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发表于 2009-3-1 22:11:52
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谢谢分享, 很好的综述文章, 内容目录如下
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Integration of Wind Energy into the Alberta Electric System –
' n$ m1 W; z/ ~/ h% m$ |1 G6 E; H* @) f( c6 h% W
Stage 1:$ P N6 n% p* x+ L
Voltage Regulation Study& S+ {! X" f* g$ C7 F' V
! w$ w2 d/ B% BTERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS.............................................................................................................51 M! _# P- |' o& \
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................7/ B0 F% X+ w3 y1 D4 d
1 SYSTEM DATA AND MODELING ASSUMPTIONS......................................................................8
6 w) J! x) G0 V2 w1.1 MODELING OF THE ALBERTA INTERCONNECTED ELECTRIC SYSTEM ..............................................8+ p+ B! @# L/ a# o9 C1 I
1.1.1 Power Flow Model.........................................................................................................................8
' k8 c. f1 F9 g5 Y- r( t1.1.2 Dynamic Models............................................................................................................................9% c2 r _$ H0 W' |1 i9 f9 ?' i
1.1.3 Load Modeling............................................................................................................................. 10" K/ T* I$ G$ L+ G& u
2 SIMULATIONS RESULTS...................................................................................................................... 14
% m6 c% K% {9 \# |# Q8 O: H1 `+ J2.1 2004 ........................................................................................................................................................ 144 n: P6 |+ [4 A2 n% ~4 E. O. O
2.2 2005 ........................................................................................................................................................ 17 L8 n, {9 H, P* l5 j `* n& E }
2.3 2007 ........................................................................................................................................................ 204 B0 t3 n) w9 \- ^& T0 O/ v, M
2.4 ADDITIONAL SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...................................................................................... 24
& O( n3 p1 t$ I, A g" D" K% p# ]2 m4 v2.5 SVC AS A MEANS OF MAINTAINING VOLTAGE STABILITY: SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...... 29% d. j' c1 Q7 `! u i: _
2.6 WIND RAMP SENSITIVITY – 2007........................................................................................................ 33
4 ^& H/ M1 \+ K" M2 s3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................... 379 i! s: B% e& A. s2 V
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................................... 403 O4 q, E7 H" ]5 I
; f! v$ b4 m9 Y0 PStages 2 & 3:
8 |/ ~6 S' ?( W- H/ ]Planning and Interconnection Criteria3 Z! g, U7 F. n
TERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS............................................................................................................ 16 H4 g( \% c* n: `- _7 f x
1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 2' |- P- l1 K1 \+ i3 s! y @, ]
2 WIND ENERGY – BACK GROUND ON THE GLOBAL PENETRATION OF WIND
, l% T/ k5 n* s# @$ e+ a' }ENERGY, FUTURE TRENDS AND THE MAJOR TECHNOLOGIES .............................................. 4
6 u+ v$ x( Q+ f, d2 j" `2.1 WIND ENERGY CONVERSION .................................................................................................................48 \8 g u% {+ Y# u, S% c
2.2 WORLDWIDE EXPERIENCE WITH WIND ................................................................................................6
4 S6 _$ v; s) k2.2.1 North America ............................................................................................................................... 6: ^! A2 ^2 h8 G6 q% h/ i
2.2.2 Europe............................................................................................................................................ 6. Q, z; | ]& V9 |5 w, X
2.2.3 Australasia.................................................................................................................................... 7
! X* X' m, g3 t( u& }2.3 WIND TURBINE GENERATOR TECHNOLOGIES .....................................................................................7( t/ N$ r* u. v- H3 ~
2.3.1 Conventional Induction Generators.........................................................................................140 c; o7 x" y& f: W1 H; |4 q/ a- d
2.3.2 Doubly-Fed Induction Generators ...........................................................................................168 A0 D- s9 @% x$ | n Z
2.3.3 Other Designs ..............................................................................................................................18
& ^/ D5 R5 w' X" o' ~4 N$ p3 PLANNING AND INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS .............................................................198 }- ]& i& Q1 I: \' P" P
3.1 NORTH AMERICA ..................................................................................................................................19' L& f) R* k! K7 _ W( H3 E9 h
3.1.1 California....................................................................................................................................19
. H" G& Q6 N) |3 D, H+ T3.1.2 Texas .............................................................................................................................................20" @# { u4 c- h& _# d
3.1.3 Midwest........................................................................................................................................20
S. K0 [& n# W. G5 f3.1.4 New Mexico .................................................................................................................................20
$ ^5 @, w# d: t! C7 B$ S- L3.1.5 New York ......................................................................................................................................21: b- e$ D' z0 g" v; c5 {+ e
3.2 EUROPE...................................................................................................................................................22& i8 m. s1 W7 F7 Q3 T
3.2.1 Denmark ......................................................................................................................................22
* W5 M& @( y5 ~( Q5 p/ E' J3.2.2 Germany ......................................................................................................................................24
0 q+ f0 z; H* G' X2 ^ t5 |% O3.2.3 Spain.............................................................................................................................................269 P0 u( s2 ^' `7 d% M3 L+ G8 V" x6 q
3.3 REST OF THE WORLD............................................................................................................................27; S* h/ s: h. O1 {9 T% U3 ^6 A3 c
3.4 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIENCE WITH WIND GENERATION STUDIES IN THE US...27
3 ] [& a9 m+ [5 O$ F: k4 PROPOSED PLANNING AN D INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS FOR AESO............30
, }- L p- T6 d4.1 PLANNING..............................................................................................................................................30( W" z5 @! F* ]5 G7 T3 ^3 S6 z
4.1.1 Reactive Capability: ...................................................................................................................30
# a5 c+ K4 r/ M% K: g. m4.1.2 Line Ampacity and Unit Output:..............................................................................................31
) P% Y: I6 t! f# M( t9 I2 }0 \7 Z4.1.3 Other Planning Issues:...............................................................................................................34# _/ c3 D( R6 b7 Q \
4.2 INTERCONNECTION...............................................................................................................................449 ]; e; ?( X0 _4 R8 m0 C; Z
5 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................48# `. R s/ R3 P0 l
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................................509 h( Q" X; [3 q
, R G0 u2 S6 ?0 {5 BStage 4:3 N) h) B" {9 @8 o+ T J
Operations Impact
4 H/ Y( H$ M" D) K8 X0 OTERMINOLOGY.....................................................................................................................................5) x1 v. Q( w( q! `! W
1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................6/ | d t3 Q1 W" w% `7 Z
2 AN OVERVIEW OF OPERATION CONCERNS DUE TO WIND GENERATION..............7
- i8 `9 G+ s A' G y# b7 r3 WIND GENERATION VARIABILITY AND WIND GENERATION FORECASTING.....12
% p; T" p& A( x3.1 VARIABILITY OF WIND AND WIND POWER................................................................................127 ~: b/ _, v5 E8 V
3.2 IMPACT OF WIND POWER VARIABILITY ON ENERGY MARKETS................................................16
8 U, ?. r- l* Y3.3 FORECASTING OF WIND POWER GENERATION ..........................................................................19
2 [3 T0 N# e) E& @ W3 b4 k, `3 Q4 WIND GENERATION CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS .....................................................22
: ]% K% t2 s" d; ^) [! q4.1 PROTECTION, START-UP AND SHUT-DOWN................................................................................22
- f* ?+ g: C& K2 g8 B: E! k% q4.1.1 Extreme Cold Temperature Operation .............................................................................22! y# r* R7 r5 B: R2 ?8 y. @
4.2 VOLTAGE REGULATION..............................................................................................................230 i# a$ Z p' C6 I' n
4.3 CASE STUDY – HORNS REV OFFSHORE WIND FARM IN DENMARK ..........................................25
# b. v. d" a6 j3 D( Q% u5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................27
5 a' a# [2 B5 @/ j9 j5 cREFERENCES........................................................................................................................................29- G0 U/ ]4 ~. [* e8 G1 N! L+ v; B5 l
APPENDIX A – SPECIFIC QUESTIONS BY AESO OPERATIONS STAFF WITH ABB’S
5 w7 A* i4 B1 O7 `3 uRESPONSE .......................................................................................................................................... A-1 |
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