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电子图书
| 电子图书名: |
变压器设计与实践(英文)Transformer Engineering |
| 编者: |
未知 |
| 内容简介: |
变压器设计 |
| 所属专业方向: |
变压器 |
| 出版社: |
未知 |
| 来源: |
网络 |
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Contents
) N# q( Q' h* L7 m: Z' A% t; R; NForeword Jin Sim iii
3 [: ]3 ^: B4 CPreface v8 i3 z" ?& q! r$ u9 I
Acknowledgements ix( u) F# T/ j: e6 L
1 Transformer Fundamentals 15 u1 W; a A1 [
1.1 Perspective 1: M. U" i+ [, ^ P
1.2 Applications and Types of Transformers 5
. J, `0 _8 q3 I9 D1.3 Principles and Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer 11
% t6 `. d# x( N: E6 @# D1.4 Representation of Transformer in Power System 20
9 a! {% {% B0 r. V3 f& n1.5 Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Tests 23% m; O' Q- ?( o8 O& S
1.6 Voltage Regulation and Efficiency 25; a5 M o1 F& _3 Z9 y8 l% L% M- ]
1.7 Parallel Operation of Transformers 33
[* k3 e) L0 }! e7 B8 B; kReferences 340 T* r! S9 T2 g) L: F( P4 C
2 Magnetic Characteristics 352 [: y: Y( L, ?4 `
2.1 Construction 36
0 [+ d. }/ G7 G8 b4 D2.2 Hysteresis and Eddy Losses 42
9 n2 p/ S& o; K8 @; {; r2.3 Excitation Characteristics 444 D" z9 b* ^# Z! d6 _
2.4 Over-Excitation Performance 46# ?7 O3 d7 V8 R- _
2.5 No-Load Loss Test 46
: D5 H3 @/ Q$ H6 t, h8 n( \& B2.6 Impact of Manufacturing Processes on Core Performance 54- T+ @5 r5 M, P; @7 X
2.7 Inrush Current 56
1 o' i& k2 o! W0 u# R% z2.8 Influence of Core Construction and Winding
( |. x) y& J- h: k; ~Connections on No-Load Harmonic Phenomenon 678 d3 B) b0 c: U" K% o4 Q8 w
2.9 Transformer Noise 69
% W% v0 }. |# m9 t' QReferences 725 b# _1 ?( }" i0 L" f/ `
3 Impedance Characteristics 771 W9 i4 U; \9 s- x6 y
3.1 Reactance Calculation 78
4 K$ v: U2 l- U' d; c3.2 Different Approaches for Reactance Calculation 85( Z( ?/ z7 W$ f
3.3 Two-Dimensional Analytical Methods 882 I' P) Q5 J' _% B
3.4 Numerical Method for Reactance Calculation 90
- V9 `; S4 R' k5 U3.5 Impedance Characteristics of Three-Winding Transformer 98" q) ]8 l( h% W
3.6 Reactance Calculation for Zigzag Transformer 103+ m' Y- z6 i! m, l+ K
3.7 Zero-Sequence Reactance Estimation 108 T" L1 b( S# L
3.8 Stabilizing Tertiary Winding 121$ [/ V# p3 Q9 r" w3 r
References 123
1 K* ^: w1 J7 X" O4 Eddy Currents and Winding Stray Losses 127( Y _$ x2 X( ?
4.1 Field Equations 1281 v# b& Q: m# Q% _% q
4.2 Poynting Vector 133
% L/ k; f5 R3 m4 _6 v4.3 Eddy Current and Hysteresis Losses 137
! P! m$ A* q, |4.4 Effect of Saturation 139( P5 U8 w8 B# R, @
4.5 Eddy Loss in a Transformer Winding 141% ~( ?! ^/ Y. O, |
4.6 Circulating Current Loss in Transformer Windings 155
3 |( u; u6 z% G/ EReferences 166
: ]4 N( M" `5 ?; J1 J5 Stray Losses in Structural Components 169, s+ t/ Z0 G! ~) H
5.1 Factors Influencing Stray Losses 171
% }8 G3 U6 `1 g8 x6 q7 D# ?5.2 Overview of Methods for Stray Loss Estimation 182
8 } J5 g) Y* ?: {5.3 Core Edge Loss 184' c: ~+ {4 R! T$ u0 h1 p6 b
5.4 Stray Loss in Frames 185 `) m, C3 e) H
5.5 Stray Loss in Flitch Plates 187 e' `% o/ Y; O/ H% R7 P
5.6 Stray Loss in Tank 192 V. Q7 P F' x3 K" u: s2 i
5.7 Stray Loss in Bushing Mounting Plates 197$ M5 `$ C- H: K, D3 Z
5.8 Evaluation of Stray Loss Due to High Current Leads 199. H; Z0 V- P8 i# Q1 ?4 }1 n
5.9 Measures for Stray Loss Control 206+ ]) q1 a' ~8 w
5.10 Methods for Experimental Verification 214( R1 }" [( Q3 F; I& {$ \+ ?
5.11 Estimation of Stray Losses in Overexcitation Condition 216
; ~2 J- \* O2 A/ X5.12 Load Loss Measurement 218
! ]! C$ p4 y& G0 \5 g/ TReferences 224
( _: Y' |5 w) V) n; j6 Short Circuit Stresses and Strength 231, r4 i, |" d. D2 B( x5 Y1 q
6.1 Short Circuit Currents 232
1 A/ @% @, P' b7 R7 f" Q6.2 Thermal Capability at Short Circuit 239
' @, \1 y0 l6 L( ^* a6.3 Short Circuit Forces 240
7 @% i& M) r! R& e0 ~9 J% ^+ p. q6.4 Dynamic Behavior Under Short Circuits 247
1 p; p" K8 B0 X: ^& ]1 h9 n6.5 Failure Modes Due to Radial Forces 251
( ?/ q: r) O' e; G1 H6.6 Failure Modes Due to Axial Forces 254; Z6 W( ]8 ~0 ^8 e: f
6.7 Effect of Pre-Stress 260
2 \) _4 @4 Q" _; G. C- |' J6.8 Short Circuit Test 260
% @& `" o m4 N0 {7 z" [6.9 Effect of Inrush Current 261
6 A& Y2 r5 i6 h1 u7 E! _/ G& m6.10 Split-Winding Transformers 2628 ?5 H) H: z) v# T* y u
6.11 Short Circuit Withstand 264
6 y _! `6 ]9 S# ]$ ~1 X" k6.12 Calculation of Electrodynamic Force Between8 D) Z% Q+ H( Q5 `; y% O
Parallel Conductors 268
3 x* Z6 L; g* R+ Q) X6.13 Design of Clamping Structures 270/ O; M$ T; v' _. }8 p
References 272
1 i' ^: `5 t) e3 g$ D; @7 Surge Phenomena in Transformers 277
7 A I4 }: X6 Y' p9 }& r7.1 Initial Voltage Distrubution 277
, D8 ~- e2 f% |5 i+ ^" F7.2 Capacitance Calculations 282
2 y! R. f1 ?+ f7.3 Capacitance of Windings 286
F: ^8 T, N% j" S* U7.4 Inductance Calculation 298. ^! o4 {/ o, j1 {$ e$ t
7.5 Standing Waves and Traveling Waves 300
7 m; l) j+ r Q3 f [7.6 Methods for Analysis of Impulse Distribution 303- B1 R% p2 k# N [
7.7 Computation of Impulse Voltage Distribution
$ g- ^) z: n. H# V0 B7 t' PUsing State Variable Method 3061 C& V1 Y6 t5 g
7.8 Winding Design for Reducing Internal Overvoltages 314
/ a2 Y. m6 f1 o5 zReferences 321" B5 L U6 [0 o4 x
8 Insulation Design 327; _- Z+ Y% R+ Y9 Y2 E o) ~$ J, j2 s+ E4 u
8.1 Calculation of Stresses for Simple Configurations 328' z+ L; o& v1 c0 Z
8.2 Field Computations 3337 H, O# `" u: `& ~( R% {
8.3 Factors Affecting Insulation Strength 335
" O8 H3 V \3 P8.4 Test Methods and Design Insulation Level (DIL) 348" d' s& j, G# I
8.5 Insulation Between Two Windings 351
+ g0 I- e1 V3 w% G: G t4 U8.6 Internal Insulation 353- O8 F, J4 B/ e9 X# O2 U8 u
8.7 Design of End Insulation 356! E; u& _$ a, o
8.8 High-Voltage Lead Clearances 358' w0 l e8 L0 E& ?
8.9 Statistical Analysis for Optimization and Quality Enhancement 361
; F1 D8 e6 _0 B, ]References 3624 X& J9 Q @# ?" |7 S- \" F. `3 l
9 Cooling Systems 367
3 i Z! o4 }" o" @! [9.1 Modes of Heat Transfer 368, f+ q* X) F0 }9 a$ q$ J! J
9.2 Cooling Arrangements 370
$ O# ~3 j- J! h, C0 K( J, \) {9.3 Dissipation of Core Heat 375; p( r+ ^) W+ t J: @
9.4 Dissipation of Winding Heat 376
! i8 j( h% S2 m) [$ a9.5 Aging and Life Expectancy 380
5 M; b3 X5 I' y0 }8 L9.6 Direct Hot Spot Measurement 384
9 b+ c" l( T$ m( w: h9.7 Static Electrification Phenomenon 385
. N/ S; S( F& [4 }5 b: e6 uReferences 387
1 y' H/ a9 ?- ]- N& c. U10 Structural Design 389; i, d: E5 X1 w& o3 ^7 s
10.1 Importance of Structural Design 3897 M3 W! d" j5 c8 y
10.2 Different Types of Loads and Tests 3909 e8 W: p, x. G
10.3 Classification of Transformer Tanks 392
2 u) N+ y$ G( y3 o J9 ?8 s10.4 Tank Design 395" u% K7 G, u8 r1 F/ q
10.5 Methods of Analysis 397
( r( f" o4 j: S7 S9 Q10.6 Overpressure Phenomenon in Transformers 401
8 w' t! G2 ?9 N8 [0 O10.7 Seismic Analysis 403# X' v+ p: r* x
10.8 Transformer Noise: Characteristics and Reduction 404* R4 V) d$ A2 T$ ~/ M4 V
References 409
1 C6 o/ O# o1 Y, c( l, z11 Special Transformers 411; y7 C+ e2 t* R$ _) t0 z
11.1 Rectifier Transformers 411
3 } q0 z: F6 ~$ B. }3 z11.2 Converter Transformers for HVDC 417% c8 P# N) Y8 l' f, s
11.3 Furnace Transformers 424# T4 A, G. R. n* \+ @3 {
11.4 Phase Shifting Transformers 428
2 D, a8 B, D: {8 D+ m! aReferences 433; W3 R2 g; |' D0 i& L! e5 ?
12 Recent Trends in Transformer Technology 437. K5 q( c R& u4 L
12.1 Magnetic Circuit 437# h% R+ P* p: F& F/ ^1 N1 p- |
12.2 Windings 438
& o5 \/ {8 k- D' h# H8 ?12.3 Insulation 440
: X7 T# y$ @, B# z& w4 b12.4 Challenges in Design and Manufacture of Transformers 441
/ t) ?: W) Q) w( i12.5 Computer-Aided Design and Analysis 443+ b n. |: t+ S) ~
12.6 Monitoring and Diagnostics 4452 f8 d- s. b/ A5 Q6 T% P. F
12.7 Life Assessment and Refurbishment 4499 O. R2 O8 b! v0 |6 S
References 4499 ^+ E2 y/ M7 ^& T7 {4 h
Appendix A: Fault Calculations 453" N) c1 `$ M6 d: X
A1 Asymmetrical Fault with No In-Feed from LV Side 454/ ~; q0 p- \$ V' L! J# r4 Q" a
A2 Asymmetrical Fault with In-Feed from LV Side 457
* _9 D) R$ X+ w' ^Appendix B: Stress and Capacitance Formulae 459
( X: B* K1 f( P# i |: YB1 Stress Calculations 459
- n/ u3 w" N2 @ P5 iB2 Capacitance Calculations 467 |
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