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发表于 2009-3-1 22:11:52
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谢谢分享, 很好的综述文章, 内容目录如下, \+ `0 d' d2 ?! i `7 h
X- j9 c0 b$ Z$ N; E" u. eIntegration of Wind Energy into the Alberta Electric System –
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* M, |6 I2 b3 B1 eStage 1:
1 {* F+ O: N) R( j. J1 AVoltage Regulation Study
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TERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS.............................................................................................................5
: J1 o$ k, \9 p" L7 ^2 T( nINTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................75 c! Z* z" E( k* `+ L' i' S
1 SYSTEM DATA AND MODELING ASSUMPTIONS......................................................................8( X5 k, W; r; G: j1 S! ?5 ]
1.1 MODELING OF THE ALBERTA INTERCONNECTED ELECTRIC SYSTEM ..............................................8. V( F: r" D- T$ C) q0 i3 @8 z
1.1.1 Power Flow Model.........................................................................................................................8
& D" b, _: O( U1.1.2 Dynamic Models............................................................................................................................9$ Q- |$ o9 G" D8 U* d0 X2 P& a
1.1.3 Load Modeling............................................................................................................................. 10) r& k5 w5 e8 b
2 SIMULATIONS RESULTS...................................................................................................................... 14* l5 B V) G- W! I5 Y' ]
2.1 2004 ........................................................................................................................................................ 14
5 G% [5 t6 h8 o b5 W2.2 2005 ........................................................................................................................................................ 17( \% m4 K" f2 E Q& |% C6 g2 q
2.3 2007 ........................................................................................................................................................ 20
0 I# |( b) ~! Z2.4 ADDITIONAL SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...................................................................................... 24
5 T( p4 t3 X$ q, t$ m& S2.5 SVC AS A MEANS OF MAINTAINING VOLTAGE STABILITY: SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...... 29
& R6 C# u7 {1 i) d( z% P2.6 WIND RAMP SENSITIVITY – 2007........................................................................................................ 336 T6 v$ j/ ]' u
3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................... 37
# `, D# T& P P! V9 t( dREFERENCES..................................................................................................................................................... 40
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Stages 2 & 3:
; u( d9 z% h/ p! Q& {+ GPlanning and Interconnection Criteria
6 L+ A: ]2 T# Z" W# L7 fTERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS............................................................................................................ 1
3 C7 |' c6 p( d# e! M1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 25 I# x6 }6 m% T
2 WIND ENERGY – BACK GROUND ON THE GLOBAL PENETRATION OF WIND" C1 t) [% l% H" I) b/ K( |1 r
ENERGY, FUTURE TRENDS AND THE MAJOR TECHNOLOGIES .............................................. 4
0 W z1 N3 L2 y. P0 G. d/ @* X2.1 WIND ENERGY CONVERSION .................................................................................................................49 ?- x" Z" U. O/ h+ S) z1 T# x
2.2 WORLDWIDE EXPERIENCE WITH WIND ................................................................................................6 B6 i0 y' Y7 h% h5 C
2.2.1 North America ............................................................................................................................... 6 X- R2 n# o) t1 A. C4 D, W/ |( N
2.2.2 Europe............................................................................................................................................ 6- |: N' r& g- g o, o% A4 f1 y8 C
2.2.3 Australasia.................................................................................................................................... 78 K4 r8 z" ~- Y; X1 l% `) }+ l' D
2.3 WIND TURBINE GENERATOR TECHNOLOGIES .....................................................................................7
2 O' l9 b0 c: \6 u; m6 }2.3.1 Conventional Induction Generators.........................................................................................14
/ b! y) e3 \/ ]2.3.2 Doubly-Fed Induction Generators ...........................................................................................16
7 ^/ o$ F$ M! w- e* K% W2.3.3 Other Designs ..............................................................................................................................18 ?5 D; h+ A; M" l2 E1 l
3 PLANNING AND INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS .............................................................19% A% _ R) n" a# k: Y+ G; ^
3.1 NORTH AMERICA ..................................................................................................................................19* Z$ ~$ I: I% J9 T$ h& e
3.1.1 California....................................................................................................................................19: p0 k: g+ C0 |' q# J( K, @
3.1.2 Texas .............................................................................................................................................20
3 U T9 l0 a) l& |3.1.3 Midwest........................................................................................................................................20
/ M5 q" w1 J4 A3.1.4 New Mexico .................................................................................................................................20
+ ~, e* H2 v7 c- R1 t& D. z) E3 O; W' T3.1.5 New York ......................................................................................................................................21! `5 W* h& L8 U3 Z
3.2 EUROPE...................................................................................................................................................22
" j! f9 G0 D3 P: k; s* Y- i3.2.1 Denmark ......................................................................................................................................22
/ s( X3 j9 D6 g3.2.2 Germany ......................................................................................................................................24% c7 `% f+ L0 E; I
3.2.3 Spain.............................................................................................................................................26' V, f- b, e; ^. l7 G
3.3 REST OF THE WORLD............................................................................................................................27
) x3 `: w) B* I) I9 v9 z3.4 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIENCE WITH WIND GENERATION STUDIES IN THE US...27
( M/ s& H1 G7 J4 s4 PROPOSED PLANNING AN D INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS FOR AESO............30% @, ]) `+ q9 j& W* e/ C7 l. x
4.1 PLANNING..............................................................................................................................................30
. z4 g3 w I8 {( I) A, q4.1.1 Reactive Capability: ...................................................................................................................30
1 k3 T3 a& D/ B) W7 ~& @% G4.1.2 Line Ampacity and Unit Output:..............................................................................................31
2 |1 t- X! Z0 G% `% _4.1.3 Other Planning Issues:...............................................................................................................34
! a2 [: l- ?7 e2 p: E+ q4.2 INTERCONNECTION...............................................................................................................................44: }) [# \0 g' j) f8 T* w" g
5 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................48, A, T2 n1 m! g1 z+ z% ]# e
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................................501 i! _4 x/ |9 a. z L" g
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Stage 4:
6 M, x2 |1 u, k" Z# a3 p) bOperations Impact1 d( {; M- |0 n' L% B
TERMINOLOGY.....................................................................................................................................5' w$ Q6 }% G1 W
1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................6
j1 b6 k3 ]: E5 b i$ |% y8 S2 AN OVERVIEW OF OPERATION CONCERNS DUE TO WIND GENERATION..............7& p k- k) F5 @/ B
3 WIND GENERATION VARIABILITY AND WIND GENERATION FORECASTING.....129 o4 k0 [# n5 ] v! @( w
3.1 VARIABILITY OF WIND AND WIND POWER................................................................................12
, P% Y: ]2 Q% W1 {- |, j2 ^4 j: E3.2 IMPACT OF WIND POWER VARIABILITY ON ENERGY MARKETS................................................163 r& T! w0 P( K, \1 f/ O
3.3 FORECASTING OF WIND POWER GENERATION ..........................................................................192 h/ o4 o- b$ F+ g% M5 Q( P0 z
4 WIND GENERATION CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS .....................................................22
: ]0 A I9 J' E# f2 w( J, @5 U1 Q G4.1 PROTECTION, START-UP AND SHUT-DOWN................................................................................225 }. j. u* t( A y6 Y8 L
4.1.1 Extreme Cold Temperature Operation .............................................................................22
$ b U) y6 A: X- f6 I, Y4.2 VOLTAGE REGULATION..............................................................................................................230 }) ?6 f) K, k* t! d+ y Z
4.3 CASE STUDY – HORNS REV OFFSHORE WIND FARM IN DENMARK ..........................................25
& `( h) p1 L2 ~7 i6 X4 @/ k5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................27
9 A- s9 m1 C# N2 l3 U/ a! AREFERENCES........................................................................................................................................29" M5 }! `. E+ Q; E$ N" G- H/ p4 S% J
APPENDIX A – SPECIFIC QUESTIONS BY AESO OPERATIONS STAFF WITH ABB’S
4 O$ j3 W3 X$ D2 S( ]% A/ M+ ERESPONSE .......................................................................................................................................... A-1 |
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