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发表于 2009-3-1 22:11:52
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谢谢分享， 很好的综述文章， 内容目录如下* C1 l# C- c; W/ U4 _
" x* L# |$ N: t5 ], hIntegration of Wind Energy into the Alberta Electric System –
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/ Z8 K" a: D: S$ y* T+ c' XStage 1:
' d' ^. q) x2 ~0 V# YVoltage Regulation Study
$ t, i0 X3 ~+ N: D. e$ q2 |' X
/ }9 G+ @* F2 _ P$ R/ FTERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS.............................................................................................................5
! r* [: s5 b2 {7 oINTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................75 G' L5 ]* n" \3 {
1 SYSTEM DATA AND MODELING ASSUMPTIONS......................................................................8. Q- T! {. i+ n/ n n1 q ?4 q4 B
1.1 MODELING OF THE ALBERTA INTERCONNECTED ELECTRIC SYSTEM ..............................................8/ M& c/ V' s6 E9 u
1.1.1 Power Flow Model.........................................................................................................................8
+ ]- Y3 J3 T" ~" _0 E8 [$ ~1.1.2 Dynamic Models............................................................................................................................92 y, V2 `% J) J: F9 c1 I, `1 W2 T. }
1.1.3 Load Modeling............................................................................................................................. 10# R+ d+ D& W) @* d( l ?' R/ Z
2 SIMULATIONS RESULTS...................................................................................................................... 14
4 R: E& m" b0 k, O/ j2.1 2004 ........................................................................................................................................................ 142 B/ j% C! i. n$ F0 ]
2.2 2005 ........................................................................................................................................................ 17
6 T( y( d6 ^0 [% J2.3 2007 ........................................................................................................................................................ 20+ n$ o' ^' F2 S" e* F% p9 f1 |
2.4 ADDITIONAL SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...................................................................................... 24
4 J: P- i+ ~% \2.5 SVC AS A MEANS OF MAINTAINING VOLTAGE STABILITY: SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...... 29& x* h' u- J+ y8 Z9 E( D# a
2.6 WIND RAMP SENSITIVITY – 2007........................................................................................................ 332 ?" I! @2 e% y6 r: R+ z
3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................... 372 o. x* u$ m: v' x0 p+ b! T
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................................... 40
t3 Y3 K7 F( Q. i# n. R! Y! a* ]1 n7 u) V# q
Stages 2 & 3:
2 _5 c& w4 }( H$ y" x: t% kPlanning and Interconnection Criteria
/ s1 z* G$ h) T! \, GTERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS............................................................................................................ 1: B/ w; a! {5 h5 z* {' A
1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 29 j9 o) _7 W4 T* @( l' i
2 WIND ENERGY – BACK GROUND ON THE GLOBAL PENETRATION OF WIND
5 h2 S4 `3 u- a9 g$ J5 l/ LENERGY, FUTURE TRENDS AND THE MAJOR TECHNOLOGIES .............................................. 49 U+ y( m7 s5 a# M2 H) p& e6 }
2.1 WIND ENERGY CONVERSION .................................................................................................................4$ S" H z1 V I" e" ~: d% ~
2.2 WORLDWIDE EXPERIENCE WITH WIND ................................................................................................60 w9 s0 ?: ?9 ]. Q5 e
2.2.1 North America ............................................................................................................................... 6# X. x1 _9 S* A; }/ o! Z" j
2.2.2 Europe............................................................................................................................................ 6
% k4 ?4 |& @8 D% \) a2.2.3 Australasia.................................................................................................................................... 7; C& Q1 X/ {! Q& a0 u0 h
2.3 WIND TURBINE GENERATOR TECHNOLOGIES .....................................................................................7
2 W- [: J0 N$ q+ V9 X2 N) S5 x2.3.1 Conventional Induction Generators.........................................................................................14$ `) _% U% D T/ `
2.3.2 Doubly-Fed Induction Generators ...........................................................................................16 w' @+ Q2 }5 |, Y& R. x( |
2.3.3 Other Designs ..............................................................................................................................18/ r# ]2 q. M* m' M p2 G
3 PLANNING AND INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS .............................................................19
$ e0 U1 _2 {1 j/ r3.1 NORTH AMERICA ..................................................................................................................................19
9 N- }4 x" L, V! {3.1.1 California....................................................................................................................................19
- I" H$ y" p7 _0 o) u( v" L3.1.2 Texas .............................................................................................................................................20& O9 i, m4 E6 I2 d' [ V) Z% c
3.1.3 Midwest........................................................................................................................................20
3 \0 a/ H- C5 d+ _5 n/ X3.1.4 New Mexico .................................................................................................................................20" g3 G$ Z, |* _3 E7 v A5 q
3.1.5 New York ......................................................................................................................................21- v+ F' A/ R/ r' J
3.2 EUROPE...................................................................................................................................................22
* @+ s L! B3 _; d/ U8 D3.2.1 Denmark ......................................................................................................................................22+ o$ l) S' b. g& ]. k) U2 b9 ?& W
3.2.2 Germany ......................................................................................................................................24
1 [' T, U! F7 n( J3.2.3 Spain.............................................................................................................................................26
! @5 B1 F( [4 `3.3 REST OF THE WORLD............................................................................................................................27
/ u0 u2 S4 ~' Z- l+ J7 Q: n" `3.4 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIENCE WITH WIND GENERATION STUDIES IN THE US...27# R* I; B. |& J) V3 C0 g$ k* i
4 PROPOSED PLANNING AN D INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS FOR AESO............306 |0 B2 p1 X( m% }- V0 J9 w
4.1 PLANNING..............................................................................................................................................30
/ B6 e4 ~& K4 d' S, x+ T4.1.1 Reactive Capability: ...................................................................................................................30
3 @. ~* }" p0 t1 T4.1.2 Line Ampacity and Unit Output:..............................................................................................313 X/ p; J- U4 _
4.1.3 Other Planning Issues:...............................................................................................................34$ |' [7 v5 r7 \
4.2 INTERCONNECTION...............................................................................................................................44
& |! o8 m' ]* b# k5 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................48
1 A- I# n% w+ f2 u: Y( L3 S8 X* X QREFERENCES....................................................................................................................................................50
; C! c5 r) v/ i- E% A4 g h; l9 j% u; R- Z) G+ \$ n- N* \
Stage 4:' {0 U1 e, C5 ^5 d5 i9 @
Operations Impact- g* R4 \8 v' c" g" k& A7 O
TERMINOLOGY.....................................................................................................................................5, i3 V- Z! k! g7 q+ w# c0 F
1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................6$ }: @- o4 m5 K/ c3 L5 }* ^) M
2 AN OVERVIEW OF OPERATION CONCERNS DUE TO WIND GENERATION..............71 R- Z+ @+ Q$ L. |' ~) ~( T: ~8 ~
3 WIND GENERATION VARIABILITY AND WIND GENERATION FORECASTING.....12
) ^/ k( X, e: g# }3.1 VARIABILITY OF WIND AND WIND POWER................................................................................12
% G( w8 j$ z: M9 J7 X; h3.2 IMPACT OF WIND POWER VARIABILITY ON ENERGY MARKETS................................................16
; N" f( y, Z8 P* a, I" }3.3 FORECASTING OF WIND POWER GENERATION ..........................................................................190 \& u1 X1 a7 w; F; _
4 WIND GENERATION CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS .....................................................22
; z7 m3 a. i7 J! w6 W4.1 PROTECTION, START-UP AND SHUT-DOWN................................................................................22$ r6 b$ [4 i+ g7 ]
4.1.1 Extreme Cold Temperature Operation .............................................................................22% [3 a$ C0 S& h
4.2 VOLTAGE REGULATION..............................................................................................................23
$ c" P n& p: w* G0 N% u4.3 CASE STUDY – HORNS REV OFFSHORE WIND FARM IN DENMARK ..........................................25$ R7 g3 l. n1 ~" T R, K
5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................27
8 e7 M6 F b5 r$ E! ?/ BREFERENCES........................................................................................................................................29
" v7 N4 _9 O3 O5 A9 h9 oAPPENDIX A – SPECIFIC QUESTIONS BY AESO OPERATIONS STAFF WITH ABB’S
, `" G" W7 B$ Y2 A; ^' [ | K6 kRESPONSE .......................................................................................................................................... A-1 |
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