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电子图书
电子图书名: |
变压器设计与实践(英文)Transformer Engineering |
编者: |
未知 |
内容简介: |
变压器设计 |
所属专业方向: |
变压器 |
出版社: |
未知 |
来源: |
网络 |
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Contents
& I/ T6 {' e5 j: U( N3 y; xForeword Jin Sim iii
/ n5 }' w$ T P/ z: ]Preface v7 t5 Q/ |; s4 r( U
Acknowledgements ix
6 q# C+ g: y# {1 Transformer Fundamentals 1
9 F5 W6 E t; r, Y3 V3 ?2 O0 ?& L. k1.1 Perspective 1
& z* }( X( n( H1.2 Applications and Types of Transformers 5
) I9 `+ E3 I5 a7 j' Z1.3 Principles and Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer 11
1 ?& j) O5 C+ ]. V& G1.4 Representation of Transformer in Power System 20
' r2 S* W* u$ g" e1.5 Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Tests 23% \9 g0 Q9 y& X+ I T
1.6 Voltage Regulation and Efficiency 25- L6 ^% T6 ?8 {# r3 b Z
1.7 Parallel Operation of Transformers 331 K) o2 B5 ^: r8 S2 ^' t. P
References 34
) O5 D+ F, |/ z! M2 w9 M& m2 Magnetic Characteristics 352 `! a3 `. j V, N* ?
2.1 Construction 36
) j8 q- }& I6 F; ^0 | e2 w, X2.2 Hysteresis and Eddy Losses 42
* }; s I" j$ r8 q) b/ U4 ~2.3 Excitation Characteristics 44* s7 @" B3 A& g6 c- o
2.4 Over-Excitation Performance 46
' X P/ d" {9 Z2 X: z2.5 No-Load Loss Test 46
" ~9 W+ w5 S3 V/ i5 H2.6 Impact of Manufacturing Processes on Core Performance 54
% D! U$ l: \5 [0 I, L9 ?2.7 Inrush Current 56
0 J- U0 x; ^. f: j2.8 Influence of Core Construction and Winding
, i% V" ]/ X) a& x/ ~1 W2 i9 M2 PConnections on No-Load Harmonic Phenomenon 67: w Q% l2 k0 e0 w% n; V& ^
2.9 Transformer Noise 69
3 u" |( T. c0 i; Z z% H, R5 HReferences 72
6 Z+ a: ]2 I4 ]& n4 ?. N7 X( @3 Impedance Characteristics 77
- R" C! a7 Y7 O6 d S1 O3.1 Reactance Calculation 78+ A' ]* E' p ]3 ? q
3.2 Different Approaches for Reactance Calculation 85
1 |) { |, m) l* x9 s. v: \% } l3.3 Two-Dimensional Analytical Methods 88, w. _8 @8 R+ i4 h. G r$ Y5 x) _
3.4 Numerical Method for Reactance Calculation 90/ T, D1 G6 i6 H9 H! n
3.5 Impedance Characteristics of Three-Winding Transformer 98
# j* c# k& V: o+ Q& V3.6 Reactance Calculation for Zigzag Transformer 103
1 t' ?! Q+ K) V+ r: F2 R: {3.7 Zero-Sequence Reactance Estimation 108
8 \1 q7 e3 Y3 N+ N3.8 Stabilizing Tertiary Winding 121
! {% G4 Q; l; p* N+ l0 P6 WReferences 1238 C2 d( [; E, d. O2 L, H- V
4 Eddy Currents and Winding Stray Losses 127
+ ^& M, t+ g( O+ C% B; x4.1 Field Equations 128
0 b9 J. G7 ?3 f7 @- u& ~4.2 Poynting Vector 133
* }3 r/ X$ e ?# e4.3 Eddy Current and Hysteresis Losses 137
. \' z9 [/ h( q* x4.4 Effect of Saturation 139
$ N. K1 R# D: x2 L4.5 Eddy Loss in a Transformer Winding 141 s2 K) @. G' K% L
4.6 Circulating Current Loss in Transformer Windings 155
: O( s5 `! i& aReferences 166
! q% i! b2 G6 k: z# J, ]7 H! q5 Stray Losses in Structural Components 169
5 L& @" g" O. `4 W5.1 Factors Influencing Stray Losses 171
( J! L8 v5 s0 n1 I3 H, X5.2 Overview of Methods for Stray Loss Estimation 1826 j2 `! Z$ n# `9 r! S; X
5.3 Core Edge Loss 184+ W( i% B" n, p8 N1 [( Z( \
5.4 Stray Loss in Frames 185; ]/ g4 C0 ^! H( M8 g
5.5 Stray Loss in Flitch Plates 187
. B" D* J- Q4 [5.6 Stray Loss in Tank 192
b6 V9 M9 E( A5 K4 p/ S1 C5.7 Stray Loss in Bushing Mounting Plates 1971 y' \1 I4 q1 W, m5 l( i& n' i
5.8 Evaluation of Stray Loss Due to High Current Leads 199# j9 r. k' l: }/ P+ Q2 L
5.9 Measures for Stray Loss Control 206& x# z7 U, @4 }5 ~( ` P# u
5.10 Methods for Experimental Verification 214' o0 h; [ X3 S' y' h- B9 F) O
5.11 Estimation of Stray Losses in Overexcitation Condition 216
' `* v! E$ d/ g. j5.12 Load Loss Measurement 218# s: `9 d1 Z( t1 l3 w5 f
References 224
% v3 ^0 {/ `+ P) J+ `. }6 Short Circuit Stresses and Strength 231. x4 G m, r# A: I. |; b; W) q
6.1 Short Circuit Currents 2327 W* e$ R( U5 v+ W" M$ Z0 i6 b7 a
6.2 Thermal Capability at Short Circuit 239
* k& v5 z: @) A# R8 o6.3 Short Circuit Forces 240) p3 T' y& C# c5 _) @
6.4 Dynamic Behavior Under Short Circuits 247
; L% ]3 ~- e3 l1 D! `( ~" H, A8 W6.5 Failure Modes Due to Radial Forces 251/ B/ m4 m- p o
6.6 Failure Modes Due to Axial Forces 254
4 m! v3 u) n! q7 P0 \' u% v0 I6.7 Effect of Pre-Stress 2609 t5 A" f7 D8 z1 m7 s8 w
6.8 Short Circuit Test 260
, X# H9 h) W9 a& u P6.9 Effect of Inrush Current 261
6 U3 D8 s8 r" f/ e6.10 Split-Winding Transformers 262
* R5 P# P: f7 y* z) _6.11 Short Circuit Withstand 264! g$ b4 e4 `9 e6 D
6.12 Calculation of Electrodynamic Force Between
6 U( U$ d+ G# N# e) j) G e/ IParallel Conductors 268
% `2 n6 M( s' U4 }' g1 {! T6.13 Design of Clamping Structures 270: t0 Z) ?/ D4 w: ]- |; x
References 272
& y n; Z/ T) Q& i0 v7 Surge Phenomena in Transformers 2777 @* t- Q0 j. n7 |( I% Q3 @9 g
7.1 Initial Voltage Distrubution 277
/ h" G. ?" v T) i7.2 Capacitance Calculations 282
/ k4 o1 C/ G# y: B* _" K7.3 Capacitance of Windings 286
. S0 C5 [# o! J% X& q4 D7.4 Inductance Calculation 2986 k6 T) ^* M* }) _$ x
7.5 Standing Waves and Traveling Waves 300
1 T# w' ]! h3 s7.6 Methods for Analysis of Impulse Distribution 3035 N5 X/ R1 ]- y, R- ?2 c
7.7 Computation of Impulse Voltage Distribution
3 w" U& N2 c; K3 R6 ZUsing State Variable Method 306/ [5 R! {( ~* h2 e- O1 s
7.8 Winding Design for Reducing Internal Overvoltages 314
3 \# E9 Q# ?# g; Y8 U2 nReferences 321- ~3 T& S9 A2 _" e8 @- m! r8 v+ ^
8 Insulation Design 327
- ?' \( W- Q; q9 ^) T8.1 Calculation of Stresses for Simple Configurations 328
; X$ o0 h* O9 u/ ? G8.2 Field Computations 333! D+ k p4 `) L7 _) u
8.3 Factors Affecting Insulation Strength 335
6 @0 v+ P8 ~$ n* L8.4 Test Methods and Design Insulation Level (DIL) 348
4 g9 O) q Z( Z. H- Y- g- c8.5 Insulation Between Two Windings 3514 M8 f% |& P) d8 F
8.6 Internal Insulation 353
, D' U& K7 W/ I2 U2 l( D. c8.7 Design of End Insulation 356: {1 |, r; ?3 W2 e7 ?: j: U( H V
8.8 High-Voltage Lead Clearances 358$ V5 L& N' V8 Q( z5 }. a
8.9 Statistical Analysis for Optimization and Quality Enhancement 3619 @$ [- `- X1 W6 z
References 3629 I# Y- k$ B/ @, d8 j$ {# ]
9 Cooling Systems 367. f9 \1 ^3 i! c& C% ^" m
9.1 Modes of Heat Transfer 3683 S; n: w5 r. B8 Y" M+ Y
9.2 Cooling Arrangements 370
6 }6 O: G! {) {7 b: q3 b; y" S9.3 Dissipation of Core Heat 375
3 d2 i ] g" g9.4 Dissipation of Winding Heat 376; w, G6 Z! r4 q# {# Z' O. T: E
9.5 Aging and Life Expectancy 380
# B$ ~( K+ p9 X9.6 Direct Hot Spot Measurement 384/ J! B* ^# ~, U$ p: `* K
9.7 Static Electrification Phenomenon 385$ ?3 J' S2 m% t G- _" K
References 3875 m+ K1 s$ o8 P9 f) e* l0 M1 B
10 Structural Design 389" g: i6 P( ~: ~1 V2 B, h/ C
10.1 Importance of Structural Design 389
/ N" T: L H9 b! O; e10.2 Different Types of Loads and Tests 390
; m* j4 G: [# ]0 ?# d; z10.3 Classification of Transformer Tanks 392
2 M! I* v# U; c1 s/ H1 M: M10.4 Tank Design 395
/ }7 q8 C9 o: ]. _' S$ T: H10.5 Methods of Analysis 397. v- G) p) h. }, W) `0 V
10.6 Overpressure Phenomenon in Transformers 4016 b5 F- ^5 w5 w' m/ ~
10.7 Seismic Analysis 403
+ i: _' A' [* S10.8 Transformer Noise: Characteristics and Reduction 404/ s0 m0 g# q- M' |8 h
References 4097 M* r# C, Y' E* K
11 Special Transformers 4112 O7 O6 z1 l" z+ d$ N& }5 `
11.1 Rectifier Transformers 411
. j: A2 {2 ?! @$ L! `11.2 Converter Transformers for HVDC 417
1 F! y9 @2 l8 v' h0 O$ |4 k; ^11.3 Furnace Transformers 424$ E* n# R& w3 ?2 p( \
11.4 Phase Shifting Transformers 428+ D7 |# j; o0 A3 [/ Y. ~
References 433
& V1 G$ Y9 E8 G3 J1 D12 Recent Trends in Transformer Technology 437
& n4 O, ]; S7 j/ l12.1 Magnetic Circuit 437
; O0 J5 h8 }: |: ]- ]12.2 Windings 438
$ [, K* M, x2 Y8 y- y3 Q! A, E" K4 w3 X12.3 Insulation 440
; y+ B; P3 w6 B8 n; V6 L# ^. r12.4 Challenges in Design and Manufacture of Transformers 441
1 m$ c3 u# w4 i+ I l' r3 |12.5 Computer-Aided Design and Analysis 443) T" j) s; ]* d
12.6 Monitoring and Diagnostics 445! [9 J1 r- T) \. |, U
12.7 Life Assessment and Refurbishment 4492 ]; ~% V$ n0 G1 I; L6 Z0 H
References 449
0 p/ Z' p& q% Y! U9 M( ]% ~Appendix A: Fault Calculations 453
1 M% H5 W% L; |+ rA1 Asymmetrical Fault with No In-Feed from LV Side 454
, i0 z, {7 P3 E- w( _+ s/ j* LA2 Asymmetrical Fault with In-Feed from LV Side 457
/ \3 f" M" o) H, g' I) y9 bAppendix B: Stress and Capacitance Formulae 4590 F" f$ `/ [# ~% j
B1 Stress Calculations 459) R/ t4 y; U& @! [
B2 Capacitance Calculations 467 |
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