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发表于 2009-3-1 22:11:52
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谢谢分享, 很好的综述文章, 内容目录如下; s+ c. W. D' P: B, m3 j2 G) C9 y$ o
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Integration of Wind Energy into the Alberta Electric System – / |; X6 Z- ^5 s/ a6 _, S- \
& q! F5 K& d& s6 \9 tStage 1:2 M I& B8 Q- T& y% r
Voltage Regulation Study
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TERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS.............................................................................................................5
m( V8 e+ }# m+ `! y' QINTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................7! u# ^/ ~! e& U, z
1 SYSTEM DATA AND MODELING ASSUMPTIONS......................................................................8; Z2 ^( c: @( _; ?( l! h
1.1 MODELING OF THE ALBERTA INTERCONNECTED ELECTRIC SYSTEM ..............................................8
. `# x! k( O# `9 l1.1.1 Power Flow Model.........................................................................................................................8
- N" _9 l' r$ t1.1.2 Dynamic Models............................................................................................................................9" W; ?& z! {. I; J- R" {) {- O
1.1.3 Load Modeling............................................................................................................................. 10
) {6 v w2 W9 g3 d& L8 `; B2 SIMULATIONS RESULTS...................................................................................................................... 14+ D' W3 N* o' I. ], A1 D, l7 P9 T; h
2.1 2004 ........................................................................................................................................................ 142 b& I( C2 Z* z5 F% T# O0 q/ n
2.2 2005 ........................................................................................................................................................ 17
3 j! Z, K. _; |- Y/ S# I) d1 y" ]" x* S2.3 2007 ........................................................................................................................................................ 20
; ?8 k) Q' H' ?; {# V8 |' Y* b9 R2.4 ADDITIONAL SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...................................................................................... 24
6 Z# B" b% b1 v7 P1 h* x2.5 SVC AS A MEANS OF MAINTAINING VOLTAGE STABILITY: SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...... 29/ p4 m5 t7 A% d8 x; Y
2.6 WIND RAMP SENSITIVITY – 2007........................................................................................................ 332 z: S6 v1 }* P7 \% v7 }* X5 u3 m
3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................... 374 c% k( F5 H( }$ U# x5 i
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................................... 40
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* F8 T+ ]! V" q; Q! z0 D+ ]Stages 2 & 3:
5 R- s# ^7 s+ ?! P, c% ~8 APlanning and Interconnection Criteria4 Z' d, [" G' A: v" V/ J/ Y
TERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS............................................................................................................ 10 }5 } u* N$ N1 O' C
1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 2
' k: j/ v: E* C! H/ J' d& n2 WIND ENERGY – BACK GROUND ON THE GLOBAL PENETRATION OF WIND
% D6 U8 u$ j! _( Q, z4 PENERGY, FUTURE TRENDS AND THE MAJOR TECHNOLOGIES .............................................. 4
# h H) Y& T) ^% }2.1 WIND ENERGY CONVERSION .................................................................................................................41 t z i# @2 p3 j
2.2 WORLDWIDE EXPERIENCE WITH WIND ................................................................................................6$ ~* V7 F8 @: H6 _! i |& r8 Q
2.2.1 North America ............................................................................................................................... 6
, S0 z! |5 @7 F& `( c5 b, o' M- p2.2.2 Europe............................................................................................................................................ 61 A& ^8 q& `# O0 ~% n2 h' T4 @+ [/ u/ r8 I
2.2.3 Australasia.................................................................................................................................... 78 F. \, ^9 r1 ?! E
2.3 WIND TURBINE GENERATOR TECHNOLOGIES .....................................................................................7
5 ]- f" Z7 X6 _/ e3 f3 w) v$ ]& X2.3.1 Conventional Induction Generators.........................................................................................14/ v! X. b. q3 ]
2.3.2 Doubly-Fed Induction Generators ...........................................................................................165 X0 u+ S# y' |6 Y* A" W
2.3.3 Other Designs ..............................................................................................................................18
A4 @& X' R' U' q9 I3 PLANNING AND INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS .............................................................19
) }- W. t9 V9 l) |4 B" Y3.1 NORTH AMERICA ..................................................................................................................................19+ T+ P: ~, u5 ?: k( {& q* ]- f$ m! U, ~
3.1.1 California....................................................................................................................................19
/ U: X" I7 ^$ c6 O3.1.2 Texas .............................................................................................................................................20: I% f- N: s. |( Q2 n; o( _4 q
3.1.3 Midwest........................................................................................................................................203 q+ G" `$ z# F9 i# p
3.1.4 New Mexico .................................................................................................................................20. j/ M' P1 r' {
3.1.5 New York ......................................................................................................................................21
# P l* E! f3 @3.2 EUROPE...................................................................................................................................................22
( b. L& y$ A7 @- O; ~7 N! p5 o3.2.1 Denmark ......................................................................................................................................22% ~, \* W1 `/ Y0 J! [* s
3.2.2 Germany ......................................................................................................................................24
5 P2 u4 k# D5 U0 E3.2.3 Spain.............................................................................................................................................26
6 e, ]" x; F5 H0 i; C- V5 x3.3 REST OF THE WORLD............................................................................................................................27* @3 `( D. w2 s0 w6 }
3.4 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIENCE WITH WIND GENERATION STUDIES IN THE US...27
7 B% [4 |7 T: j b4 PROPOSED PLANNING AN D INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS FOR AESO............30. D- a! S8 {; q6 `. \7 i
4.1 PLANNING..............................................................................................................................................30, l( W+ i4 @& ~4 y
4.1.1 Reactive Capability: ...................................................................................................................30
8 E. q& ]4 O- O% W3 I4.1.2 Line Ampacity and Unit Output:..............................................................................................313 k4 \5 }' q. ~7 L0 d6 k
4.1.3 Other Planning Issues:...............................................................................................................34$ K% K: R7 I) L2 `' k( C4 F
4.2 INTERCONNECTION...............................................................................................................................44; V3 E0 o! Z6 q0 h
5 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................48
9 m9 f3 ~, ^$ d9 O- ?0 ?+ fREFERENCES....................................................................................................................................................50
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6 [+ n$ w+ {) N+ R6 _$ LStage 4:$ w5 Y0 Q/ b' S
Operations Impact
! t! P7 z: x" K$ ], C+ }; ]TERMINOLOGY.....................................................................................................................................5, g6 B( s! ~7 {9 e, D
1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................6
( c3 a Z: j& U4 M2 AN OVERVIEW OF OPERATION CONCERNS DUE TO WIND GENERATION..............7
; Q0 ]. B2 b! ~/ [( z3 WIND GENERATION VARIABILITY AND WIND GENERATION FORECASTING.....12
7 U, M( t: j+ w ~2 v1 `6 k3.1 VARIABILITY OF WIND AND WIND POWER................................................................................12
0 R6 a. n! O: h3.2 IMPACT OF WIND POWER VARIABILITY ON ENERGY MARKETS................................................16
, D0 I3 N# i8 L- P6 a& t3.3 FORECASTING OF WIND POWER GENERATION ..........................................................................19* q7 n- w% F" |, m5 p( k
4 WIND GENERATION CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS .....................................................22; _0 W' _# \$ X
4.1 PROTECTION, START-UP AND SHUT-DOWN................................................................................22; G( g7 B# Z# b, M% n" w! f0 t
4.1.1 Extreme Cold Temperature Operation .............................................................................22
, p N b: Y& z. c9 D4.2 VOLTAGE REGULATION..............................................................................................................23# ~$ m' Q& T p$ \) l) N$ u4 N& _
4.3 CASE STUDY – HORNS REV OFFSHORE WIND FARM IN DENMARK ..........................................25: d8 c# J+ u! r% i
5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................27: B, z# O, \* q, @, ]! d D2 T
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................29- ?; x. _9 j% B
APPENDIX A – SPECIFIC QUESTIONS BY AESO OPERATIONS STAFF WITH ABB’S$ Q( _2 e- q& X
RESPONSE .......................................................................................................................................... A-1 |
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