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发表于 2009-3-1 22:11:52
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谢谢分享， 很好的综述文章， 内容目录如下
8 z u3 G# `$ w% }- v+ E0 N: D/ Z' R8 _/ P& W, G
Integration of Wind Energy into the Alberta Electric System – $ F+ G! a% r/ z! c6 Q
@! c2 u2 S# V3 a% bStage 1:! O' v9 r$ w( R- A0 l" n* F! ~/ \
Voltage Regulation Study
8 K }4 S' I( @, L ^8 L
' a9 g: \, h; _ A% ZTERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS.............................................................................................................5
, v) I6 Q4 z0 ?2 r! `INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................75 y: h" s5 G: ]0 n$ h: ?
1 SYSTEM DATA AND MODELING ASSUMPTIONS......................................................................8( \, k& P" s- r
1.1 MODELING OF THE ALBERTA INTERCONNECTED ELECTRIC SYSTEM ..............................................8
0 B" E+ g, b0 \1.1.1 Power Flow Model.........................................................................................................................8
: e4 F i& Y6 [0 m* V9 M7 {3 n$ p1 b% s1.1.2 Dynamic Models............................................................................................................................9% Z0 P. Z) W" d* s0 [
1.1.3 Load Modeling............................................................................................................................. 10
* U2 c- h: S2 ~. }- u- N2 SIMULATIONS RESULTS...................................................................................................................... 14$ x( {; j) F. Z' v8 s
2.1 2004 ........................................................................................................................................................ 14* M: z U: W! s- h
2.2 2005 ........................................................................................................................................................ 175 y/ X% a0 C/ o* B8 p
2.3 2007 ........................................................................................................................................................ 20
/ r0 a" x6 I' ^; Q7 A2.4 ADDITIONAL SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...................................................................................... 24
& h0 y8 V' v3 p2.5 SVC AS A MEANS OF MAINTAINING VOLTAGE STABILITY: SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...... 292 r) \5 _" G( S: x% V; Z3 x4 B& z4 a
2.6 WIND RAMP SENSITIVITY – 2007........................................................................................................ 335 `! X# `+ u' i6 m/ L$ N
3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................... 379 W3 ? B9 y8 T% \7 e) K$ S5 h
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................................... 40* i l6 y& m! f0 M* \ b9 v
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Stages 2 & 3:$ v% W2 _4 \ y" c
Planning and Interconnection Criteria! J' @* G$ m- W+ o6 d
TERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS............................................................................................................ 15 b+ s+ `/ P: Q9 z& C. v8 c4 m
1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 2
% G* k, m( m' a/ J& C5 H2 WIND ENERGY – BACK GROUND ON THE GLOBAL PENETRATION OF WIND P& X4 P" T" h+ y: q
ENERGY, FUTURE TRENDS AND THE MAJOR TECHNOLOGIES .............................................. 4+ G4 b; U) a: x" r& ^/ @% [' E8 ~
2.1 WIND ENERGY CONVERSION .................................................................................................................4
& H! w% r0 R1 {' b& A! Y6 [+ |2.2 WORLDWIDE EXPERIENCE WITH WIND ................................................................................................6
& b0 ]6 ?8 Z1 H3 Z7 i7 x H2.2.1 North America ............................................................................................................................... 6
) a6 L; a6 Q) \/ E4 x3 `2.2.2 Europe............................................................................................................................................ 6
, J7 ~% Q) B. _0 P2.2.3 Australasia.................................................................................................................................... 75 C3 F0 T% K2 p& Z5 Q8 I1 e$ H# V5 _
2.3 WIND TURBINE GENERATOR TECHNOLOGIES .....................................................................................7 _# e2 H' ] M1 I- {5 |
2.3.1 Conventional Induction Generators.........................................................................................14
+ f" H' n* J. a8 d1 N! I- B2.3.2 Doubly-Fed Induction Generators ...........................................................................................16
" J! G- V% ~1 c" ~* u1 O$ R1 p" x y! Y8 D2.3.3 Other Designs ..............................................................................................................................18. s0 f. ~& H, w8 x4 x
3 PLANNING AND INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS .............................................................19
6 H* C9 }- \, X: i3.1 NORTH AMERICA ..................................................................................................................................19
5 d5 `2 c0 Y% w7 S8 p3 P3.1.1 California....................................................................................................................................19
% W& ]( c+ y0 F4 ~! R6 t3.1.2 Texas .............................................................................................................................................20
$ x% o* N! J+ T) C# `8 O3.1.3 Midwest........................................................................................................................................200 J% I; o; {+ t. i% \, D# k, V
3.1.4 New Mexico .................................................................................................................................20
0 D l# E( {) ^- a2 H, C5 Y4 }3.1.5 New York ......................................................................................................................................21! H: Y$ R1 P9 e: N) O
3.2 EUROPE...................................................................................................................................................222 t1 p1 `1 P) F& P# }1 M
3.2.1 Denmark ......................................................................................................................................22
q _- a1 B9 X5 X3.2.2 Germany ......................................................................................................................................24- z. i, J7 }! V
3.2.3 Spain.............................................................................................................................................26
# o1 [" w$ S1 ?0 m2 G6 I3.3 REST OF THE WORLD............................................................................................................................27
$ S; \6 @+ \: P; S; q5 H3 d S3.4 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIENCE WITH WIND GENERATION STUDIES IN THE US...27
! v! J& z$ a) r& @2 p6 X8 G4 PROPOSED PLANNING AN D INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS FOR AESO............30
' T8 a* J' T- a9 o/ }4.1 PLANNING..............................................................................................................................................30, \/ N% `1 O# V1 N7 r1 S0 f; v
4.1.1 Reactive Capability: ...................................................................................................................30
4 i5 ]4 g, \, c8 X9 \% T8 i4.1.2 Line Ampacity and Unit Output:..............................................................................................31
$ I/ F1 ~" x. t; \! i3 }7 F7 ^7 T4.1.3 Other Planning Issues:...............................................................................................................34# y" E6 u7 c* G) e3 `
4.2 INTERCONNECTION...............................................................................................................................44
( N* X+ d, P$ U' s3 ~8 f% K5 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................48( [1 a+ Z) ?$ R0 X
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................................50
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Stage 4:& ?% E1 J9 C* O; W/ Y K/ k
Operations Impact
8 R$ g; k6 e0 O- U! B) q, e& CTERMINOLOGY.....................................................................................................................................54 V3 p3 R! t' A: y3 G' F
1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................6; R- G8 X; s" z4 ^2 j6 S. ?. o
2 AN OVERVIEW OF OPERATION CONCERNS DUE TO WIND GENERATION..............77 ?+ ?8 k( J; r/ V" X( M# R/ v& p
3 WIND GENERATION VARIABILITY AND WIND GENERATION FORECASTING.....12
6 i( [& y0 n0 d, q6 ?' }3.1 VARIABILITY OF WIND AND WIND POWER................................................................................12
2 ~. f) ] d6 o" \3.2 IMPACT OF WIND POWER VARIABILITY ON ENERGY MARKETS................................................16( e' Q( u; n" F0 O1 |
3.3 FORECASTING OF WIND POWER GENERATION ..........................................................................19
1 p t# P! ^6 y' p" U) `) {' ^4 WIND GENERATION CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS .....................................................22/ f( A8 }3 K4 A0 o0 y, C" s
4.1 PROTECTION, START-UP AND SHUT-DOWN................................................................................22
3 l$ e9 L$ B/ ?+ c! |, t4.1.1 Extreme Cold Temperature Operation .............................................................................22
- W4 K' j4 w4 m& \, ]4.2 VOLTAGE REGULATION..............................................................................................................23
3 |! C* V: D8 J7 A# X8 Q4.3 CASE STUDY – HORNS REV OFFSHORE WIND FARM IN DENMARK ..........................................25
$ T3 r$ Q. {8 U' p6 F4 j/ ]5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................277 |. N* \8 o& ^% R6 w. ?' H# r
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................298 Q7 o3 C" f; N) m" }5 L
APPENDIX A – SPECIFIC QUESTIONS BY AESO OPERATIONS STAFF WITH ABB’S
2 G X q! z+ ]1 q9 {( zRESPONSE .......................................................................................................................................... A-1 |
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