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电子图书
| 电子图书名: |
变压器设计与实践(英文)Transformer Engineering |
| 编者: |
未知 |
| 所属专业方向: |
变压器 |
| 内容简介: |
变压器设计 |
| 出版社: |
未知 |
| 来源: |
网络 |
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Contents
! N8 k' u1 @* c, v+ J7 `Foreword Jin Sim iii
/ r" c( U1 o# b) Y+ L9 y8 ?2 FPreface v5 R J3 m- Q/ ~: ~* j) j/ I8 ]
Acknowledgements ix
) O& F, m {0 N( ]1 Transformer Fundamentals 13 M" R0 l8 y" Q
1.1 Perspective 1
- u0 t! J$ I- L3 }) c! g. L1.2 Applications and Types of Transformers 5' F% ^: C. \' j
1.3 Principles and Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer 11: R7 z& D2 k( u- p8 ~. B; M9 E n
1.4 Representation of Transformer in Power System 207 c; Y$ _# G/ Y. Q% P# ]
1.5 Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Tests 23/ e( J# o& \% I4 W0 F3 d. I
1.6 Voltage Regulation and Efficiency 25
9 E& H8 u: j) D2 a: S. F1.7 Parallel Operation of Transformers 33+ p8 U+ D; ~: j7 d+ s
References 34$ M/ i4 R% V, N: N, X! R0 [
2 Magnetic Characteristics 35
6 E, i& g. x( e1 |2.1 Construction 363 N: ` H) n$ p- [, s) @+ ~
2.2 Hysteresis and Eddy Losses 42
# w% X9 q- d, e8 e2.3 Excitation Characteristics 447 h/ A/ M [1 L% ]) w
2.4 Over-Excitation Performance 46' h- E- X+ ^# J& v. i7 z L
2.5 No-Load Loss Test 469 X a8 K6 M) `. Z1 \6 x' C, I4 A0 {: @, y
2.6 Impact of Manufacturing Processes on Core Performance 54
' ]% I0 J- Z( L0 {$ ?2.7 Inrush Current 56
" Z2 f, p1 p6 @0 }2.8 Influence of Core Construction and Winding( E; n# M! e0 p2 L
Connections on No-Load Harmonic Phenomenon 67! m5 N. K. H) h" _5 n
2.9 Transformer Noise 69) l$ y9 w. m3 f+ Z
References 72
0 {) U3 n' R/ F4 V& v: m3 Impedance Characteristics 77
/ q$ @1 A& i1 s @% i/ q3.1 Reactance Calculation 78
$ G `& ]! P7 `, Z0 g8 U+ k, s! Z: U3.2 Different Approaches for Reactance Calculation 85
* ?' \& T6 E& j% I r( `3.3 Two-Dimensional Analytical Methods 883 w( o' T @& [& X- _# u
3.4 Numerical Method for Reactance Calculation 90
i+ W' Q9 ?1 s2 z; t. k3.5 Impedance Characteristics of Three-Winding Transformer 98
9 N: K$ g! T* x- i5 U, l0 K5 n& }6 e3.6 Reactance Calculation for Zigzag Transformer 103
( M( y' {9 a4 K& f9 a3.7 Zero-Sequence Reactance Estimation 108
7 {$ F6 r9 M; Y: G+ [" C, n3.8 Stabilizing Tertiary Winding 121. n% Z6 y2 Z& G! {; z
References 123
( w- Z/ L4 V# @* }4 S4 Eddy Currents and Winding Stray Losses 127$ y. }; y3 H% N* X$ Q( i3 F
4.1 Field Equations 128$ p+ q9 a; ~% W2 F4 T
4.2 Poynting Vector 133
& y& Z% w6 l: F/ T4.3 Eddy Current and Hysteresis Losses 1371 S2 d5 S) n. o0 ^
4.4 Effect of Saturation 139
, {4 \2 S% Q1 }: s& }& s4.5 Eddy Loss in a Transformer Winding 141
! z; w6 w" N1 J' P# |: ^4.6 Circulating Current Loss in Transformer Windings 155
% J" B2 u# B2 y/ l& v' x# N+ DReferences 1664 B$ K! c/ q' _ S# m1 |
5 Stray Losses in Structural Components 169
6 k3 l, U2 b1 }3 T3 ?5.1 Factors Influencing Stray Losses 171" s7 ?. n/ b+ G/ [! h! F7 X
5.2 Overview of Methods for Stray Loss Estimation 182
2 b! s7 \4 `' C; r' v5.3 Core Edge Loss 184 A* l n+ ~9 C2 V: Y
5.4 Stray Loss in Frames 185) ]# U- J: q# B. o" [. N) T: c
5.5 Stray Loss in Flitch Plates 187
! @! ]; G: \- w: {; o* i5.6 Stray Loss in Tank 192
7 P% H, k5 o1 r! A! E4 m$ h3 }5.7 Stray Loss in Bushing Mounting Plates 197, q+ C$ K& Q! v- G
5.8 Evaluation of Stray Loss Due to High Current Leads 199
% |! F5 h5 m) t/ x: b5 y5.9 Measures for Stray Loss Control 2063 f U) j; q* ]1 a' ]8 T
5.10 Methods for Experimental Verification 214
' I+ M* S" ]% Z2 ~! u5.11 Estimation of Stray Losses in Overexcitation Condition 2165 W. X0 r: p; J. t$ v( q; P
5.12 Load Loss Measurement 218
8 A$ L' X3 m( K) JReferences 224
" [8 S# }$ n1 l- L5 m& m/ C; G6 Short Circuit Stresses and Strength 231
' l6 ^& Q/ i: g6.1 Short Circuit Currents 232% \! g& v& u- ]; [% B" A
6.2 Thermal Capability at Short Circuit 239
' M9 L5 z" J' W# [* N6.3 Short Circuit Forces 240- W/ |$ N% }' J; H; B$ D9 t
6.4 Dynamic Behavior Under Short Circuits 247 k: [1 u0 U2 D( U; v
6.5 Failure Modes Due to Radial Forces 251$ D% l% ~2 K7 ]) Q$ E
6.6 Failure Modes Due to Axial Forces 2540 O+ s( u7 n8 D" m G
6.7 Effect of Pre-Stress 260& \& M( w0 ^. o
6.8 Short Circuit Test 260' A' z2 T2 d* L/ H, H' _& [
6.9 Effect of Inrush Current 261+ v1 r, K2 g2 T- O7 Y$ b
6.10 Split-Winding Transformers 2620 o+ y# G: H1 A9 \. g
6.11 Short Circuit Withstand 264
0 [1 y7 b9 G- K8 f* q8 g8 C4 B6.12 Calculation of Electrodynamic Force Between
% n1 q7 M" m+ ` Q9 C) j5 yParallel Conductors 268
+ N( q' @2 z4 d5 ]8 z- V6.13 Design of Clamping Structures 270) X( D- e4 S) `* L# f% p
References 272% L2 q3 ~2 ?& s5 S
7 Surge Phenomena in Transformers 277( j2 R! L; b/ \5 ?
7.1 Initial Voltage Distrubution 277+ J+ Z+ T$ j: c
7.2 Capacitance Calculations 282
) M, p( j8 K0 G' g7 u7.3 Capacitance of Windings 286* M/ n) Z5 z4 N' d( F2 s# Y$ i' B
7.4 Inductance Calculation 298' T4 H$ t, A) f1 W6 q
7.5 Standing Waves and Traveling Waves 300, \$ x7 \- N% S1 x# H
7.6 Methods for Analysis of Impulse Distribution 303" w7 y, P# ~( }
7.7 Computation of Impulse Voltage Distribution4 ~2 B4 {8 X2 M9 s
Using State Variable Method 3067 ]" _4 u3 ]' o* T/ [
7.8 Winding Design for Reducing Internal Overvoltages 314# \+ v* ^6 s. K
References 321
4 S8 q1 a- W3 v+ ]3 W4 e8 Insulation Design 327, e& Y' O3 B* ~$ E. E
8.1 Calculation of Stresses for Simple Configurations 328
! q1 H' B% s5 U& C6 @6 ?5 h8.2 Field Computations 333' y2 T/ `: }9 L3 R& t5 R
8.3 Factors Affecting Insulation Strength 335
1 w( n# @8 h2 w i- c) p8.4 Test Methods and Design Insulation Level (DIL) 348
# X1 F6 k. E3 @& G; j8.5 Insulation Between Two Windings 351# \9 N/ _7 H2 r, o* t5 Y S
8.6 Internal Insulation 353/ r0 V3 V3 z6 c$ _ F$ }( G' z$ E; E
8.7 Design of End Insulation 356
: ~: O/ l6 z4 o1 r( C8.8 High-Voltage Lead Clearances 358% i4 u/ ^! g* |; [. q: I
8.9 Statistical Analysis for Optimization and Quality Enhancement 361
W) R" e. j0 R5 p. U. q/ LReferences 362
8 ?' L5 {/ X7 M9 @9 I+ w9 Cooling Systems 367) n, N _* o( i0 z" T" }* M1 U
9.1 Modes of Heat Transfer 3687 l- b8 k& o# a- O, H2 e
9.2 Cooling Arrangements 370. {3 L ^3 X- A1 H8 H0 a
9.3 Dissipation of Core Heat 375! a7 {* b, s# }$ {% c! k- b, e
9.4 Dissipation of Winding Heat 376: q7 x% h' x v
9.5 Aging and Life Expectancy 380. S! D# v4 G' t( A/ j" c
9.6 Direct Hot Spot Measurement 384" E) e2 L3 w4 P0 a+ p
9.7 Static Electrification Phenomenon 385+ X- h* e* O" _
References 387$ u+ s1 J; a) v/ n0 S; s6 v( x
10 Structural Design 389& z/ ~: K0 x2 M8 P5 r" B0 Y
10.1 Importance of Structural Design 3895 q D$ |5 _ P$ U8 V: Z
10.2 Different Types of Loads and Tests 390
- i3 T- u! o& P$ b10.3 Classification of Transformer Tanks 392
% V/ _" V4 t: p& ~10.4 Tank Design 3957 M( t* |8 w5 Y1 J* |+ P" O2 I
10.5 Methods of Analysis 3977 s0 k$ {# A- C. j6 N- |) u
10.6 Overpressure Phenomenon in Transformers 401' ^1 C9 g' a% ]* K& ~! `
10.7 Seismic Analysis 403
- h8 P9 L: }* _6 h% X+ S10.8 Transformer Noise: Characteristics and Reduction 4040 B# j0 e4 F; j- K2 \8 @. B6 {
References 409
! Z x9 Y6 G. f l0 F, d11 Special Transformers 411
, H6 \2 k' f1 \/ l" l2 v F11.1 Rectifier Transformers 411
0 }, k* U+ g# y2 k# w& ~8 Q11.2 Converter Transformers for HVDC 417
5 ]$ {. {2 [! w8 d$ [11.3 Furnace Transformers 424
, [, }7 F9 d6 Q& t3 }11.4 Phase Shifting Transformers 428
2 s) n6 ^5 v4 u" e6 y6 O7 e) f" c0 h3 MReferences 433
2 A% q% K$ G. c" a* T1 q: c4 _( Q( P12 Recent Trends in Transformer Technology 437$ Q( ^3 G# z# n2 q4 a4 O' m
12.1 Magnetic Circuit 437
+ H( M! p* m# N4 _12.2 Windings 4385 J7 Y! Z1 J" K* y0 X
12.3 Insulation 4408 ~! _5 f- j( ?- f5 J
12.4 Challenges in Design and Manufacture of Transformers 441
$ B/ C) v! M1 D; n+ e7 a3 Y3 P12.5 Computer-Aided Design and Analysis 4434 Q+ x1 P7 X9 a2 ~& @2 H
12.6 Monitoring and Diagnostics 445
% R; r; u2 H* X' V6 j12.7 Life Assessment and Refurbishment 449
+ Z0 S5 I2 ^3 `8 G! \8 RReferences 449; i5 ?. |$ |9 C1 A( h r$ S$ o( v
Appendix A: Fault Calculations 4533 E m$ i: I7 I* A& ^0 S* x
A1 Asymmetrical Fault with No In-Feed from LV Side 454
# B$ T1 ]* s; H: K R( XA2 Asymmetrical Fault with In-Feed from LV Side 457. K( j; @! `6 T/ Y
Appendix B: Stress and Capacitance Formulae 459* @8 Y% q3 [; Q6 Z0 F
B1 Stress Calculations 459
8 x4 U& q0 }- W7 OB2 Capacitance Calculations 467 |
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