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电子图书
电子图书名: |
变压器设计与实践(英文)Transformer Engineering |
编者: |
未知 |
内容简介: |
变压器设计 |
所属专业方向: |
变压器 |
出版社: |
未知 |
来源: |
网络 |
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Contents4 \' k, ~4 m9 }$ u
Foreword Jin Sim iii3 \! d9 g- r+ X
Preface v
# h T" T; t! K3 P' q! L, G+ xAcknowledgements ix8 Z9 n3 w( C" J( W: E# G1 T
1 Transformer Fundamentals 13 S$ f9 f5 T" L) K/ e! Q
1.1 Perspective 11 Q% w- @. l( d: W; p1 o/ u
1.2 Applications and Types of Transformers 5
8 Y" V' s; q9 Z- z* k1.3 Principles and Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer 11% m# A/ d7 z d3 A3 E
1.4 Representation of Transformer in Power System 20
1 I$ I; I7 M/ Q, X1.5 Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Tests 23
% ?8 v0 {7 e w T( c+ u1.6 Voltage Regulation and Efficiency 252 C; o% W- Y8 W% V5 a/ E P/ i9 }
1.7 Parallel Operation of Transformers 33& b @+ ^( ?# n: p9 E2 L
References 34
3 V6 M1 R. v* _2 Magnetic Characteristics 35
" W9 j: m/ S: C7 D6 |8 d. p2.1 Construction 36
Z, }. ^- R% B1 ]7 C# j' D2.2 Hysteresis and Eddy Losses 42: p4 o& m& p; ]3 ?8 a7 ^. @
2.3 Excitation Characteristics 44
8 K& M' w7 G! S$ O" J2.4 Over-Excitation Performance 46
* ?5 c. j- l% H8 k' N2.5 No-Load Loss Test 46
( D0 Z( x6 h2 O% L2.6 Impact of Manufacturing Processes on Core Performance 54
) X n9 _3 J4 c5 E: u& p2.7 Inrush Current 56' \* M- M4 d- ~# d8 H ?/ |* K
2.8 Influence of Core Construction and Winding
' I: S* e$ Z, v% zConnections on No-Load Harmonic Phenomenon 674 [/ c5 d: j6 R
2.9 Transformer Noise 69* o6 O6 L. J0 J8 ]& B
References 72/ g; t6 N, B6 X( a4 t
3 Impedance Characteristics 77
) E& p. u! w, H3.1 Reactance Calculation 78
5 F4 V2 ?' e# K1 S3.2 Different Approaches for Reactance Calculation 85
$ ]$ E) S5 |6 F" w, E3.3 Two-Dimensional Analytical Methods 88
/ `, ?4 c, A1 Y" V: I3.4 Numerical Method for Reactance Calculation 90
2 _$ j$ I+ ~! W4 R; d3 ^$ v3.5 Impedance Characteristics of Three-Winding Transformer 98: u) _+ j1 ~3 c7 M h j6 L
3.6 Reactance Calculation for Zigzag Transformer 103
$ p* M! S1 E8 M( c8 O$ ~* t3.7 Zero-Sequence Reactance Estimation 108$ a% {$ a! n# u- j: ]+ x
3.8 Stabilizing Tertiary Winding 1210 z, j7 t2 x8 N5 K) _$ F9 s. j
References 123, |$ j. B% S: G# ]! m' B; }- m, n
4 Eddy Currents and Winding Stray Losses 127
1 i3 p+ t" u V$ W4 ^4 J$ x4.1 Field Equations 128
' `/ ]) H; V% W+ z4.2 Poynting Vector 133
0 ~ D+ z. _" p2 j4 B1 h3 w4.3 Eddy Current and Hysteresis Losses 137
' h% K8 s6 K! y, t4.4 Effect of Saturation 139$ P1 ~5 [* w% L9 G7 z* h- E6 z
4.5 Eddy Loss in a Transformer Winding 141, U; t9 s, ^& |+ @
4.6 Circulating Current Loss in Transformer Windings 155% }7 L! Z0 c3 Z: h. U
References 166
- c; o9 y* E; h4 E5 e6 U5 Stray Losses in Structural Components 169
$ j/ _ ^/ t# c5.1 Factors Influencing Stray Losses 171( S6 P0 d; C- w8 E! d' z) \6 C
5.2 Overview of Methods for Stray Loss Estimation 1827 x3 B" g+ @$ e' y3 N6 ^- W
5.3 Core Edge Loss 184
( u4 {* u5 I% d4 l/ b$ \5.4 Stray Loss in Frames 1855 s# L- Z, i( Z S
5.5 Stray Loss in Flitch Plates 187: J& x' F6 o* n _8 K% k
5.6 Stray Loss in Tank 192
/ [. D& c z% S6 u5.7 Stray Loss in Bushing Mounting Plates 197
) s; |5 ?& C H6 C- O: P$ j- U5.8 Evaluation of Stray Loss Due to High Current Leads 199$ w) f7 v9 Y( M; t8 m! m; ]
5.9 Measures for Stray Loss Control 206
. t- ^+ W0 a; i% K- B5 b' _5.10 Methods for Experimental Verification 214
; q9 e5 l7 \7 a8 a+ V$ _5 ]1 {5.11 Estimation of Stray Losses in Overexcitation Condition 216 h9 ?* C5 ^3 Y
5.12 Load Loss Measurement 2184 Q z' Q5 M; J0 D- J
References 2248 I& ~/ U$ D- p0 x: f( N: k1 I9 r
6 Short Circuit Stresses and Strength 231
0 M% A. { \% z) B6.1 Short Circuit Currents 232
/ W+ I) { Z9 p0 |: r6.2 Thermal Capability at Short Circuit 239! ]" {/ g+ u$ g" ^9 @; x! J
6.3 Short Circuit Forces 240
, f3 ^2 `6 ~" E" G' K6.4 Dynamic Behavior Under Short Circuits 2479 Q* D$ }- i9 W- P' _" T: J( {
6.5 Failure Modes Due to Radial Forces 251
8 ~# I5 z" I2 Y! g4 P6.6 Failure Modes Due to Axial Forces 254' c, c! V( f% q% \1 S: t5 V c
6.7 Effect of Pre-Stress 260/ _3 d" G+ Y! u) V. `
6.8 Short Circuit Test 260, Z3 V/ B! {$ S
6.9 Effect of Inrush Current 261- @, ]2 r$ a9 j$ @8 j) a* B! j
6.10 Split-Winding Transformers 262
2 w) P7 p8 Y& U6.11 Short Circuit Withstand 264
% r' r4 d0 W w" s6.12 Calculation of Electrodynamic Force Between
9 V! o3 j( E& Z+ I6 A5 \Parallel Conductors 268
6 X1 v+ R1 Q3 M. ~" K! ]6.13 Design of Clamping Structures 270
% f: o' ]" k% BReferences 2727 y3 I3 ]7 |8 K5 M3 f, U! q2 W
7 Surge Phenomena in Transformers 277$ {: _+ ]' }' p( D
7.1 Initial Voltage Distrubution 2776 \3 ^# R$ q* Q! R v
7.2 Capacitance Calculations 282
8 L3 W3 U0 t' A& F' E7.3 Capacitance of Windings 286' C: @0 M+ s6 R3 Z; b2 N
7.4 Inductance Calculation 298! C4 p: D3 D8 Y
7.5 Standing Waves and Traveling Waves 300
1 e4 ^7 B, x9 H z; h6 ]2 e0 R7.6 Methods for Analysis of Impulse Distribution 303
' O. }1 V2 _- r2 n; W7.7 Computation of Impulse Voltage Distribution
2 T/ Y: H' |/ i. [8 WUsing State Variable Method 306
, B0 \" ^+ G" ^$ ]# l% V- ^! S7.8 Winding Design for Reducing Internal Overvoltages 314- N1 f4 g4 m8 |# k) ?& d
References 321# M* \/ w* D# K( B6 h9 G
8 Insulation Design 327
5 q) N( S+ f0 ^' W0 @) E& d6 t2 s8.1 Calculation of Stresses for Simple Configurations 328
?. N1 |5 U5 G S8.2 Field Computations 333
' D1 v% S5 U1 E f# p# E; ~8.3 Factors Affecting Insulation Strength 335
k; f) O8 ~0 v8 T8.4 Test Methods and Design Insulation Level (DIL) 348; G7 p/ T9 T- n, W. S# s
8.5 Insulation Between Two Windings 351
8 p2 w/ Z) f) i2 e$ d8.6 Internal Insulation 353# z* T* v; P5 t3 I$ ~
8.7 Design of End Insulation 356
/ j7 [& r, }' ~6 P& f8.8 High-Voltage Lead Clearances 358
' J1 l; E8 S+ D# Z# x+ F8.9 Statistical Analysis for Optimization and Quality Enhancement 361
; F' x& ^' a' J' |References 362" b( F$ K% R! u- M! G# z3 X
9 Cooling Systems 367' g: |9 g8 K E) [9 K
9.1 Modes of Heat Transfer 368
; p3 y9 v h H/ Q! t8 l9.2 Cooling Arrangements 370
" j+ h* A+ A/ G' @2 T. P/ H9.3 Dissipation of Core Heat 375! w5 q9 C9 M$ U
9.4 Dissipation of Winding Heat 3764 s1 w% e3 C, X2 [
9.5 Aging and Life Expectancy 380
2 [1 E6 ~- O! H6 V5 u0 l9.6 Direct Hot Spot Measurement 384& h" M! t) f1 X) ^9 |
9.7 Static Electrification Phenomenon 3851 f) S" G8 H7 |$ [* E
References 387
, I; t, B, O8 ~, B+ e, N0 W1 p10 Structural Design 3895 J2 A( d& x s/ [7 r% K; Z* S% d
10.1 Importance of Structural Design 389
+ p1 n- J- A) _% R, X10.2 Different Types of Loads and Tests 390: Z% b' B* @8 M) j
10.3 Classification of Transformer Tanks 392
; w w% ~3 P' n' x9 Z: [8 R10.4 Tank Design 395
" E8 L# ^4 ~5 H" N5 g10.5 Methods of Analysis 397
5 h! r8 Z; g6 P& j10.6 Overpressure Phenomenon in Transformers 401
' ?% p' x3 |' m/ q& [7 M0 Q10.7 Seismic Analysis 4030 h. G/ _3 f. j+ ?4 k. }9 Q/ @
10.8 Transformer Noise: Characteristics and Reduction 404$ k8 f. }& [" M2 S; z
References 409/ t6 d9 M7 l* p) D. n) U2 u
11 Special Transformers 4111 @* u) j8 B; |6 u v4 {
11.1 Rectifier Transformers 411
0 I3 R3 M- r. n$ g8 m' u11.2 Converter Transformers for HVDC 417
# K/ M8 n, V, s, V) p0 b* ]11.3 Furnace Transformers 424; Z+ c0 }9 U6 E7 [
11.4 Phase Shifting Transformers 428+ G5 J; ~& C) ~1 H
References 433
# D6 |/ j: g' n7 r" |8 ?. _12 Recent Trends in Transformer Technology 4377 W2 ?. s2 E$ {
12.1 Magnetic Circuit 4372 B! V1 b! l$ f2 J0 X
12.2 Windings 438
4 W9 g- z \' U12.3 Insulation 440
6 c; ~4 x! x) ?/ k7 d, Y7 g12.4 Challenges in Design and Manufacture of Transformers 441) K7 C$ Q1 W6 O. y
12.5 Computer-Aided Design and Analysis 443
3 ]# z, h# b1 K4 k: V( c7 E6 W4 K12.6 Monitoring and Diagnostics 445
9 k! y" M% v2 ^9 M! P12.7 Life Assessment and Refurbishment 449
/ p( `" H, m& S5 t- J6 R1 {/ WReferences 449
/ q1 p6 a& b7 G# W3 F0 B4 VAppendix A: Fault Calculations 453
, F' v1 ]0 ~1 A1 NA1 Asymmetrical Fault with No In-Feed from LV Side 454
* `$ r2 o& U" N1 TA2 Asymmetrical Fault with In-Feed from LV Side 457
# S6 Y$ U, A3 C/ K Y) G4 K+ LAppendix B: Stress and Capacitance Formulae 459
7 Y/ x' A+ g" c u9 |B1 Stress Calculations 4596 Z. m, g2 _ v9 f7 f# c) K( ]" z$ [
B2 Capacitance Calculations 467 |
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