) P& c: q$ z7 q. C6 w# T! Z
    9.12 Membrane/Diaphragm Pumps  ...................................................   328 / }! n' [4 `4 f$ A% \
    References   .........................................................................................   330
    / Y2 x9 d. T! q1 n( F10.  Delivering Fuel Cell Power  .....................................................   331
    9 O& x0 T3 K; Q$ m/ o8 B10.1 Introduction  ................................................................................   331 0 ^- L  j9 G2 Q2 H
    10.2  DC Regulation and Voltage Conversion   ....................................   332 / h8 J/ W  ^& \& d
    10.2.1  Switching Devices  ..........................................................   332 & Y2 s" W- J9 x8 F: w
    10.2.2  Switching Regulators   .....................................................   334   j2 b( F! E$ X3 R) _
    10.3 Inverters  .....................................................................................   339 & U/ k) ~" s0 b# R6 q0 X5 W
    10.3.1  Single Phase  ..................................................................   339 4 v) n; ]1 C% |! N' b
    10.3.2  Three Phase   ..................................................................   344
    " @" h1 c7 f; @( A( t10.3.3  Regulatory Issues and Tariffs   ........................................   346 / I1 o! W- U8 @' n* M" h3 F" X
    10.3.4  Power Factor Correction   ................................................   348 5 Y4 s; x! l5 C6 l  \
    10.4  Electric Motors   ...........................................................................   349
    1 j. e" }8 R" P7 `; v* w8 `/ Y( Q10.4.1  General Points   ...............................................................   349 8 m- x' K6 D% \$ b. ]! H2 y
    10.4.2  The Induction Motor   .......................................................   350 0 `3 a2 O% m0 T0 M, {3 t# b: B
    10.4.3  The Brushless DC Motor  ................................................   352 ! z0 p* v0 u5 h; r
    10.4.4  Switched Reluctance Motors   .........................................   355
    7 J5 {- w- i- Q3 f10.4.5  Motors Efficiency   ...........................................................   357 ( H6 ~- y1 Z9 P' I+ t$ c; ~) N
    10.4.6  Motor Mass   ....................................................................   361
    & J- g' f+ u9 A3 m10.5  Fuel Cell/Battery or Capacitor Hybrid Systems   .........................   362 . a; S: [7 n' {3 V/ X3 x
    References   .........................................................................................   367 . l9 N/ X: ^4 {6 V0 b
    11.  Fuel Cell Systems Analyzed   ..................................................   369
    . w4 _. v) U6 B% D! h11.1 Introduction  ................................................................................   369
    9 a/ n: n5 d5 z7 `11.2  Energy Systems   ........................................................................   370
    : x- T! y. ?8 }" I# m11.3 Well-To-Wheels Analysis  ...........................................................   371 / r3 p; f3 v& \4 C7 \& B, C
    11.3.1  Importance of Well-to-Wheels Analysis   .........................   371 ; B7 q3 X! M% b& n
    11.3.2 Well-to-Tank Analysis   ....................................................   372
    + g  f) S1 V& m! j0 x6 n6 h% w( p6 e11.3.3  Main Conclusions of the GM Well-to-Wheels Study   ......   374 * |/ a6 W6 W( k! X7 ]8 N! h/ m6 ^1 ]
    11.4  Power-Train or Drive-Train Analysis  ..........................................   375   O; M. q* {( v/ O) ~
    11.5  Example System I – PEMFC Powered Bus  ...............................   377
    7 g7 X5 ]' n4 ^! e9 a11.6  Example System II – Stationary Natural Gas Fuelled System  ...   382
    $ p- D) T1 D- L# y2 V6 P. }11.6.1 Introduction  ....................................................................   382
    % t- J! }2 Z! A% y5 l11.6.2  Flow Sheet and Conceptual Systems Designs   ..............   382
    / ~5 E: W: G7 c0 M- \5 F' W* v11.6.3  Detailed Engineering Designs   .......................................   386
    % j6 `7 }0 U$ Q% v11.6.4  Further Systems Analysis   ..............................................   387 ! y. j6 R  s( S6 w. O  V
    11.7  Closing Remarks   .......................................................................   388 . `# v8 g) A. m- I* l$ j# m- K/ D
    References   .........................................................................................   389 , O4 j0 k" A7 M
    Appendices 9 A1 K/ R& X- S. p) j  h
    Appendix 1. Change in Molar Gibbs Free Energy Calculations  .........   391 $ g9 a3 z% O: z+ C/ l
    A1.1 Hydrogen Fuel Cell   ........................................................   391
    $ h2 \" X9 V4 O* x* I  zA1.2 The Carbon Monoxide Fuel Cell   ....................................   393 , v& D& i1 F# R6 z4 W) \
    References   .............................................................................   394 : X, H& H& p1 g: A6 r$ a8 r5 ?
    Appendix 2. Useful Fuel Cell Equations  .............................................   395
    / e& R4 b( p  ~7 m" ]$ l8 \A2.1 Introduction  ....................................................................   395
    2 y1 k$ Z: j/ V  PA2.2 Oxygen and Air Usage  ...................................................   396
      I0 t$ ?8 p9 h6 d0 d% XA2.3 Air Exit Flow Rate   ..........................................................   397 2 [+ ?7 m" u+ [1 z/ N
    A2.4 Hydrogen Usage   ............................................................   398
    6 O& F4 M+ C5 y' N4 vA2.5 Water Production   ...........................................................   399 - O9 E% \: U6 Z0 _0 u, A
    A2.6 Heat Produced   ...............................................................   399 % k: c, {$ }7 X3 X& C: h
    Index   ...............................................................................................  401
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    发表于 2009-6-16 16:46:45 | 显示全部楼层
    第二本比较新 06年出的 8 [' L: u! U( D, m9 y! C
    CONTRIBUTORS xvii
    4 S  e* b& x8 _- r7 V! EFOREWORD xix
    2 C$ G$ ^. h4 L: p3 v7 `  gPREFACE xxi5 ^4 x. a6 V5 W1 L
    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxiii2 h( g2 a8 Z: z+ C5 Z: _, z% V( T& f
    ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxv
    ( I9 G1 o, |9 R- {/ k$ B' l1 ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY 1; }. d2 p2 Q6 \% n0 I: K
    1.1 Introduction 1* R& Q" L  u1 B. x% o# E5 P4 c& c$ {
    1.2 Renewable Sources of Energy 2
    9 M- f7 n, q$ ~  A% R* L  \& w3 i1.3 Renewable Energy Versus Alternative Energy 4
    / t- C( R- H- h) u0 ]& a. d! Z1.4 Planning and Development of Integrated Energy 8
    - N3 m0 E5 l& [& r1.4.1 Grid-Supplied Electricity 9
    4 L( A5 D; k) ?. s1.4.2 Load 10
    ' \. V8 f+ a* ~. }1.4.3 Distributed Generation 10$ o1 W" ~+ N9 A
    1.5 Renewable Energy Economics 11' }0 g  W# ^1 O
    1.5.1 Calculation of Electricity Generation Costs 12
      S7 ~( x% e7 a1.6 European Targets for Renewables 148 w4 Z1 ?/ }+ B- u- h
    1.6.1 Demand-Side Management Options 15
    8 \; P4 v/ S: q1 x2 [8 g6 x1.6.2 Supply-Side Management Options 16' c$ K# p2 p# w) p2 f1 {# N
    1.7 Integration of Renewable Energy Sources 19
    # k; p* l4 ?% S& M, z& r) y4 o1.7.1 Integration of Renewable Energy in the United States 20( i1 n- U+ X( `) ?, ^% [: m7 ?9 W8 e
    1.7.2 Energy Recovery Time 21% w0 D! Q  s, g5 H
    1.7.3 Sustainability 23  x9 i6 w7 d, P! K# {
    1.8 Modern Electronic Controls of Power Systems 26
    9 z: N7 |/ e5 ^+ I+ c4 ]: OReferences 27
    ' N8 O" R7 M* S8 A: x' f2 PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS 28+ S( P+ E6 o/ _' @* W% R, Y
    2.1. Introduction 28
    7 J$ o. l) g2 M$ a. S  d2.2. State of a Thermodynamic System 29
    + n& j% i2 O5 M! t2.3. Fundamental Laws and Principles 36
    " D6 ^) Y' Q" @9 s. D2 p# P$ m2.3.1 Example in a Nutshell 37
    $ r' G5 l  R; S- J. B2.3.2 Practical Problems Associated with Carnot Cycle Plant 40
    # G4 H: G% B1 S0 B- ^/ R- S+ Y2.3.3 Rankine Cycle for Power Plants 41
    8 A' H) E2 k- y) z2.3.4 Brayton Cycle for Power Plants 44
    : q  s8 K; T* d, }6 P2.3.5 Energy and Power 46" R, X4 ^9 [  [- s1 H1 }5 w
    2.4 Examples of Energy Balance 47) {8 d: y, j! ]1 O/ x
    2.4.1 Simple Residential Energy Balance 47
    0 V4 _9 E2 T2 i6 T2.4.2 Refrigerator Energy Balance 485 e( w! R2 N2 v( X
    2.4.3 Energy Balance for a Water Heater 49
    ' n. [1 u9 @: e2 p2 F1 n# X, d2.4.4 Rock Bed Energy Balance 516 h. @2 }) s+ X
    2.4.5 Array of Solar Collectors 51" R1 J8 [/ y/ S  p: S4 @5 r
    2.4.6 Heat Pump 52
    2 q- n' U0 B: {4 z# e& D$ e2.4.7 Heat Transfer Analysis 53
    & T/ l2 \3 m& G4 H8 J" L2 x2.5 Planet Earth: A Closed But Not Isolated System 54
    3 X: A. S) D" U$ ?References 56
    5 `7 b- G8 p, \6 t9 F3 HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS 57
    ! j  [" I- O, @& V; S3.1 Introduction 57
    & w, R4 e; F$ S& ?3.2 Determination of the Useful Power 58
    : |' I. K3 J3 Y; g9 [  x# S3.3 Expedient Topographical and Hydrological Measurements 60/ ~1 m: h# R- |. R0 E. e  y" q2 ]' q
    3.3.1 Simple Measurement of Elevation 60% t/ w5 F* i7 M
    3.3.2 Global Positioning Systems for Elevation Measurement 60
    1 A2 I1 a0 L/ q2 u0 y% T3.3.3 Specification of Pipe Losses 62" \/ }. j( r( S9 j
    3.3.4 Expedient Measurements of Stream Water Flow 631 g; H. G1 u  j( _* m5 |
    3.3.5 Civil Works 67
    4 E' A! I( Q$ v+ p+ N+ u7 h3.4 Generating Unit 674 f2 U3 V' l" c( ^8 p0 v0 T
    3.4.1 Regulation Systems 67& l/ V" l2 O8 U1 A1 r
    3.4.2 Butterfly Valves 689 d. B* s1 T' b
    3.5 Waterwheels 68
    * d1 S! a# z' `* Y3.6 Turbines 70  @/ n' S% D9 F( ?
    3.6.1 Pelton Turbine 713 [, {. j+ D  G/ h" s; T; s3 \" S( `
    3.6.2 Francis Turbine 74; n$ X) D, L. W7 b
    3.6.3 Michel–Banki Turbine 77. y' K1 ~0 U& S. f# k9 X+ C
    3.6.4 Kaplan or Hydraulic Propeller Turbine 79+ \2 _6 `( y" H2 i) r8 u
    3.6.5 Deriaz Turbines 80: u2 J4 t$ Y9 R) }
    3.6.6 Water Pumps Working as Turbines 80
    % z: l, _7 L; D) K+ V- j: a- a- O3.6.7 Specification of Hydro Turbines 816 s: ~, }) p! x" B. Z
    References 82
    + n7 }1 T. w$ j3 R8 d; |4 WIND POWER PLANTS 844 G" @9 l: G, F% _
    4.1 Introduction 84
    7 x  k) h: i+ d( I# u4.2 Appropriate Location 85
    2 r' S( n/ q; n* H  d* K2 @4.2.1 Evaluation of Wind Intensity 85
    . d. ^+ v) L7 M* x4 g4.2.2 Topography 93* t' B; |* e% Q; s+ h2 ?
    4.2.3 Purpose of the Energy Generated 95
    7 t5 O6 ?2 B2 k  `+ U$ z$ z5 R4.2.4 Means of Access 95
    5 q- V, F) }3 B0 G0 }; Z2 z3 f4.3 Wind Power 95, d5 p; i( F3 @3 L8 `/ P1 q6 v  A
    4.4 General Classification of Wind Turbines 97
    , u: i) t" I2 k0 g4.4.1 Rotor Turbines 99
      B) e! F$ u# K+ ~4.4.2 Multiple-Blade Turbines 99
      Q/ B' Q8 G; M1 u4.4.3 Drag Turbines (Savonius) 100
    7 j7 P$ F; |" I' A4.4.4 Lifting Turbines 101+ o' F7 o4 c6 c" d1 Z# @# {; v
    4.4.5 System TARP–WARP 102
    " E2 g7 D2 b  Z) S4.4.6 Accessories 1030 m: R9 a- t% l( ]" ^4 X2 \
    4.5 Generators and Speed Control Used in Wind Power Energy 104
    # |2 z' r5 v$ G4.6 Analysis of Small Generating Systems 107
    ) [) _1 q5 I* F% HReferences 110! E: R$ a' |: z* j' T: m
    5 THERMOSOLAR POWER PLANTS 112
    8 w/ W( _8 v% [- e( A, b5.1 Introduction 1120 I( ~+ F7 m1 n9 o5 C
    5.2 Water Heating by Solar Energy 112" S* O' O' m) i9 \( a& A
    5.3 Heat Transfer Calculation of Thermally Isolated Reservoirs 115
    $ Y3 A; A2 i! q7 Y+ ^5.4 Heating Domestic Water 118
    7 l* a/ j7 f5 v1 v" _5.5 Thermosolar Energy 119) F% b3 p# N: ]5 ?/ I; J
    5.5.1 Parabolic Trough 120
    5 v6 O% }2 K' E% |# d5.5.2 Parabolic Dish 122
    6 D3 L" m2 w9 A# M0 m$ b5.5.3 Solar Power Tower 124
    2 J) n- o, a7 K. R3 f5.5.4 Production of Hydrogen 125. x1 L2 r2 N2 l0 f4 e/ R
    5.6 Economical Analysis of Thermosolar Energy 126
    5 x% a5 o. u. R# F. RReferences 1274 g3 J' b* i( B! a0 z' l3 C' \
    CONTENTS ix6 PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS 129" F4 r% h1 H8 w$ z1 M
    6.1 Introduction 129
    - k$ ~+ i1 n: X# Z6.2 Solar Energy 130
    0 [5 b% B; l& \/ K! n; ^6.3 Generation of Electricity by Photovoltaic Effect 132" E3 _8 ^  X* \8 j+ K" @
    6.4 Dependence of a PV Cell Characteristic on Temperature 1352 v; L7 _1 E( ^
    6.5 Solar Cell Output Characteristics 137" j7 N( F1 z( m- p# m( T
    6.6 Equivalent Models and Parameters for Photovoltaic Panels 1397 F  l1 S6 }5 ]2 q8 J! t: ]6 ?: `
    6.6.1 Dark-Current Electric Parameters of a Photovoltaic Panel 140' x) @! L1 b) w) l& U
    6.6.2 Model of a PV Panel Consisting of n Cells in Series 142" [* ]  w6 Q3 g5 `3 j( `: c
    6.6.3 Model of a PV Panel Consisting of n Cells in Parallel 144/ S/ D. G+ W6 a( W
    6.7 Photovoltaic Systems 145' i# ~9 f) M! x5 L- ^
    6.7.1 Illumination Area 1463 `$ B9 W. m$ p( y+ {. n7 m0 H# {
    6.7.2 Solar Modules and Panels 146
    2 v  I  A# r" a6.7.3 Aluminum Structures 146! W4 C+ U/ p% P" l4 ^8 ~! ^
    6.7.4 Load Controller 148$ n7 P3 U: `# N4 Q2 G) j: q4 a* |; C
    6.7.5 Battery Bank 148& V+ T* d; [2 Q! _8 T+ B  X
    6.8 Applications of Photovoltaic Solar Energy 1493 T& c5 D* |9 s$ d6 R
    6.8.1 Residential and Public Illumination 149
    7 W4 N! o% `' A1 A3 C& x6.8.2 Stroboscopic Signaling 150$ t& A4 O8 v& ]. `+ o+ O
    6.8.3 Electric Fence 150! q4 E# j3 B1 \. ]
    6.8.4 Telecommunications 151
    3 G5 T9 b2 a. O6.8.5 Water Supply and Micro-Irrigation Systems 151( X7 w  p5 B. L0 C! h1 C) v
    6.8.6 Control of Plagues and Conservation of
    5 f) c( K$ m) a) i: p3 NFood and Medicine 153; e- V+ ^# G( }" v1 I
    6.8.7 Hydrogen and Oxygen Generation by Electrolysis 154
    % `2 V5 {+ t$ }5 d2 a2 B6.8.8 Electric Power Supply 155
    ( k" C8 J8 Y4 \7 I3 ^3 P6.8.9 Security and Alarm Systems 156
    2 `! K( O1 s# e1 x9 G5 |  e' l6.9 Economical Analysis of Solar Energy 1569 p1 l8 H* T+ L! @$ g- H2 q
    References 157$ |7 T+ T) P9 ~( ]1 K
    7 POWER PLANTS WITH FUEL CELLS 159
    9 a! i7 a- [/ K0 g! D3 U7.1 Introduction 159
    ' D5 E6 m# J* c1 t' ~7.2 The Fuel Cell 160
    4 ?" l/ x4 M2 D2 n3 j( S5 n7.3 Commercial Technologies for Generation of Electricity 1629 c# R/ r; @7 K
    7.4 Practical Issues Related to Fuel Cell Stacking 1694 |* O# ~) d6 P% O
    7.4.1 Low- and High-Temperature Fuel Cells 169- X3 u* o/ _: \- B/ X
    7.4.2 Commercial and Manufacturing Issues 170
    - G  N7 D9 i9 `) R, E) `9 Mx CONTENTS7.5 Constructional Features of Proton Exchange
    ' N5 n: L- V# [) F7 c; XMembrane Fuel Cells 171  M6 c) s: t. A% X9 S2 q( t- c
    7.6 Constructional Features of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 173
    9 S. ?( y9 L. w' v! |! s) \# }7.7 Water, Air, and Heat Management 175
    9 f3 J5 L) s4 y7 g$ U/ t) `; w' V7.8 Load Curve Peak Shaving with Fuel Cells 176/ t8 T( A! G' U3 K; K
    7.8.1 Maximal Load Curve Flatness at Constant Output Power 176
      a' a9 t! J1 G5 W7.8.2 Amount of Thermal Energy Necessary 178; ^, k9 s. W" z/ L
    7.9 Reformers, Electrolyzer Systems, and Related Precautions 1805 A1 W6 r' J0 I# p5 G' f; i
    7.10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Fuel Cells 181
    $ }: I0 g6 j0 T8 D8 Q7.11 Fuel Cell Equivalent Circuit 182
    5 v" e8 [. y3 f6 a0 Y& T7.12 Practical Determination of the Equivalent Model Parameters 188
    * ~# F$ [3 U  N7.12.1 Example of Determination of FC Parameters 1913 Y9 G+ z/ G7 Z, F
    7.13 Aspects of Hydrogen as Fuel 194" x( B3 L& d/ Z9 s
    7.14 Future Perspectives 1951 y' ~9 G: n: Q" Q7 c# d
    References 196. [1 y5 D, X" r4 q3 W8 u5 t3 N+ X1 @
    8 BIOMASS-POWERED MICROPLANTS 198
    : A' m( k5 Q' Z" A, A* @8.1 Introduction 1985 p8 f* y' G% |9 q; D: D
    8.2 Fuel from Biomass 202% f3 ]# y2 @, k5 o& [
    8.3 Biogas 204/ m7 B* b' j! l. y
    8.4 Biomass for Biogas 2054 G& A$ l+ D0 ]1 h" C( U
    8.5 Biological Formation of Biogas 206
    . @, J5 v  U, `! h% m7 `8.6 Factors Affecting Biodigestion 207, a$ b: j4 C1 b
    8.7 Characteristics of Biodigesters 209
    ( }# W) g' F6 P8.8 Construction of Biodigester 210$ d2 }$ H1 }/ c$ d* m
    8.8.1 Sizing a Biodigester 211
    # ]: g1 E$ r1 J6 d' n9 s8.9 Generation of Electricity Using Biogas 211
    ' a. J# m$ q7 y/ O) qReferences 2149 H" h+ g/ Q! f8 r
    9 MICROTURBINES 215
    ( K* }& M0 x% t9 k0 F# P( Q9.1 Introduction 215: ~8 w; @- \7 X4 p7 }4 r0 e  R( \
    9.2 Princples of Operation 217
    ! R2 w! {# F1 F9 j" M# v9.3 Microturbine Fuel 219
    : v9 l2 j" |8 v6 _! o  f+ \+ P' q9.4 Control of Microturbines 220
    % g5 {8 M: H5 D8 G* B' `5 C9.4.1 Mechanical-Side Structure 220
    ; q& N2 P; R% }6 l- l9.4.2 Electrical-Side Structure 222
    8 b/ t, P0 U% T$ Q! Z; {, o8 k7 u9.4.3 Control-Side Structure 224
    0 W/ J& z8 l/ e$ uCONTENTS xi9.5 Efficiency and Power of Microturbines 228
    0 |% o/ X' Z! g5 {5 ]9.6 Site Assessment for Installation of Microturbines 230
    0 Q3 a; _5 _! N: g! s% [+ xReferences 231
    # H/ k3 w& d+ J+ V' O# q9 \10 INDUCTION GENERATORS 233
    0 e7 t% h! a, J7 L2 A10.1 Introduction 233
    8 J, m; \, R. {- n8 u" E/ r" B4 D% b10.2 Principles of Operation 234
    $ m' f6 u. Z" L3 B0 i10.3 Representation of Steady-State Operation 236- F! t/ j: C8 d: P) _/ D1 W8 `
    10.4 Power and Losses Generated 237
    % _* D. [0 }: ~8 q1 ~* g10.5 Self-Excited Induction Generator 240* e6 a  q& C$ t, I" A( F
    10.6 Magnetizing Curves and Self-Excitation 242; _: I5 ^9 n$ |( t, \
    10.7 Mathematical Description of the Self-Excitation Process 243; Q: E1 x5 q1 s9 K- @+ o$ P
    10.8 Interconnected and Stand-Alone Operation 246" Q+ Y; \$ P) X, U0 z
    10.9 Speed and Voltage Control 248; j) D8 g, y" P: X& n3 X+ ^% d
    10.9.1 Frequency, Speed, and Voltage Controls 2496 r; e/ C4 t) x, v; O+ Z0 ]5 u# \
    10.9.2 Load Control Versus Source Control* ?% u; Y$ J1 q0 n1 b
    for Induction Generators 250  w5 K# b- I( x2 \8 F9 c3 c! X
    10.9.3 The Danish Concept 254. v/ T  I8 Z2 f* t. n, J4 \
    10.9.4 Variable-Speed Grid Connection 255
    + o2 ^" K/ K: _# B' B# H10.9.5 Control by the Load Versus Control by
    + v+ ~7 D- _" l+ k9 b+ _the Source 256
    9 p. H! ~5 Y- P+ ?10.10 Economical Aspects 258
    3 }" S, L  a% l% ~; X: e0 I; ]0 b5 j0 z5 ?References 259
    : [% x* p' V7 L  ^1 r5 Z& j11 STORAGE SYSTEMS 262" W4 o* M: C; H+ I9 R8 C9 ~/ U
    11.1 Introduction 262
    . ~: r  A" T4 b  p& |11.2 Energy Storage Parameters 265
    ; Q+ `1 F) b# H- ^/ I11.3 Lead–Acid Batteries 2686 h- }: H* Q7 v% j( Y9 D3 q
    11.3.1 Constructional Features 268
    ( ]0 q, I# \+ C. A2 J11.3.2 Battery Charge–Discharge Cycles 269
    ( j; Y( m& t1 w% k, B9 T) b11.3.3 Operating Limits and Parameters 271
    ( S: a8 {$ K5 u" g, a11.3.4 Maintenance of Lead–Acid Batteries 273
    6 T# E5 E% ]7 k11.3.5 Sizing Lead–Acid Batteries for DG Applications 273
    : _1 O3 j1 P* W2 x11.4 Ultracapacitors 276
    4 O( z, n6 G' @! L* W) Q3 K3 N11.4.1 Double-Layer Ultracapacitors 277$ t7 |8 y9 P: R9 q
    11.4.2 High-Energy Ultracapacitors 278& N8 v( R7 U$ F- P' t
    11.4.3 Applications of Ultracapacitors 279
    % q2 Q6 I+ a! x! H8 g- I/ G( Q( jxii CONTENTS11.5 Flywheels 2822 {2 @7 ^5 `. r! d8 @; X' A
    11.5.1 Advanced Performance of Flywheels 282
    : ^  k! V4 F/ m11.5.2 Applications of Flywheels 282) Y, L& y5 ]% i- Z, b! z' F
    11.5.3 Design Strategies 284
      T: s, F: g* w7 V& ~11.6 Superconducting Magnetic Storage System 286
    , Q# q3 [8 y3 e2 b4 V' m( E) p11.6.1 SMES System Capabilities 287
    $ Y! a0 l; o4 }3 y, ^11.6.2 Developments in SMES Systems 288/ K7 X) \' {6 X/ V& {8 g' u
    11.7 Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage 290
    + n7 ~, R9 P; J/ g8 {7 y11.7.1 Storage Capabilities of Pumped Systems 291! J% _% L0 t% m
    11.8 Compressed Air Energy Storage 292" Q" N. h! a& I0 j# N! i- e
    11.9 Storage Heat 294
    ( |  g: O3 F) l$ \5 q1 o- z3 Q11.10 Energy Storage as an Economic Resource 295; P) C6 A, M4 R/ m" W* t
    References 299
    6 G; ]# W- A, }. V12 INTEGRATION OF ALTERNATIVE SOURCES! g# K- D8 B1 e) E7 F
    OF ENERGY 301
    $ f( [: `( p3 A% n$ n5 m12.1 Introduction 301; s9 X2 g9 |5 C( T9 `+ S) I1 O
    12.2 Principles of Power Injection 302
    7 N1 b. d0 m3 C# _$ `, O& Q12.2.1 Converting Technologies 302, u6 L: S3 n1 o! {% U. `
    12.2.2 Power Converters for Power Injection" Y, _- Y) o" ]6 A$ V
    into the Grid 3049 [9 w6 {" l/ F! t8 }
    12.2.3 Power Flow 306
    ) a2 g: b, k" g2 e4 R& M% R12.3 Instantaneous Active and Reactive Power
    ' k: U  W9 [* ?5 l2 _* lControl Approach 309
    - s  N# _4 ~  T12.4 Integration of Multiple Renewable Energy Sources 312
    - m- G2 n% `. S( }4 A  p6 V2 E: C5 H12.4.1 DC-Link Integration 315! P; k' X+ T: c( u
    12.4.2 AC-Link Integration 316
    1 X# v" W5 ~' Z6 u) j12.4.3 HFAC-Link Integration 317
    $ R. I3 G3 V( a% ]; B12.5 Islanding and Interconnection Control 320
    9 F4 w/ @: r+ b: t6 y+ \12.6 DG Control and Power Injection 325
    % e3 H( Q4 `. h4 M+ `, e, W2 jReferences 331
      G3 w, l! V1 f& j2 M$ B13 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION 333
    $ |; y2 ~& P0 g' E. O8 K  S5 V13.1 Introduction 333
    , {1 n. a9 G; j0 V13.2 The Purpose of Distributed Generation 335: h* O$ o' M8 [2 v+ }7 ?
    13.3 Sizing and Siting of Distributed Generation 338
    ( e; w' H8 \* U1 P0 \/ T9 W9 _5 z13.4 Demand-Side Management 339
    7 c" T+ y+ l9 Q13.5 Optimal Location of Distributed Energy Sources 340
    ( ~% H9 n. `' ^$ G$ E! _CONTENTS xiii13.5.1 DG Influence on Power and Energy
    4 r7 [4 g+ V# U8 l2 oLosses 3426 L( m  k, A6 x! i* v5 ]2 _
    13.5.2 Estimation of DG Influence on Power
    # K+ q' H( Z( y! y  J. u8 Z5 J' zLosses of Subtransmission Systems 346+ u' a' x) a, C- s; t9 E
    13.5.3 Equivalent of Subtransmission Systems
    ! C! Y, W. d# `& M7 ]& qUsing Experimental Design 348
    + L: m5 ?5 ^  S6 T% |$ x+ x: _! H  c13.6 Algorithm of Multicriterial Analysis 350
    5 I  q0 t% t& q0 `3 X0 s1 ZReferences 3528 Y1 Q8 }" i  `
    14 INTERCONNECTION OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY6 F9 `+ a0 A" _* L
    SOURCES WITH THE GRID 354; X6 C; |# A$ y+ l
    Benjamin Kroposki, Thomas Basso, Richard DeBlasio,
    5 c! b+ d+ w2 C0 z) K4 Y! q' gand N. Richard Friedman2 {5 R9 i! q& b# v  y0 K% A& E0 ]
    14.1 Introduction 354& R  c- W; j8 }8 Y
    14.2 Interconnection Technologies 357
    / R/ y3 _8 P1 y" t2 ]5 Q# j14.2.1 Synchronous Interconnection 3572 X" |5 U8 j& r- I% T
    14.2.2 Induction Interconnection 358
    ! ?& }1 A1 o( _) Y; C' c14.2.3 Inverter Interconnection 3599 t# {) T3 q& x7 Z) O
    14.3 Standards and Codes for Interconnection 359
    % h. y) l$ o+ [* P$ t0 l/ \14.3.1 IEEE 1547 360
    / x; ?- B* L+ D2 V14.3.2 National Electrical Code 3618 }# ~5 M* `7 T' E
    14.3.3 UL Standards 3622 }; y) e4 u: A' z8 K$ L0 b% v% o
    14.4 Interconnection Considerations 3647 U% i* ?$ f) f* ?. c# z( k
    14.4.1 Voltage Regulation 364
    : B3 w; I+ g) \4 K  s14.4.2 Integration with Area EPS Grounding 365; O" e- ]$ q+ n
    14.4.3 Synchronization 365
    / T# P: ^8 n; x! T% h) ?) o& ~! G14.4.4 Isolation 3657 M* G7 ^8 F$ N- d* d
    14.4.5 Response to Voltage Disturbance 366
    $ `3 D1 f) J$ ]9 R7 v# R: Q1 b14.4.6 Response to Frequency Disturbance 367- f3 K! {$ W+ u  v! v# Y
    14.4.7 Disconnection for Faults 368( q" ~' Y  t' B) B, Y1 u
    14.4.8 Loss of Synchronism 369. z- {( v2 f3 J& [  c
    14.4.9 Feeder Reclosing Coordination 369
    7 }, H: L9 [+ n# N: i2 U14.4.10 DC Injection 370& y/ j* C% R% H, Q' w& p
    14.4.11 Voltage Flicker 371
    6 J* e- \* n; m14.4.12 Harmonics 371
    % k+ H$ w( }) u. g. I8 V: r14.4.13 Unintentional Islanding Protection 373# I- x- H6 s* {% }, A# h, q
    14.5 Interconnection Examples for Alternative Energy Sources 373
    9 _( r4 U/ C5 H14.5.1 Synchronous Generator for Peak Demand Reduction 375. ~8 I% Y5 [& y+ D* h5 J
    xiv CONTENTS14.5.2 Small Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System 3758 [) Z: X1 B$ O
    References 378% v) l( X; ^/ P9 q  {
    15 MICROPOWER SYSTEM MODELING WITH HOMER 379! h' g. t" Y) l8 A
    Tom Lambert, Paul Gilman, and Peter Lilienthal
    ; t" P; S1 q* i/ I2 m15.1 Introduction 379
    2 t  _9 p" j; P0 j& ?; O" P15.2 Simulation 381: _# K( S/ v4 p$ Z# T3 |4 }- k
    15.3 Optimization 3858 f- t8 ?; l- q2 R1 {3 _) W' V
    15.4 Sensitivity Analysis 388! x- ?- g6 Y* N! i" W* p1 G
    15.4.1 Dealing with Uncertainty 389/ S; \- o( f: c
    15.4.2 Sensitivity Analyses on Hourly Data Sets 391
    ) q/ T$ i, }+ K) _% d/ ]" f15.5 Physical Modeling 393
    . m2 m7 @; _, B) m! H15.5.1 Loads 3937 x2 r- V9 N, L3 _
    15.5.2 Resources 395+ O, ^, z" G( x+ Y9 K  d
    15.5.3 Components 3979 q0 F8 b4 I  O4 S3 C3 s8 O
    15.5.4 System Dispatch 408
    3 v% u' ]0 M& U, H& A$ Y6 X15.6 Economic Modeling 4143 E; f6 U" f3 G6 n& H
    References 416
    & q8 D% a5 X9 E6 O. hGlossary 416
    ! A& ]* d5 C8 O! ^( T6 O5 ?APPENDIX A: DIESEL POWER PLANTS 419
    % }% j1 J% d; a* }& k3 oA.1 Introduction 4199 t2 c3 U5 F  o0 g" ]  Y
    A.2 Diesel Engine 4208 h5 f( C3 \: R- B" J
    A.3 Principal Components of a Diesel Engine 4218 V" \' M3 |# o; a) b6 y( W
    A.3.1 Fixed Parts 4216 \! A; S! |1 p7 i) R/ M
    A.3.2 Moving Parts 421# V* g! q6 O* ~: B4 R8 `% a' S
    A.3.3 Auxiliary Systems 422( l5 k$ o; s  M
    A.4 Terminology of Diesel Engines 422
    7 G/ j1 X( a# O2 ], e$ M, O( UA.4.1 Diesel Cycle 422- ]1 k: @/ E* G& S2 V
    A.4.2 Combustion Process 424& M% Z: T% s/ B
    A.5 Diesel Engine Cycle 425  \7 w% _1 }% n; B, I
    A.5.1 Relative Diesel Engine Cycle Losses 425
    8 i- P1 A" Y6 a5 ^# ]A.5.2 Classification of Diesel Engines 4265 Q" |' q, ?) t) m
    A.6 Types of Fuel Injection Pumps 427
    / i! c& `3 Q6 O/ {1 ]A.7 Electrical Conditions of Generators Driven by
    % z$ k$ R; ]6 {% m$ ADiesel Engines 427
    : t  h# ~1 }7 C1 gReferences 429
    " g1 U* x. d5 PCONTENTS xvAPPENDIX B: GEOTHERMAL ENERGY 4315 f- L9 G" A$ a/ y
    B.1 Introduction 431) J) J& T& _& n9 t
    B.2 Geothermal as a Source of Energy 432
    $ \6 I6 }4 D9 y( s: n2 oB.2.1 Geothermal Economics 434  |+ p* P* x  E+ `+ T
    B.2.2 Geothermal Electricity 435& z7 s  e  {$ \$ C7 B: C& F
    B.2.3 Geothermal/Ground Source Heat Pumps 436
    & d  t  u  a) x) E% e7 WReferences 437* [! W0 `& |4 g! o3 |) [
    APPENDIX C: THE STIRLING ENGINE 438
    : H# W; j1 z, s- KC.1 Introduction 438+ L+ d: R* ?7 ^8 t
    C.2 Stirling Cycle 439
    5 R+ y! W/ P! b# t2 O8 GC.3 Displacer Stirling Engine 442
    + O4 O8 {$ J, `C.4 Two-Piston Stirling Engine 444- y) D1 U6 X+ e* m  R
    References 446
    ( [: l( @! }! s# g* qINDEX 447
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    帖文化:【文明发帖 和谐互动】 社区精神:【创新、交流、互助、共享】

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    发表于 2009-6-16 16:50:16 | 显示全部楼层
    英文原版的,看不懂呀,还是谢谢。
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  • TA的每日心情
    擦汗
    2021-1-29 14:27
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    [LV.3]偶尔看看II

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    发表于 2009-6-16 21:59:29 | 显示全部楼层
    谢谢,英文的,看起来比较费劲。
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    2021-4-5 10:03
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    发表于 2009-6-25 21:43:51 | 显示全部楼层
    英文,有些恐怖呀!
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    发表于 2009-7-10 21:16:06 | 显示全部楼层
    好像看啊,就是看不到。地方地方 地方法大幅度大幅度飞 地方飞好想看啊,hao
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    发表于 2009-7-13 14:15:11 | 显示全部楼层
    谢谢,正需要这方面的资料
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