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发表于 2009-3-1 22:11:52
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谢谢分享， 很好的综述文章， 内容目录如下5 ?8 _4 h! T6 T% o$ q
8 \) j/ }! l: S3 S( YIntegration of Wind Energy into the Alberta Electric System –
5 T# X8 g/ v$ ^" d. K% U; u
& D3 T$ T0 ]4 n' {% N* r, k9 l7 mStage 1:
4 R' {0 C, n( r6 iVoltage Regulation Study& b U9 B2 u0 d& U
) }% q4 V" D4 W! _& }! UTERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS.............................................................................................................5
6 n8 N/ |4 f) \" K6 A( \9 S9 ZINTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................70 s* V B w, s
1 SYSTEM DATA AND MODELING ASSUMPTIONS......................................................................8
3 G/ \2 X4 D9 b# W# Z6 Q1.1 MODELING OF THE ALBERTA INTERCONNECTED ELECTRIC SYSTEM ..............................................8
/ j, X* D, e$ V3 M1.1.1 Power Flow Model.........................................................................................................................8
, M& f- h/ m9 T# I+ L9 p1.1.2 Dynamic Models............................................................................................................................9; S; T! E* e3 v* [5 G
1.1.3 Load Modeling............................................................................................................................. 10
" O# \# f% q/ j" {/ e2 SIMULATIONS RESULTS...................................................................................................................... 14" \' h& i; k4 T
2.1 2004 ........................................................................................................................................................ 14
$ y% z0 z- W- y4 l- D0 ^2.2 2005 ........................................................................................................................................................ 17
$ B# D( ^$ `% Z4 O, |3 [2.3 2007 ........................................................................................................................................................ 20, G7 }: k* }3 B d: {
2.4 ADDITIONAL SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...................................................................................... 243 N/ Z- G# S ]3 Y j
2.5 SVC AS A MEANS OF MAINTAINING VOLTAGE STABILITY: SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...... 29
6 `, j+ n; c. S; D A2.6 WIND RAMP SENSITIVITY – 2007........................................................................................................ 33
/ ?) a9 Y5 f$ b \: B3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................... 371 j( ?2 x- G: p0 b& [
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................................... 40/ z5 x+ C. A3 j
) M% Q4 @ A. l7 ]% mStages 2 & 3:
" t& A2 v4 r! r. W oPlanning and Interconnection Criteria. }* u& C% C; M n, n+ \2 L/ j) C
TERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS............................................................................................................ 1
$ j! Y6 p/ _0 [& r Y; A8 z1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 22 ]; z9 k& B9 j/ k
2 WIND ENERGY – BACK GROUND ON THE GLOBAL PENETRATION OF WIND
+ V, M& G, o8 U0 z" Z% ?2 DENERGY, FUTURE TRENDS AND THE MAJOR TECHNOLOGIES .............................................. 46 d3 h2 H, }( G3 V4 q( B* P. W
2.1 WIND ENERGY CONVERSION .................................................................................................................4
7 F/ P; E- F3 t& p2.2 WORLDWIDE EXPERIENCE WITH WIND ................................................................................................6
0 i2 n2 y' f9 N, F3 M; D" t( c, y, [4 L2.2.1 North America ............................................................................................................................... 6& w% H/ j0 u( L
2.2.2 Europe............................................................................................................................................ 6! v& G/ ^; ~/ {* @& j e
2.2.3 Australasia.................................................................................................................................... 7
% `- O4 F4 |6 }2.3 WIND TURBINE GENERATOR TECHNOLOGIES .....................................................................................7
1 }1 X3 ]' E' @, S+ G5 z2.3.1 Conventional Induction Generators.........................................................................................14, [9 r0 V" |- F: e
2.3.2 Doubly-Fed Induction Generators ...........................................................................................16( U5 y* r2 v. X, B; b
2.3.3 Other Designs ..............................................................................................................................18
5 ? O* y, I6 C3 PLANNING AND INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS .............................................................19! b, h: w" P* l. G# S- A( r
3.1 NORTH AMERICA ..................................................................................................................................19, ?% n9 i4 M+ B( k+ c7 ]
3.1.1 California....................................................................................................................................19
$ S2 u0 ?* X, B0 D3.1.2 Texas .............................................................................................................................................20
) y2 Z$ g# ]/ R2 e6 v6 d2 Z3.1.3 Midwest........................................................................................................................................204 `% T" ^* q0 p( x& T
3.1.4 New Mexico .................................................................................................................................20
6 c8 ^$ [' @. J3.1.5 New York ......................................................................................................................................21
8 @/ C4 ^' z* Y$ I; X: v% z* N3.2 EUROPE...................................................................................................................................................22! G4 Q/ n7 t: ]- p: h& H5 S: a2 R) ?
3.2.1 Denmark ......................................................................................................................................22
" J, x% F7 l8 Q1 R& H: O6 r3.2.2 Germany ......................................................................................................................................24
$ _7 o: E* p: l4 M m3.2.3 Spain.............................................................................................................................................26
' {2 {, o5 A B; ~; Q/ ~9 V3.3 REST OF THE WORLD............................................................................................................................27! _( ^; {4 G$ T
3.4 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIENCE WITH WIND GENERATION STUDIES IN THE US...275 o1 h/ |" Q& ?1 U( P0 k- s
4 PROPOSED PLANNING AN D INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS FOR AESO............30
9 ]) \; _/ ~0 q& f6 W( e4.1 PLANNING..............................................................................................................................................30
8 f5 W% A. e* K5 z& O0 y4.1.1 Reactive Capability: ...................................................................................................................30
" A+ L/ b7 j, w; S/ [& e4.1.2 Line Ampacity and Unit Output:..............................................................................................31
; ^4 h" q, l9 f0 x9 {& \4.1.3 Other Planning Issues:...............................................................................................................34
6 s" p; q" f( `7 K5 Z2 \* q `4.2 INTERCONNECTION...............................................................................................................................44* s4 ]& m) I2 J2 t6 Q
5 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................487 m' u: J$ y3 J8 r- D7 [! x8 x
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................................50
" b# }7 Z6 W9 U- q" q( G* h) h
; m% ]( K; q- h5 A+ IStage 4:
" _, o. B: ^* k1 y# w; f% sOperations Impact
8 d8 k; D2 Z1 u) STERMINOLOGY.....................................................................................................................................5
3 O6 N$ d8 i a: ]1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................62 P. }/ Z3 o( L/ x
2 AN OVERVIEW OF OPERATION CONCERNS DUE TO WIND GENERATION..............7
0 w; A4 @% h9 [$ ?5 Z3 R3 WIND GENERATION VARIABILITY AND WIND GENERATION FORECASTING.....12 C3 @+ D/ G' u7 @; B
3.1 VARIABILITY OF WIND AND WIND POWER................................................................................12, O- O; T, ^5 H4 y) C( X5 ~& y7 S% i
3.2 IMPACT OF WIND POWER VARIABILITY ON ENERGY MARKETS................................................167 _" }+ e5 ?+ I/ R% z4 ~" h; [" U
3.3 FORECASTING OF WIND POWER GENERATION ..........................................................................19
7 {. V* X; |+ J8 u4 WIND GENERATION CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS .....................................................22. A* b* K7 k1 Z% b! l; |' _
4.1 PROTECTION, START-UP AND SHUT-DOWN................................................................................22 C/ k% g+ l# J
4.1.1 Extreme Cold Temperature Operation .............................................................................22
& V) W1 v2 {. d9 B9 U& O& n4 N6 m4.2 VOLTAGE REGULATION..............................................................................................................23. m# E) ~3 w& b5 i3 u9 R6 }
4.3 CASE STUDY – HORNS REV OFFSHORE WIND FARM IN DENMARK ..........................................25$ w+ g+ e! N* p* N* C
5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................27
' b9 U! x* n. l9 p+ N/ X2 ?REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................29( T- W, e# Z+ P; @# V0 b
APPENDIX A – SPECIFIC QUESTIONS BY AESO OPERATIONS STAFF WITH ABB’S
" g9 G3 O W- \2 RRESPONSE .......................................................................................................................................... A-1 |
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