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发表于 2009-3-1 22:11:52
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谢谢分享， 很好的综述文章， 内容目录如下
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Integration of Wind Energy into the Alberta Electric System –
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Stage 1:
9 y$ R Z' J. N$ h. F" DVoltage Regulation Study5 R* e" s0 J6 E
4 x$ \8 P. _- ?& }7 i9 G2 l8 n' oTERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS.............................................................................................................5
* L5 d" \$ N5 \% Z8 |8 h3 D# RINTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................7
1 d3 Z! M9 v5 Z0 m1 SYSTEM DATA AND MODELING ASSUMPTIONS......................................................................8$ c; |4 p* x0 ~8 Z) G6 H
1.1 MODELING OF THE ALBERTA INTERCONNECTED ELECTRIC SYSTEM ..............................................8
4 O* j9 v9 r3 G& W6 y. \1.1.1 Power Flow Model.........................................................................................................................8
$ N5 n) z. D7 z7 ~1.1.2 Dynamic Models............................................................................................................................9+ u! Q5 r! A h/ p4 W5 I5 N
1.1.3 Load Modeling............................................................................................................................. 10
+ N% y3 \) N; Q+ l& t2 SIMULATIONS RESULTS...................................................................................................................... 14
; ? ?7 m" B1 D# @2.1 2004 ........................................................................................................................................................ 149 L* H. K- P6 V4 g
2.2 2005 ........................................................................................................................................................ 17
* N, X6 E3 t0 W7 f3 W8 a8 }2.3 2007 ........................................................................................................................................................ 20
5 f% B: x; U4 d t+ z {2.4 ADDITIONAL SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...................................................................................... 24
3 h2 i" o& E6 U5 |( P7 B; }5 A2.5 SVC AS A MEANS OF MAINTAINING VOLTAGE STABILITY: SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...... 298 {7 b. y) [! w5 |& z, }
2.6 WIND RAMP SENSITIVITY – 2007........................................................................................................ 33
: [; n: e9 |6 D2 H6 i4 u9 Y3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................... 37# Q1 N3 v$ _2 p7 v; @; ~
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................................... 407 Z/ U/ K3 }5 @3 y
# k0 D0 Z$ Z' jStages 2 & 3:
: S% ~" I! \) G% J( D1 CPlanning and Interconnection Criteria3 {6 y( g" G" Q! \% |7 \, U% m
TERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS............................................................................................................ 1
/ x) R* M5 X0 e3 l1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 22 u9 z: c" R2 R! s9 x- R& \* Z
2 WIND ENERGY – BACK GROUND ON THE GLOBAL PENETRATION OF WIND
5 X1 b ]+ [; l: W, {: F+ VENERGY, FUTURE TRENDS AND THE MAJOR TECHNOLOGIES .............................................. 4
/ {8 k8 k7 F; p; g' w/ _2.1 WIND ENERGY CONVERSION .................................................................................................................4- G8 Y+ M6 } @& }) d+ \
2.2 WORLDWIDE EXPERIENCE WITH WIND ................................................................................................6' G3 f+ q" f$ E3 u% z- [
2.2.1 North America ............................................................................................................................... 6
6 L$ v& ~, ^6 p5 n; ]2.2.2 Europe............................................................................................................................................ 6
/ m& X, Y! R# S5 B* O8 p3 ?- {2.2.3 Australasia.................................................................................................................................... 7
- M5 O- _9 B8 K2.3 WIND TURBINE GENERATOR TECHNOLOGIES .....................................................................................7
4 B f0 M- r8 H0 l. a2 R5 _7 y5 y+ M2.3.1 Conventional Induction Generators.........................................................................................143 y8 X/ }# g; w9 [3 `$ I. V. O
2.3.2 Doubly-Fed Induction Generators ...........................................................................................16
U& r5 F4 G+ K' C$ Y+ D2.3.3 Other Designs ..............................................................................................................................181 Z; g; g' H: F+ _8 f/ d7 r
3 PLANNING AND INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS .............................................................198 K% ]1 _; O ]% ^1 ^: V( j
3.1 NORTH AMERICA ..................................................................................................................................19) Q2 E Z+ y# c, Y4 r
3.1.1 California....................................................................................................................................19 T; }9 {$ r2 ^9 R4 X- I# @
3.1.2 Texas .............................................................................................................................................20
$ u$ H8 h! o' z; ~# X# e6 X3.1.3 Midwest........................................................................................................................................20
3 j) S" A! _7 q0 {9 l3.1.4 New Mexico .................................................................................................................................20+ {0 s6 e( \* H% X
3.1.5 New York ......................................................................................................................................21
: ]6 n9 j; ~( M6 i1 s4 k1 `3.2 EUROPE...................................................................................................................................................227 { e6 e7 q: p( G
3.2.1 Denmark ......................................................................................................................................229 M0 B/ d+ c1 Z R
3.2.2 Germany ......................................................................................................................................24
: k; {$ ]( I: k3.2.3 Spain.............................................................................................................................................26% N5 i* s) b+ | K7 o I8 J
3.3 REST OF THE WORLD............................................................................................................................27
4 ]! r9 j# j4 ?' T9 o% G% z; N4 ]3.4 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIENCE WITH WIND GENERATION STUDIES IN THE US...276 \. _' O) a; x/ l; Z! E
4 PROPOSED PLANNING AN D INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS FOR AESO............30
' G1 M0 K; k' Y( }6 c# F# w4.1 PLANNING..............................................................................................................................................30
0 M( d5 _+ n2 m0 x+ j0 g5 D' j4.1.1 Reactive Capability: ...................................................................................................................302 X' S( k9 E! a
4.1.2 Line Ampacity and Unit Output:..............................................................................................315 v3 `: b: t8 T2 l& g
4.1.3 Other Planning Issues:...............................................................................................................34
$ d+ w5 {0 W+ G& Q6 }5 c7 |4.2 INTERCONNECTION...............................................................................................................................44. B/ X1 d. E; w- T
5 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................48
* b/ ^4 X, ]! E* D; V+ MREFERENCES....................................................................................................................................................503 P: ], x, e; U
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Stage 4:
' a* P- o8 h; V2 n" h; O) QOperations Impact
$ }0 X9 c0 t4 y& n, s% m( STERMINOLOGY.....................................................................................................................................5. B5 J; Z1 K3 y8 k- C6 O0 h9 ]# `8 q
1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................6- c$ N6 ~# [3 N4 r- J4 T* [8 V6 ^
2 AN OVERVIEW OF OPERATION CONCERNS DUE TO WIND GENERATION..............7
5 Q( n8 h; O% B% b$ X1 M/ M3 WIND GENERATION VARIABILITY AND WIND GENERATION FORECASTING.....120 `/ G/ D1 T \% h$ ]5 d
3.1 VARIABILITY OF WIND AND WIND POWER................................................................................12$ j4 ^ x2 Q: {4 D2 H
3.2 IMPACT OF WIND POWER VARIABILITY ON ENERGY MARKETS................................................16
+ ]$ U! x. L+ K4 d, F3 L- y3.3 FORECASTING OF WIND POWER GENERATION ..........................................................................19) x! e/ y7 p1 Y) ^! L/ l7 Z, L
4 WIND GENERATION CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS .....................................................22
- U- ^! a, g u3 `1 v# A& K5 V2 h" ~7 P4.1 PROTECTION, START-UP AND SHUT-DOWN................................................................................228 g0 w8 T6 e) K$ S/ F( N
4.1.1 Extreme Cold Temperature Operation .............................................................................22, B( |- K# {- L( o3 D1 z
4.2 VOLTAGE REGULATION..............................................................................................................234 |* P# m8 @1 x
4.3 CASE STUDY – HORNS REV OFFSHORE WIND FARM IN DENMARK ..........................................25
! H' r; z) B. g# v @2 A' k/ f5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................27; S5 y7 y" b9 `" s6 Z L
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................29& Q# |) w8 X: R. B$ j& g; J
APPENDIX A – SPECIFIC QUESTIONS BY AESO OPERATIONS STAFF WITH ABB’S
* f& o1 i7 ~8 W7 RRESPONSE .......................................................................................................................................... A-1 |
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