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电子图书
| 电子图书名: |
变压器设计与实践(英文)Transformer Engineering |
| 编者: |
未知 |
| 内容简介: |
变压器设计 |
| 所属专业方向: |
变压器 |
| 出版社: |
未知 |
| 来源: |
网络 |
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Contents/ n3 B% x" G# Z4 ~( W
Foreword Jin Sim iii
$ p' V9 H9 l& G Y% E+ KPreface v: b5 ~% K; q: p1 {
Acknowledgements ix' M& |& ~7 X; x' s7 T" {: e+ n( D0 U
1 Transformer Fundamentals 19 U; \1 W* ^- v# o) g/ q2 W K
1.1 Perspective 1
* A9 [3 s/ V* N1.2 Applications and Types of Transformers 5+ }9 @8 p* |) y3 Z u
1.3 Principles and Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer 11
3 @- p. Y" B- F; X+ a0 x1 X1.4 Representation of Transformer in Power System 20
6 ~$ R2 P5 F8 }0 c7 O1.5 Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Tests 23# V" N9 T$ {5 d; e, U+ E" G& s
1.6 Voltage Regulation and Efficiency 25# e4 B2 B$ E% R0 P" z7 _
1.7 Parallel Operation of Transformers 33
; L/ V; r/ h% g. s4 eReferences 34
2 {5 }: ?" M" i" ?2 Magnetic Characteristics 35
( N/ A% k: B$ X$ C& r8 x2.1 Construction 36( F0 ? L# h2 @ o2 n i6 ?
2.2 Hysteresis and Eddy Losses 423 x9 q. @8 j- o
2.3 Excitation Characteristics 448 g' _: I% Q0 P1 N
2.4 Over-Excitation Performance 46* h7 g$ ]: S4 H, k
2.5 No-Load Loss Test 46
4 O* p& D/ E7 t, w1 x; _2.6 Impact of Manufacturing Processes on Core Performance 54
6 @/ U5 q. E+ L4 [, e/ ~4 }4 @2.7 Inrush Current 56
% J$ N$ J5 P, u: Y2.8 Influence of Core Construction and Winding
9 ~4 d: Z3 k: k8 ]7 xConnections on No-Load Harmonic Phenomenon 67- K5 A" _3 {" U9 d* r. w
2.9 Transformer Noise 69
( L7 L( o+ J# G( J- ?& AReferences 72* N3 T0 c; O( x2 K1 {3 z
3 Impedance Characteristics 77
1 V \3 l$ _7 F$ {, S# {( C3.1 Reactance Calculation 78, |' P/ y. W/ B; M
3.2 Different Approaches for Reactance Calculation 85
) }$ M, h2 J3 d4 }" h3.3 Two-Dimensional Analytical Methods 88. X* Z& t" Y) H# s$ v! `; [9 G3 d3 D
3.4 Numerical Method for Reactance Calculation 90* |$ M% M+ E& C! F
3.5 Impedance Characteristics of Three-Winding Transformer 983 Z3 Z: S: e" j2 R3 N5 S( U
3.6 Reactance Calculation for Zigzag Transformer 103
$ f5 {3 F9 G+ C9 a3.7 Zero-Sequence Reactance Estimation 1084 z+ g( P7 y& P
3.8 Stabilizing Tertiary Winding 121) T w" s7 s+ ~
References 123' I$ k1 ` n; q' D; d
4 Eddy Currents and Winding Stray Losses 127
9 k# K y2 i+ q6 R4.1 Field Equations 128' k3 z7 B$ y9 n4 u6 l4 S. o( s
4.2 Poynting Vector 133
, c/ T$ d, M M7 n; ]$ X, r% @0 O4.3 Eddy Current and Hysteresis Losses 137. _0 y# Z# a5 h1 t/ n* _2 S* X k
4.4 Effect of Saturation 1391 L' @5 r& n' `6 i6 G7 [) @. z& g- F
4.5 Eddy Loss in a Transformer Winding 141
# D* R2 D+ }9 N s0 y4.6 Circulating Current Loss in Transformer Windings 155
9 t6 _# {4 f1 B4 h/ J3 T8 S) o; fReferences 1661 F. u/ a& @0 T
5 Stray Losses in Structural Components 169! k: \" n# u- k; B, m
5.1 Factors Influencing Stray Losses 1717 a7 Z0 A1 c- b
5.2 Overview of Methods for Stray Loss Estimation 182( X! X. I, u+ Y1 R g2 {
5.3 Core Edge Loss 184
0 C* v, S9 ]7 j& N5.4 Stray Loss in Frames 185
" C+ V: a1 L+ O* x0 {5.5 Stray Loss in Flitch Plates 187
. u* v& C! s% \" E! x X5.6 Stray Loss in Tank 1928 \+ |/ c v# F. B' w# z9 l
5.7 Stray Loss in Bushing Mounting Plates 197
% Q7 {( G. r3 l0 N a/ n7 a5.8 Evaluation of Stray Loss Due to High Current Leads 199
* W' B$ A* c" A6 I! E1 Q1 x8 i5.9 Measures for Stray Loss Control 206
3 z8 B8 b8 w2 Y% H2 W6 P y5.10 Methods for Experimental Verification 214+ s3 Z! Q) z- ]; m
5.11 Estimation of Stray Losses in Overexcitation Condition 216' ?' u( N7 m6 \( [6 l K
5.12 Load Loss Measurement 218
2 s, K* @% {2 Q5 ^, LReferences 2245 V9 Q( }$ J2 g3 Z9 L) n. Y' ^) |8 f# k
6 Short Circuit Stresses and Strength 231+ n# F2 C9 S. u/ `6 N" w7 w" s
6.1 Short Circuit Currents 2324 u' D; _# r' v
6.2 Thermal Capability at Short Circuit 239
* I# b- _! T1 X7 K6.3 Short Circuit Forces 240
( y$ P$ b( N9 P6 z3 Q2 ]5 S& R6.4 Dynamic Behavior Under Short Circuits 247) E; }# b7 e3 {6 i. r8 j: ]: `$ C
6.5 Failure Modes Due to Radial Forces 2511 J; P1 l* v J2 V$ w: l0 x- {1 Q/ g' U
6.6 Failure Modes Due to Axial Forces 254
4 Q" D' j& D1 s( P) g3 m$ [ P8 J6.7 Effect of Pre-Stress 260
. @( z7 i9 J' R- c6 j6.8 Short Circuit Test 2600 d8 u6 T/ H9 G( @" Y% R
6.9 Effect of Inrush Current 261
) t0 E$ C( W! K" i, z6.10 Split-Winding Transformers 262
0 q! P# V5 X& O% E5 n6.11 Short Circuit Withstand 264- g! e- }" `' A/ N
6.12 Calculation of Electrodynamic Force Between
8 B8 g$ C# {. C& v }* lParallel Conductors 268
# G/ K- Z6 e& e& M# v1 A: u# m6.13 Design of Clamping Structures 270
: E9 ]6 X4 [; e! b; L4 ^' V8 F/ Z- HReferences 272
0 z9 k4 ^. m# }* e: }- k7 Surge Phenomena in Transformers 277) I% F: |6 H( v
7.1 Initial Voltage Distrubution 2770 K, \# w/ q3 ?. r% u
7.2 Capacitance Calculations 282
" {4 T8 F9 C0 b* \. c$ p7.3 Capacitance of Windings 286
1 ^4 D4 ~0 o; [2 W! `, g7.4 Inductance Calculation 298
/ Y. P r* H$ v! Y7.5 Standing Waves and Traveling Waves 300" y0 ]/ r' Q" X( p& ]5 S" J
7.6 Methods for Analysis of Impulse Distribution 303
. f0 q* ^( r$ R5 E" \$ q7.7 Computation of Impulse Voltage Distribution5 O- i) {: p7 O. k$ F, {' \
Using State Variable Method 3062 ~: S: z0 _4 [, {. C8 w3 p1 ~
7.8 Winding Design for Reducing Internal Overvoltages 314
/ x; n- z( ~; E1 S1 FReferences 321! ^* S0 l. R+ o9 ^, m
8 Insulation Design 327
/ N5 t) \" ~; G8 E8.1 Calculation of Stresses for Simple Configurations 328
( W2 d% {. l# u% H+ a7 E8 K8.2 Field Computations 3334 f4 @+ t) m3 V% D$ I, a
8.3 Factors Affecting Insulation Strength 335
+ U0 S- u0 A! a/ O% L) P8.4 Test Methods and Design Insulation Level (DIL) 348; ~* [ A* p+ }) y0 I. e# n* V( L3 d
8.5 Insulation Between Two Windings 351$ J) j8 e/ u0 x
8.6 Internal Insulation 3538 e+ [& n$ l6 q. x4 R" s) t, e: z
8.7 Design of End Insulation 356: _1 h# f( |- g
8.8 High-Voltage Lead Clearances 3588 B$ j5 P& a) L
8.9 Statistical Analysis for Optimization and Quality Enhancement 361( t- t3 X& o* d
References 362
% }$ ]% J) m( W4 k9 Cooling Systems 367
5 \' W7 {3 T$ I, y9.1 Modes of Heat Transfer 3686 e( ]/ q0 ~! z4 B' g1 p7 u
9.2 Cooling Arrangements 370+ S, V) e. h! l+ T: M
9.3 Dissipation of Core Heat 375
+ ?/ K) ~1 V; n) O( F9.4 Dissipation of Winding Heat 3767 R; {9 l& o2 {& e
9.5 Aging and Life Expectancy 380! u0 ~( R+ k) J1 P
9.6 Direct Hot Spot Measurement 384) o! A4 K6 d; {# P
9.7 Static Electrification Phenomenon 385# H. n9 C/ d* ?. x3 Q$ `" O4 S
References 387
( F' Y( V" ^& W7 T10 Structural Design 3892 K: Q- N+ H& c9 ^+ k+ H( j7 J, X Z
10.1 Importance of Structural Design 389
" E5 K% c" e+ K) ` y% w10.2 Different Types of Loads and Tests 390
6 X5 j' \- ?1 z6 [4 m10.3 Classification of Transformer Tanks 392
+ G) j" f2 ~) l3 v3 y" x& s10.4 Tank Design 395' {# w J1 `' \8 m/ n A, r
10.5 Methods of Analysis 397
$ f- z2 C0 `& B- ~3 Z) L10.6 Overpressure Phenomenon in Transformers 401
2 p; b n* s3 i* ^) l: y10.7 Seismic Analysis 403
. r& U* P" |# }, {: U- V" o, k10.8 Transformer Noise: Characteristics and Reduction 4045 ~! Q( L( f, q
References 409, F( t+ }. [/ s5 ]( o; n. w6 L: @4 Z
11 Special Transformers 4112 _3 J2 z% x( Q/ z$ ~4 o! s
11.1 Rectifier Transformers 411) p3 m( X l2 T
11.2 Converter Transformers for HVDC 4171 E B2 u! u; } L& u0 J( s
11.3 Furnace Transformers 424
; W! u3 Z L- |3 v. D11.4 Phase Shifting Transformers 4286 W; a( q/ s) t' B& M4 I4 T) I
References 4337 h9 R) s. H6 x& N, V
12 Recent Trends in Transformer Technology 437
. {( G) e$ ^; L# ~/ r- `12.1 Magnetic Circuit 437% T; a( r- X) N0 c: |" L6 o
12.2 Windings 438
- o, P. H. g2 M5 ~1 ~12.3 Insulation 440
7 F' V( {7 } @12.4 Challenges in Design and Manufacture of Transformers 441
9 |$ C. t8 r- [' f4 N3 Q& H12.5 Computer-Aided Design and Analysis 443
! B h8 k9 J5 a$ a. Y7 x12.6 Monitoring and Diagnostics 445
0 k) n7 N2 T! {& b12.7 Life Assessment and Refurbishment 449
! P8 W7 X. i$ d( DReferences 449
; j+ N8 Z" {6 _8 j% X; v- B( ~Appendix A: Fault Calculations 453
) U) ~' E( s$ J; V1 |8 f: _A1 Asymmetrical Fault with No In-Feed from LV Side 4540 @& E$ k0 p) w
A2 Asymmetrical Fault with In-Feed from LV Side 457
, b, I; W6 I, K. l4 x* `. QAppendix B: Stress and Capacitance Formulae 459% {% }" P5 Y0 d' Z# ?6 }
B1 Stress Calculations 459( R! I. E9 \+ j9 \
B2 Capacitance Calculations 467 |
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