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发表于 2009-3-1 22:11:52
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谢谢分享， 很好的综述文章， 内容目录如下
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; J/ L0 v$ ~! Q- K/ F3 K& KIntegration of Wind Energy into the Alberta Electric System –
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' N! R* G2 {0 L% }Stage 1:
1 d- Y" E2 e1 B2 d$ @4 \Voltage Regulation Study* V( |1 u% w; x4 d2 D. r$ d3 I
$ W" F" L3 @% s7 M* S
TERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS.............................................................................................................5 |/ J# L* ^8 a; C# C% q* m
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................7
) j& U1 Q2 k }6 L6 R! S7 O1 SYSTEM DATA AND MODELING ASSUMPTIONS......................................................................8
: g( m8 J+ o/ m& o/ z1.1 MODELING OF THE ALBERTA INTERCONNECTED ELECTRIC SYSTEM ..............................................8) O5 w0 w. M4 n b& a, a6 f; k
1.1.1 Power Flow Model.........................................................................................................................8$ X1 E1 Z$ o/ n
1.1.2 Dynamic Models............................................................................................................................9
# @3 R, X+ c8 ~3 f1.1.3 Load Modeling............................................................................................................................. 10
* ?2 m9 Y) x: R# T4 t2 \% {2 SIMULATIONS RESULTS...................................................................................................................... 14
' s0 v2 h& q+ X. b2 J1 u2.1 2004 ........................................................................................................................................................ 14
o1 i5 }8 S/ R/ J6 m" l" b& T2.2 2005 ........................................................................................................................................................ 171 p, N$ A' n* H8 W
2.3 2007 ........................................................................................................................................................ 20
) j& n, u+ z+ \& L+ o2.4 ADDITIONAL SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...................................................................................... 24
5 d! N$ ~8 ?% l" S$ m2.5 SVC AS A MEANS OF MAINTAINING VOLTAGE STABILITY: SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...... 29 M2 t" {0 G1 n) X& c- J0 l/ T
2.6 WIND RAMP SENSITIVITY – 2007........................................................................................................ 33
! j$ S, v6 s$ p0 V. P. b) r: |- g3 |3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................... 37" e3 n; q9 G% u9 {
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................................... 40
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Stages 2 & 3:
0 S& [& o! w M ?Planning and Interconnection Criteria
, c; n. l& y% h/ u9 |TERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS............................................................................................................ 1
, m9 u: i% b ~) d1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 2
; G6 W; [, A5 U! P" E0 @% W2 WIND ENERGY – BACK GROUND ON THE GLOBAL PENETRATION OF WIND
- T, d6 I q( \* s3 r) J( YENERGY, FUTURE TRENDS AND THE MAJOR TECHNOLOGIES .............................................. 4# n1 K, O5 y' A7 C
2.1 WIND ENERGY CONVERSION .................................................................................................................40 j$ f* t' E/ w) p& u- B
2.2 WORLDWIDE EXPERIENCE WITH WIND ................................................................................................6
$ }2 a8 {. O* ~+ T# P. b' ~2.2.1 North America ............................................................................................................................... 6
3 q5 L8 l# S# E/ V" ^2.2.2 Europe............................................................................................................................................ 6
- p4 ^2 ^0 F( _3 p2.2.3 Australasia.................................................................................................................................... 75 s8 S" j/ _$ d% G8 X. J1 S4 \* ?
2.3 WIND TURBINE GENERATOR TECHNOLOGIES .....................................................................................7
7 v6 F, u: k U6 V9 }- Z2.3.1 Conventional Induction Generators.........................................................................................14
$ T8 e$ \) j3 \6 F2 s9 E& P% b1 z2.3.2 Doubly-Fed Induction Generators ...........................................................................................16
/ ~' N& ^. ?8 a3 O; t% P+ M C) L2.3.3 Other Designs ..............................................................................................................................18
4 a7 ~ f7 e* j$ a/ Z3 PLANNING AND INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS .............................................................196 a3 M# @' [( J: {4 E4 W
3.1 NORTH AMERICA ..................................................................................................................................192 s& Q& @4 d+ E6 k- b' r! i
3.1.1 California....................................................................................................................................19& D/ F" ~7 s$ v. Y' n
3.1.2 Texas .............................................................................................................................................20; r' s/ g1 z( I; C4 L
3.1.3 Midwest........................................................................................................................................20. ^) x; O! g( J! ?) O) j) g ]
3.1.4 New Mexico .................................................................................................................................20, X% Z- e& Y9 W9 O X0 a% q
3.1.5 New York ......................................................................................................................................21% w# j. T. O7 L% Q4 U) ^
3.2 EUROPE...................................................................................................................................................226 u' m2 b, O9 s1 j% Q& b
3.2.1 Denmark ......................................................................................................................................22
/ V9 O+ U( J; A. }& r6 C! f3.2.2 Germany ......................................................................................................................................24
: c Y) I( H$ V c8 \# H, I4 T: V% ~3.2.3 Spain.............................................................................................................................................26
; _* C5 ?# e6 f3.3 REST OF THE WORLD............................................................................................................................278 Z3 f6 z' E. ]7 I( b% V
3.4 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIENCE WITH WIND GENERATION STUDIES IN THE US...27
+ r# ] r/ w0 Y' b0 K) G4 PROPOSED PLANNING AN D INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS FOR AESO............30
& f& o! L; `9 d; v2 q+ h4.1 PLANNING..............................................................................................................................................30" p, A+ G4 a$ ^0 V" G3 q
4.1.1 Reactive Capability: ...................................................................................................................30& X+ z+ i" Z. A6 w1 m( ^
4.1.2 Line Ampacity and Unit Output:..............................................................................................317 m1 Q8 x6 R l, O
4.1.3 Other Planning Issues:...............................................................................................................340 J/ F( T/ \* p, l' ?
4.2 INTERCONNECTION...............................................................................................................................44, i- L$ w+ L8 P- O* W1 z) g: h
5 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................48
, k `5 f2 c$ nREFERENCES....................................................................................................................................................50- {% H( t e( [+ B$ Y* o
3 k, D; ]% {" `/ ^Stage 4:. h7 |7 v' e& u9 f9 M: U
Operations Impact/ M" I) [( T% h7 y% T+ h
TERMINOLOGY.....................................................................................................................................5
8 B5 z: E- r7 @6 o1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................6
: r( w, p5 W- N8 B j2 S1 z2 AN OVERVIEW OF OPERATION CONCERNS DUE TO WIND GENERATION..............7
! l6 Y* K% r9 a' M7 N3 WIND GENERATION VARIABILITY AND WIND GENERATION FORECASTING.....12
, _6 t; @6 g: o2 h; z. u3.1 VARIABILITY OF WIND AND WIND POWER................................................................................128 V; V3 ]( C% C) Y9 q* _
3.2 IMPACT OF WIND POWER VARIABILITY ON ENERGY MARKETS................................................16
4 Z$ d! Z; k t9 f4 e8 l1 x/ m2 N3.3 FORECASTING OF WIND POWER GENERATION ..........................................................................19
/ r1 }1 j$ _2 e. |, |, C4 WIND GENERATION CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS .....................................................22
8 j- L$ p% q' w1 M4.1 PROTECTION, START-UP AND SHUT-DOWN................................................................................22
8 `2 G" \3 Z- a3 w9 z4.1.1 Extreme Cold Temperature Operation .............................................................................22
9 W( i% Q2 Z' M. n4.2 VOLTAGE REGULATION..............................................................................................................23
8 b* `- ^* H( | I; t4.3 CASE STUDY – HORNS REV OFFSHORE WIND FARM IN DENMARK ..........................................25' U+ h" t& Z! K ?
5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................27
% S- p* N. @ J# p$ w# S# uREFERENCES........................................................................................................................................29; J) D3 s: a8 k- s4 H9 m4 ?) y
APPENDIX A – SPECIFIC QUESTIONS BY AESO OPERATIONS STAFF WITH ABB’S
" B5 Y- P1 X, gRESPONSE .......................................................................................................................................... A-1 |
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