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发表于 2009-3-1 22:11:52
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谢谢分享, 很好的综述文章, 内容目录如下; ^$ Z7 n3 V q$ Q( p2 [
, c, @: W m1 [6 V5 h5 PIntegration of Wind Energy into the Alberta Electric System – $ W1 U) x' t- A% G, s2 y E \, Q+ l
9 c' c- G1 a- `( |
Stage 1:
% [) [; K- e* O' kVoltage Regulation Study
2 }/ h& k) |1 {+ H$ _( \3 J k p; b+ g! {1 C' s5 C9 a8 Y0 u
TERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS.............................................................................................................5. W* [! P0 m; S% o
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................7& w9 x/ |& V' B! P3 L5 R
1 SYSTEM DATA AND MODELING ASSUMPTIONS......................................................................8
# C% E8 q7 @, F2 i+ i1.1 MODELING OF THE ALBERTA INTERCONNECTED ELECTRIC SYSTEM ..............................................8
! v! w5 z$ \$ a, m1.1.1 Power Flow Model.........................................................................................................................8* m7 b4 ]/ X- b; X6 i
1.1.2 Dynamic Models............................................................................................................................9
/ ^1 @: Y; {; O/ ~) b ^3 R: G1.1.3 Load Modeling............................................................................................................................. 10! q6 n5 u0 y+ I: x# y3 I
2 SIMULATIONS RESULTS...................................................................................................................... 147 x/ R( m7 W. G2 i
2.1 2004 ........................................................................................................................................................ 14, \% ^2 B4 {; S$ C9 B7 G
2.2 2005 ........................................................................................................................................................ 17* l n4 L5 Z. M3 S8 P1 r
2.3 2007 ........................................................................................................................................................ 20
6 y- B5 n% M) L, d% M2.4 ADDITIONAL SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...................................................................................... 24% s, q: s8 K! J% m# [! X3 o
2.5 SVC AS A MEANS OF MAINTAINING VOLTAGE STABILITY: SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...... 29# k# S. g2 P: H/ y% X% _
2.6 WIND RAMP SENSITIVITY – 2007........................................................................................................ 33
. n9 i _! X. }7 f& l+ f* P% J. r5 {3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................... 37' ?9 c% e9 x! I2 n6 b, `6 P6 p, h
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................................... 40 U! `4 u2 b$ V- z/ v1 s
6 y% j5 x0 ~/ P9 c) L' s: @Stages 2 & 3:( y" r& Q2 m" x. _7 b; U, N3 q
Planning and Interconnection Criteria! j! x3 q3 A9 q5 }+ X2 f, I. u
TERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS............................................................................................................ 1
+ B3 s! D! O0 t; o6 a1 |4 V1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 2" d2 [/ E5 q; M0 p$ t7 y
2 WIND ENERGY – BACK GROUND ON THE GLOBAL PENETRATION OF WIND9 L. Q: e7 T7 E" K2 ^
ENERGY, FUTURE TRENDS AND THE MAJOR TECHNOLOGIES .............................................. 4' X% s/ `* v+ o" T3 Z. {
2.1 WIND ENERGY CONVERSION .................................................................................................................4$ [- S7 J. t9 O; T
2.2 WORLDWIDE EXPERIENCE WITH WIND ................................................................................................6
! @8 K. @! r) M8 f2.2.1 North America ............................................................................................................................... 6* }! |2 u) x5 M
2.2.2 Europe............................................................................................................................................ 6
- m* B# m% I6 K% `8 L8 F2.2.3 Australasia.................................................................................................................................... 7! J7 G2 l h4 y" ^4 ?
2.3 WIND TURBINE GENERATOR TECHNOLOGIES .....................................................................................71 u6 @; V' p+ i% v: |
2.3.1 Conventional Induction Generators.........................................................................................14/ x, X, Y* r, R9 O9 O
2.3.2 Doubly-Fed Induction Generators ...........................................................................................16- `- p& q& u5 a3 D0 C& V! r/ I
2.3.3 Other Designs ..............................................................................................................................18
# {7 P; j1 Y0 q% \3 PLANNING AND INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS .............................................................19
8 H8 H' F7 H. P' Q. C3.1 NORTH AMERICA ..................................................................................................................................19
1 l$ i" o3 L* p' f& y" |3.1.1 California....................................................................................................................................199 v7 H% r( \0 D' E; d9 T8 X
3.1.2 Texas .............................................................................................................................................20
/ n3 x# @, W7 q! n3 |* W( y7 A3.1.3 Midwest........................................................................................................................................20+ K- C% a# \% I7 n6 l, @( p
3.1.4 New Mexico .................................................................................................................................20- r* v, K2 ^, w6 j" h+ \
3.1.5 New York ......................................................................................................................................21: o; y" Q0 Y) ?7 h* D- b* ]
3.2 EUROPE...................................................................................................................................................22) d( R6 h5 \' t1 `* B. F
3.2.1 Denmark ......................................................................................................................................22" S) X1 o; t# ]1 q. u) J! }
3.2.2 Germany ......................................................................................................................................24
0 n) S9 W, _, N& T3.2.3 Spain.............................................................................................................................................262 i; D1 p# @/ X ~
3.3 REST OF THE WORLD............................................................................................................................27
" Z9 ?% ~! f4 D( u, S2 m5 \- Z3.4 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIENCE WITH WIND GENERATION STUDIES IN THE US...27' ?3 }; ]! R- w; r% \' o7 W/ o
4 PROPOSED PLANNING AN D INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS FOR AESO............30
% J: ?! @' F7 W, i: ~4.1 PLANNING..............................................................................................................................................309 q1 {- t1 [7 T( I
4.1.1 Reactive Capability: ...................................................................................................................30
) X0 v* p6 g. s6 B1 V6 `; T4.1.2 Line Ampacity and Unit Output:..............................................................................................31
w- ?7 ?, @+ U3 ~4.1.3 Other Planning Issues:...............................................................................................................34: r# _- c$ W/ a" e7 w9 O. B5 P
4.2 INTERCONNECTION...............................................................................................................................44
, O# x# S4 J5 X$ H9 \5 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................48
. D; P* F& M0 v4 ~, ~REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................................50
" _6 B2 n2 |7 D0 M R1 z; v# J/ B+ n9 A: E$ n" J
Stage 4:# _* f' @" d, {
Operations Impact8 N( r/ Y1 u6 Y1 l4 c
TERMINOLOGY.....................................................................................................................................5
. l/ c" u+ S( o- S, B5 L b$ Z1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................6
/ f$ F! v" o: V) s9 X: |" y7 }/ H2 AN OVERVIEW OF OPERATION CONCERNS DUE TO WIND GENERATION..............7
+ `. D) Z- b. v! ?9 _ O3 WIND GENERATION VARIABILITY AND WIND GENERATION FORECASTING.....12! P4 I; l/ H# [' |: I
3.1 VARIABILITY OF WIND AND WIND POWER................................................................................128 d9 P9 R1 r J9 X
3.2 IMPACT OF WIND POWER VARIABILITY ON ENERGY MARKETS................................................16$ P7 L) g# u& V; E9 B
3.3 FORECASTING OF WIND POWER GENERATION ..........................................................................19
9 s0 ?* M% h O( P4 WIND GENERATION CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS .....................................................22
6 ~/ d* b5 M! U+ A( U4.1 PROTECTION, START-UP AND SHUT-DOWN................................................................................22
3 ^" h& k% D; \5 O" \. t4.1.1 Extreme Cold Temperature Operation .............................................................................22: I+ @* O8 I* ^ V+ x3 B
4.2 VOLTAGE REGULATION..............................................................................................................231 X9 d' H# [3 F9 k/ @# y' J1 v
4.3 CASE STUDY – HORNS REV OFFSHORE WIND FARM IN DENMARK ..........................................25, K- V' ~; k4 g( l) b+ A
5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................27
; w* R' t* k+ l% [2 EREFERENCES........................................................................................................................................29
; H/ X$ t9 ^6 n3 F4 K3 JAPPENDIX A – SPECIFIC QUESTIONS BY AESO OPERATIONS STAFF WITH ABB’S
9 @+ Z; h# I* I. ^( K' YRESPONSE .......................................................................................................................................... A-1 |
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