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电子图书
| 电子图书名: |
变压器设计与实践（英文）Transformer Engineering |
| 编者: |
未知 |
| 所属专业方向: |
变压器 |
| 内容简介: |
变压器设计 |
| 出版社: |
未知 |
| 来源: |
网络 |
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Contents: H1 x. I: v4 @4 {
Foreword Jin Sim iii0 }+ j( a9 S" U
Preface v! @2 V8 q) U( [+ r
Acknowledgements ix
% z2 U5 ^: [/ U0 S4 A3 M N1 Transformer Fundamentals 1
$ I, r1 A2 c' G1.1 Perspective 1
+ W' L) N- f- C1.2 Applications and Types of Transformers 5
& P3 L: f( d: M$ t# e: k- ^3 k1 j1.3 Principles and Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer 11
, S! C: l5 H( H+ d1.4 Representation of Transformer in Power System 206 u) r/ k2 o% a) O) C& B. w
1.5 Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Tests 23& R. [# q& |) p$ V3 g
1.6 Voltage Regulation and Efficiency 25
) J. `0 T% Q+ k5 _# B: r; g1.7 Parallel Operation of Transformers 339 _4 M. r9 T( _. q" n3 L5 {5 S/ k9 m
References 34
- f- i5 \0 E* i& z/ b2 Magnetic Characteristics 35
) E8 i3 p6 X0 F" z5 m8 }2.1 Construction 36
) T" a1 C' h! O% c( u2 \2.2 Hysteresis and Eddy Losses 426 K- e2 F6 N3 W0 [
2.3 Excitation Characteristics 44
! O8 \3 [1 f7 r% p2.4 Over-Excitation Performance 462 Q* K! x; g- E# W7 c
2.5 No-Load Loss Test 46
$ Z, E- U0 S I i/ b" T2.6 Impact of Manufacturing Processes on Core Performance 54
* P( Z- c( R# j* @$ N2.7 Inrush Current 56+ ]5 k5 V% O; |* g9 I( A
2.8 Influence of Core Construction and Winding4 X! W5 l! F3 N9 T
Connections on No-Load Harmonic Phenomenon 672 r* k, C* a& h/ ?6 y; [4 a# ]
2.9 Transformer Noise 694 S" t% F. b8 e1 ?! k: q; C, x
References 729 ~7 M( {) j6 P- w7 O
3 Impedance Characteristics 77
5 s( r Q @ k$ o% d# X& {+ E2 N7 I3.1 Reactance Calculation 78
x1 S9 O2 ^9 c2 h3.2 Different Approaches for Reactance Calculation 85
* c" ?; b) m& Y3.3 Two-Dimensional Analytical Methods 88
! ]1 J( T9 G- L$ P9 M8 ^' [3.4 Numerical Method for Reactance Calculation 90# n: L$ p7 p9 g: W6 ~8 u. _
3.5 Impedance Characteristics of Three-Winding Transformer 98
" E4 z: [9 J1 ~, k' |6 }3.6 Reactance Calculation for Zigzag Transformer 103
& e9 h* m$ a0 c6 \3.7 Zero-Sequence Reactance Estimation 108
5 Z5 S9 Q" @% H3.8 Stabilizing Tertiary Winding 1215 y( E( y, C* w. B- p
References 1234 i( Y7 k6 H0 r! v7 m7 z6 c
4 Eddy Currents and Winding Stray Losses 127) u/ @7 J/ o+ m& |! [2 G& w9 ~
4.1 Field Equations 128
6 S; }0 b2 M5 {) F- q7 n4.2 Poynting Vector 133
8 H) z; Q$ c1 L4.3 Eddy Current and Hysteresis Losses 137/ Z, A' S- S" o$ q
4.4 Effect of Saturation 139
7 f. x7 \6 Q: U& o9 u- m, Q/ B4.5 Eddy Loss in a Transformer Winding 1419 O h4 ]! F ?" L/ Y8 M, e' S
4.6 Circulating Current Loss in Transformer Windings 155
( v: c+ m7 G: x5 r y1 q0 WReferences 166
# Q: ^+ r. B1 ^5 Stray Losses in Structural Components 169
% c4 A4 G$ h% I5 U$ ~% `/ W7 @5.1 Factors Influencing Stray Losses 171- s9 @8 O! P$ m8 @ }
5.2 Overview of Methods for Stray Loss Estimation 182
' P! i# r; `1 p8 [$ }" E* F* c5.3 Core Edge Loss 184
9 M, ^& R9 g( ]* t2 e8 d1 r5.4 Stray Loss in Frames 185' B4 X( Y' G A% V {% T, p- ?
5.5 Stray Loss in Flitch Plates 187
8 a0 N. l1 y, Q5.6 Stray Loss in Tank 192
; c# ^) f3 O+ J9 ]+ ^, q) ]) }5.7 Stray Loss in Bushing Mounting Plates 1979 ~0 [( a9 s& S) D! F; M
5.8 Evaluation of Stray Loss Due to High Current Leads 199) S6 @) W0 m/ y
5.9 Measures for Stray Loss Control 206% u* C' N' T7 P0 M- v
5.10 Methods for Experimental Verification 214
* J' x% E* N% {5 _: F; n% w- U' n3 u5.11 Estimation of Stray Losses in Overexcitation Condition 2164 X0 |; d7 k v7 q J( b
5.12 Load Loss Measurement 218
4 d$ S/ u8 c6 gReferences 224$ n- w3 j( q; _2 n6 d5 G- C2 J3 J
6 Short Circuit Stresses and Strength 231. T. U7 u1 B6 b0 N: Q2 G
6.1 Short Circuit Currents 232/ U7 M8 S6 ]6 l
6.2 Thermal Capability at Short Circuit 239
2 k- N9 {. I; \* i6.3 Short Circuit Forces 240. k, b% P( B. I& _: f* [( d
6.4 Dynamic Behavior Under Short Circuits 247
7 ~( r0 X* n4 N" j' x6.5 Failure Modes Due to Radial Forces 251
8 p2 |8 O% d" z2 h1 @7 A0 ^6.6 Failure Modes Due to Axial Forces 254
* k- ]" b3 n5 |' L6.7 Effect of Pre-Stress 260. ~- z( ]2 z1 P8 ]" b
6.8 Short Circuit Test 260- G) A, V& }# P. D+ n9 D2 \
6.9 Effect of Inrush Current 2619 i! h! ]. F0 a9 Y; }
6.10 Split-Winding Transformers 262' T5 }7 x* a" Q! M+ \: U
6.11 Short Circuit Withstand 2646 I: z( |2 }: E* c$ }6 S N5 D6 \
6.12 Calculation of Electrodynamic Force Between
8 B' i; o" T/ U: h4 CParallel Conductors 268
+ L6 Y) J2 G% V6 w3 V# R( D+ z6.13 Design of Clamping Structures 270
: c; [1 B8 b) Y* }$ O3 i wReferences 272- i* E5 c0 |* b3 \
7 Surge Phenomena in Transformers 2771 x" F8 _/ F6 x; t
7.1 Initial Voltage Distrubution 277
2 h0 ^+ i) B& V" |0 w/ D7.2 Capacitance Calculations 282
) ~( z: j+ y/ y; Q# m6 k c7.3 Capacitance of Windings 286
) y( J# j2 l+ S& |9 ~* ^7.4 Inductance Calculation 298$ ]0 s' d) w" N' p" Y$ e& T
7.5 Standing Waves and Traveling Waves 3001 m1 ~8 Z7 w# e
7.6 Methods for Analysis of Impulse Distribution 303% B) U8 D( d, g) t! |: O
7.7 Computation of Impulse Voltage Distribution
# K* |. K6 z* s c" z! ZUsing State Variable Method 306
Z* b/ R. D- Y) M7.8 Winding Design for Reducing Internal Overvoltages 314( t% y& @: g- I$ F+ W. {& k: ~
References 321- j0 d+ P1 ~+ s% b2 ^# h9 b
8 Insulation Design 327% M k- ]/ c4 O# M) ^; \
8.1 Calculation of Stresses for Simple Configurations 328
8 `( [, K) w3 O1 z- J$ A8.2 Field Computations 333
9 } M4 V* \3 p' b7 j; d5 y3 @1 q8.3 Factors Affecting Insulation Strength 335: C9 K+ q+ v9 J
8.4 Test Methods and Design Insulation Level (DIL) 348" X# R5 t8 Y. ?0 b; k: x# e; \
8.5 Insulation Between Two Windings 3515 S! z. t. {3 E+ W* x% _' P: l$ I
8.6 Internal Insulation 353' i; d! l6 Z; I( O3 ]1 B
8.7 Design of End Insulation 356
! _ y! o1 j. v5 z" ]9 Z8 `" L8.8 High-Voltage Lead Clearances 358* y6 @6 {) p) _
8.9 Statistical Analysis for Optimization and Quality Enhancement 361
1 c/ @0 Y1 z, z+ ]3 n! E9 NReferences 362/ k) B U% N) I$ X4 S5 p2 j
9 Cooling Systems 367 `, f! L, ?8 c7 I; N, Z
9.1 Modes of Heat Transfer 368
, X- C5 \# o2 _8 h$ Z, S. X+ j/ B9.2 Cooling Arrangements 370, N7 C* k$ w6 w- l2 V1 k
9.3 Dissipation of Core Heat 375/ D3 O3 O0 U# [5 t
9.4 Dissipation of Winding Heat 376
! m# W$ D9 s* R ?# Z9 n/ O9.5 Aging and Life Expectancy 380( o& Q' @* D: ?/ T' t
9.6 Direct Hot Spot Measurement 384! I6 O$ i9 ~8 |4 I/ A
9.7 Static Electrification Phenomenon 385; M% E5 q' E4 R4 F. I" e
References 387/ }. u. r- \# }' y8 B
10 Structural Design 389! B8 f5 t5 |- A3 _
10.1 Importance of Structural Design 389
- L. S# z' Z' y+ ~; y10.2 Different Types of Loads and Tests 390, i( M& K! H/ B1 k- Y. B
10.3 Classification of Transformer Tanks 392
3 J" L$ F( A3 ^ s; p& K10.4 Tank Design 395# @% t; o4 x: l/ ?/ D* y+ v
10.5 Methods of Analysis 397
, L. v5 b X3 R; a0 a10.6 Overpressure Phenomenon in Transformers 401" N! C" g: \, Y+ X( b" c; W' j* t
10.7 Seismic Analysis 403& a& J' `7 g9 ?) b4 V
10.8 Transformer Noise: Characteristics and Reduction 404 r; A" O+ w" h+ |6 Z. I
References 409
$ f4 G8 G# u6 V ]; \11 Special Transformers 411
' N, W5 {' Y ^5 D: @* k11.1 Rectifier Transformers 4114 J. _& y+ B8 K5 D
11.2 Converter Transformers for HVDC 417
/ q+ E7 b$ A+ a- ^11.3 Furnace Transformers 4249 q$ L" _6 a# h/ d( l5 r& ]
11.4 Phase Shifting Transformers 428
$ R. A% a: T% W6 Q: [% K6 `8 tReferences 433& O/ {% w9 U: y& Q& A" ] C
12 Recent Trends in Transformer Technology 437- c! p' }( x/ `. M2 O' A
12.1 Magnetic Circuit 437
8 {& s8 U5 @. D7 g8 D: C12.2 Windings 438
# _% y: d' M6 t9 \( l% F; G12.3 Insulation 440, A: O0 O1 W- I4 a+ X
12.4 Challenges in Design and Manufacture of Transformers 441
* E" {! n6 {( g, p+ k12.5 Computer-Aided Design and Analysis 4430 ~+ k& q- `$ ?, L! [6 F& n
12.6 Monitoring and Diagnostics 4451 ^+ @1 N; G# K5 s3 ~0 z
12.7 Life Assessment and Refurbishment 449
5 x# G! \! }2 R* G0 l0 Z/ IReferences 4498 d/ _( q7 w+ A! C3 V4 y' Y& [
Appendix A: Fault Calculations 453
: s9 V! i) y: d9 \: dA1 Asymmetrical Fault with No In-Feed from LV Side 454
1 n5 g$ c' u' |' x1 hA2 Asymmetrical Fault with In-Feed from LV Side 457
8 J& ^& u2 S) ?: z) }Appendix B: Stress and Capacitance Formulae 459
% g; \1 P( {8 G- Y% [5 xB1 Stress Calculations 459
3 S: x3 m G) o8 [B2 Capacitance Calculations 467 |
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