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发表于 2009-3-1 22:11:52
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谢谢分享, 很好的综述文章, 内容目录如下
' R0 @7 m: W4 a; K
5 q& K2 H0 `. L9 B1 TIntegration of Wind Energy into the Alberta Electric System – 8 o: c7 s2 U3 z
% {& ^+ O. V( A7 w$ U& D- MStage 1:
7 m4 c8 c4 V3 o( A& l8 x+ l1 YVoltage Regulation Study
' ?2 ^, L& \* R/ G: R2 F; {# C' f7 U. p. \1 S2 n3 j% r5 P" ^! J2 [
TERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS.............................................................................................................51 @1 l3 m7 ]2 _$ c( S$ k0 g
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................7
4 E4 }! d0 N3 G: _2 ]1 SYSTEM DATA AND MODELING ASSUMPTIONS......................................................................80 ]$ B: ]$ K/ U. n0 |7 a5 @
1.1 MODELING OF THE ALBERTA INTERCONNECTED ELECTRIC SYSTEM ..............................................8
2 _3 U, F3 n D" Z. h8 q R1.1.1 Power Flow Model.........................................................................................................................8: J6 j1 Y6 Y1 i/ I! f
1.1.2 Dynamic Models............................................................................................................................9+ \1 \9 k& I+ c) F/ H
1.1.3 Load Modeling............................................................................................................................. 10& }% J1 r# W: p d) U
2 SIMULATIONS RESULTS...................................................................................................................... 14
) a) G, v% C* c* D. N) e6 D2.1 2004 ........................................................................................................................................................ 14
7 N4 q, ?6 E3 ?# Y+ y9 a+ j2.2 2005 ........................................................................................................................................................ 170 v2 `7 J$ D) Z5 `# F
2.3 2007 ........................................................................................................................................................ 20" v: C3 \# E8 y: `: n7 {8 e* A0 g
2.4 ADDITIONAL SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...................................................................................... 24
6 L: [+ F; V5 e5 ?. m; H/ k2.5 SVC AS A MEANS OF MAINTAINING VOLTAGE STABILITY: SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...... 29: A8 L) ^9 C! C- ^ g
2.6 WIND RAMP SENSITIVITY – 2007........................................................................................................ 33
# b7 P' ]& L) A3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................... 37
5 d- t9 W* t: E7 O pREFERENCES..................................................................................................................................................... 40
7 _4 e: D; S8 z, a8 o9 O# t' R% a/ q! }9 k H
Stages 2 & 3:
/ V6 E, ]8 T: Q$ \Planning and Interconnection Criteria
( R8 n2 k* u) r; r ^$ E. P# ATERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS............................................................................................................ 1
. T: T4 Y/ [! c7 j* F/ h1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 24 j; W+ @' Z% v: [+ y9 B$ m
2 WIND ENERGY – BACK GROUND ON THE GLOBAL PENETRATION OF WIND
' [ B7 E: } _. _ENERGY, FUTURE TRENDS AND THE MAJOR TECHNOLOGIES .............................................. 4
8 r; w% d' V. R& E( \2.1 WIND ENERGY CONVERSION .................................................................................................................4 @! p+ E& L- T( ~' z5 _
2.2 WORLDWIDE EXPERIENCE WITH WIND ................................................................................................6
! n0 i8 G R7 K7 i& e7 `2.2.1 North America ............................................................................................................................... 60 H' B7 T' h6 z Z; {! Z h3 ^) H
2.2.2 Europe............................................................................................................................................ 62 _! b: b1 r+ O8 S3 H/ T) R) z9 O
2.2.3 Australasia.................................................................................................................................... 7' C2 G' I* x/ j p
2.3 WIND TURBINE GENERATOR TECHNOLOGIES .....................................................................................7
0 a, l& p L( K! i2.3.1 Conventional Induction Generators.........................................................................................14/ ~9 Q& j! t8 n4 {" U7 S
2.3.2 Doubly-Fed Induction Generators ...........................................................................................16
& v! S, P; i( |# y2.3.3 Other Designs ..............................................................................................................................18
' I% a+ w9 _2 }( m4 j3 PLANNING AND INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS .............................................................19
; M1 h. z1 ?( x8 l& ~3.1 NORTH AMERICA ..................................................................................................................................19
* F7 E' o, ~+ k9 k8 @5 v0 D- N( X3.1.1 California....................................................................................................................................19- y! n6 Q, e& A) K5 ` \/ a* o: k
3.1.2 Texas .............................................................................................................................................20 O- Z- c: C P( H
3.1.3 Midwest........................................................................................................................................206 W; o4 c2 k2 p' t$ q" a! n' q2 Y
3.1.4 New Mexico .................................................................................................................................20
6 i$ R; V; F: l! ~3.1.5 New York ......................................................................................................................................21
7 E8 w5 C% X2 \) y( e3 r W3.2 EUROPE...................................................................................................................................................22
1 n+ P3 p; a# o+ C' o, a3.2.1 Denmark ......................................................................................................................................22
0 t2 U* Y" J5 l7 U, I3.2.2 Germany ......................................................................................................................................24, z v C9 ]( B4 W! \
3.2.3 Spain.............................................................................................................................................26
! B& c; a' s: i0 s3.3 REST OF THE WORLD............................................................................................................................27
) H- d5 Q/ E9 D3.4 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIENCE WITH WIND GENERATION STUDIES IN THE US...273 {% l3 Q. Z$ r& z6 ^, o
4 PROPOSED PLANNING AN D INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS FOR AESO............301 c! _% y) s% d' Q
4.1 PLANNING..............................................................................................................................................30
1 W- t/ I, Q: W1 H2 \4.1.1 Reactive Capability: ...................................................................................................................30/ O- p& ^. y( z( y; v9 Y
4.1.2 Line Ampacity and Unit Output:..............................................................................................31
5 K. y3 T4 \8 p; e, v4.1.3 Other Planning Issues:...............................................................................................................34- I1 c h1 ]& `0 B4 A- @! M! E
4.2 INTERCONNECTION...............................................................................................................................44" W4 Y; r6 _: a7 I" r
5 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................48- P! @- F) g- O6 u( e: q& C8 H
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................................50
6 [4 x# P9 |% E! m" R
1 J+ @/ Z$ q& \$ p& P8 j! mStage 4:. S5 e" [- `. [! j! H
Operations Impact
; }9 [& R/ c+ W! r* y/ z- ?% }TERMINOLOGY.....................................................................................................................................5! \+ X; h" i0 F9 L6 X% T! F
1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................6* e/ p$ N) m! a( j$ U+ Y" r
2 AN OVERVIEW OF OPERATION CONCERNS DUE TO WIND GENERATION..............7
1 z$ Z# l" L0 e6 h7 j2 I) Z2 T; f3 }3 @3 WIND GENERATION VARIABILITY AND WIND GENERATION FORECASTING.....12. c- ~3 i; w4 n+ l1 L
3.1 VARIABILITY OF WIND AND WIND POWER................................................................................12
2 t1 z$ V$ j1 W" M( P+ Y2 ~3.2 IMPACT OF WIND POWER VARIABILITY ON ENERGY MARKETS................................................16
& K: \* P6 |- Q0 k( U5 Z3.3 FORECASTING OF WIND POWER GENERATION ..........................................................................19
9 E$ B0 w/ l( m8 w; N; A! e1 r4 WIND GENERATION CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS .....................................................22# G1 M7 e* {- }- l( c. a
4.1 PROTECTION, START-UP AND SHUT-DOWN................................................................................22
% g- h9 p. B, ~! x/ |% k4.1.1 Extreme Cold Temperature Operation .............................................................................22; T; T' ~4 [! Q; f* u/ h' B I$ N
4.2 VOLTAGE REGULATION..............................................................................................................23
' F0 |: {2 _* X# Y5 L4.3 CASE STUDY – HORNS REV OFFSHORE WIND FARM IN DENMARK ..........................................25
; `+ x0 G: X. Q0 y4 t# r$ T! ^) d5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................27
# _/ J3 N4 ^2 v/ ~$ ZREFERENCES........................................................................................................................................29
$ N+ d" {0 t( E/ v9 _$ |APPENDIX A – SPECIFIC QUESTIONS BY AESO OPERATIONS STAFF WITH ABB’S
) Z% p/ T! ~: V7 n3 ~RESPONSE .......................................................................................................................................... A-1 |
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