PSCAD例子的学习笔记

DOUSHENG

pscad例子的学习笔记

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一、黄金分割法（在optimum_run）

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二、电能质量（在PowerQuality中）

软件的英文说明：

This application example is based on a caseorigionally created at the Manitoba HVDC Research Centre by Dr. M. Reformat, inManitoba, Canada.

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This case illustrates the use of a STATCOMto provide active filtering for the ac side of a 6-pulse converter system. TheActive filter  is connected through a 20kVA, Y-Y transformer to a 200 V, 50 Hz, 3-Phase bus, with a 6-pulse converterload

REFERENCE:

  H.Fujita and H. Akagi,

  'APractical Approach to Harmonic Compensation

  inPower Systems - Series Connection of Passive

  andActive Filters', IEEE Trans. on Ind.Applications,

vol.27, No.6, Nov/Dec 1991, pp. 1020-1025

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Revised by J.E. Nordstrom - September 2000

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软件的英文说明。

This application example is based on a caseorigionally created at Manitoba Hydro, in Manitoba Canada.

The problem was that farm animals, during winter months, were experiencing a "tinglevoltage", due to suspected poor grounding on the local ground grid.

Using PSCAD, the engineers were able tosimulate the local system and determine that the grounding problem was at leastpartially related to ground rod resistance. During the winter months, the ground conductivity is poor, resulting in a poor connectionbetween the ground rods and earth.

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Whilethis case is running, you can adjust the ground rod resistance. Notice thechange in voltage across the cow!

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Revised by J.E. Nordstrom- July 2000

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三、继电保护Case 1:

- Two Thevinen Impedancesources connected via one 100kmtransmission line.

（双电源系统通过100km
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- System voltage is 230kVsettable via source equivalents.

（230kV）

- Simulates twosubstations connected via one transmission line.

(仿真两个变电所之间的传输线路)

- Four fault positionsfor full fault control ahead and behind station relays.

（设计了四个故障点）

- Two breakers areindependently timed controlled. (Default is closed).

（两侧的断路器可以通过时间，默认是合上的）

-
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（可以实现分相操作）

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CASE2：多个故障点。其它一样

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CASE3：双回线

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CASE4：双回线的不同故障点

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CASE5：双回线的不同故障点再加支出一条线路

Case Description:

- Two Thevinen Impedance sources connectedvia

  transmission lines and a T-tap.

- One transmission line terminated with atransformer

  ofconfigurable size and type.

- System voltage is 230kV settable viasource equivalents.

- Simulates three substations connected viathree transmission lines.

- Eight (8) fault positions for full faultcontrol ahead and behind station relays.

- Five breakers are independently timedcontrolled. (Default is closed).

- Independent breaker pole tripping ispossible.

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CASE6：双回线的不同故障点再加支出一条线路

与CASE5类似，细节有所不同。故障点任意设置。

Case Description:  DOUBLE LINE WITH A T-TAP

- Two Thevinen Impedancesources connected via

   transmission lines and a T-tap.

- One transmission lineterminated with a transformer

  of configurable size and type.

- System voltage is 230kVsettable via source equivalents.

- Simulates threesubstations connected via four transmission lines.

- Nine fault positionsfor full fault control ahead and behind station relays.

- Faults can be placedMidline on Line 1, Line2 and Line 3

- User  must take Care to ensure the sum of thesections, T1 through T6 sum

   to the length of the lines they aresimulating.

- Five breakers areindependently timed controlled. (Default is closed).

- Independent breakerpole tripping is possible.

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CASE7：联络变压器

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Case Description:

- Two Thevinen Impedancesources connected via a D-Y transformer.

- System voltage is230kV/25kV settable via source equivalents.

- Simulates two systemswith a feeder load.

- Four fault positionsfor full fault control ahead and behind station relays.

- Three breakers areindependently timed controlled. (Default is closed).

- Independent breakerpole tripping is possible.

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CASE8：三绕组变压器

Case Description:

- Two Thevinen Impedance sources connectedvia a Y-D-Y transformer.

- Faults can be applied to the 10 kV Deltatertiary winding

- System voltage is 230kV/25kV settable viasource equivalents.

- Simulates two systems with a feeder load.

- Five fault positions for full faultcontrol ahead and behind station relays.

- Five breakers are independently timedcontrolled. (Default is closed).

- Independent breaker pole tripping ispossible.

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CASE9：与SEL 321Relay相关的模型

This example system is taken from the SEL321 Relay Instruction Manual, Chapter 5.

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The transmission line models are based oninputting R, X, and B data manually.

Line data is entered per meter; therefore,the lengths of the different

line sections are adjusted simply bychanging the line length.

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四、（次同步机）SubSyncRes文件夹中内容

IEEE FIRST BENCHMARK CASE FORSUB-SYNCHRONOUS RESONANCE STUDIES

Example Case Characteristics:

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- Field Voltage of Synchronous machine heldat the same value

- Mech. Torque of Synchronous machine  held at the initial value

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- Multimass enabled at time = 1.4 sec. Theinput "Mactiv" allows the multimass to be enabled only when themachine is active. The multimass is initialized with smoothed value ofelectrical torque "Testdy" from the machine model.

Reference:

IEEETransactions on Power Apparatus and System,

Vol. 96, No.5, October 1977, pp. 1565-1572.

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五、（WIND Farm文件夹）风力发电机（异步机）

This case shows ainduction generator being driven by a wind turbine. The turbine is controled bya wind governor. The 'wind source'  isused to model wind speed fluctuations.

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学习心得（2012-2-21）：

这个风机由三个部分组成：一是风机（相当于发电厂是的汽轮机），二是调速器（相当于汽轮机的气门控制装置，三是发电机（实际上是鼠笼电动机）。

1、
风机的设置

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上述参数中，Vw是风速，属于外部输入参数，模型前面的就有风速的调节模块，本例中风速一定。W是电机的机械速度。

这个W的单位是（rad/s）

因此，在“模拟风机的机械速度”处，w是电动机的输出速度。Output Speed是一个标么值，将其乘以2*PI*f再除以极对数。变所W。

还有一个输入就是Beta，就是pitch angle 桨距角（可能叫法不对），我的理解是风机叶片的角度，相当于船的桨的吃水角度。

输出Tm给电机，输出P看看的。

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以上调整风机的叶片长度、空气密度、齿轮箱效率等等参数。

2、
调速器的设置

Pitch Control就是节距控制。

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下图中的1.44是风机的要求功率（ref为参照的意思）。Wref为电角速度。对应于50Hz。

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下图为比例积分调节，属于控制参数。

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下图为速度阻尼参数，属于控制参数。

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下图比较重要，是桨距角的调整。

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3、
鼠笼电机的设置

见电动机的控制W，S，T。: 记住： Aswitch to select speed control mode (1) or torque control mode (0).本例中，在1s时，通过控制设置为“0”变成转矩控制，之前是速度控制。

T是风机传过来的。

对于模型的初步认识：

1）1s时，鼠笼电机转为转矩控制。

2）5s时。进入桨距控制。

显示出通过控制桨距，满足了功率输出的需求。

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六、（WIND Farm文件夹）风力发电机（同步机）

This case shows a synchronous generator beingdriven by a wind turbine. The turbine is controled by a wind governor. The'wind source'  is used to model windspeed fluctuations.

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七、（WIND Farm文件夹）风力发电机并网（软起动）

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八、Tutorial(教程)1.Chatter波形的抖动的处理

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Definition of Chatter:

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Anumerical oscillation（振荡，幅值不定） (every time step) in v or i which is caused bytrapezoidal integration.（梯形积分）

It is not realistic.

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Voltage chatter occurswhenever a disturbance is applied at a node to which only inductors areconnected.

Current chatter occurswhenever a disturbance is applied at a location where capacitors are connectedin a loop.

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Chatter can be initiatedby switching actions, or by steps in current injections (or voltage sources).

Chatter is not caused byinterruption in the current in an inductor at a non-zero point.

Chatter EliminationTechniques:

--------------------------------------------

解决方法

1) Add dampingresistors.  This method will cause theoscillation to damp out within a few cycles, but it will add extra damping tothe solution.

2) CDA - Critical DampingAdjustment.  This method eliminateschatter by changing from Trapezoidal Integration to 2 time steps of rectangularintegration.  This will solve the chatterproblem, but

the solution accuracy isdegraded (albeit only for a few time steps) due to the less accurateintegration approximation.  Rectangularintegration can also be numerically unstable (whereas trapezoidal

is always stable).

3) 1/2 StepInterpolation.  This method interpolatesbetween 0 and 1 (to 0.5), then steps from 0.5 to 1.5 (using the regulartrapezoidal method), and then interpolates back to 1.0 to complete the timestep.

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4) Root Matching.  This is a new integration technique whichreplaces the standard trapezoidal integration algorithm.  It does not initiate chatter, so a removalprocess is not required.

- Root matching can onlybe formulated where branches contain at least 2 or more elements (ie RL, LC..)so is ineffective for pure inductive node problems.   

- Branches solved withRoot Matching can be intermixed in the same solution with branches solved withother integration techniques.

- Root Matching is alwaysnumerically stable.

- Root Matching is asefficient (or more efficient) numerically than trapezoidal integration.

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2.
3 M0 A1 J1 i, ?" l* @HARMONIC IMPEDANCE AND FFT（谐波负荷及在线快速傅丽叶FFT）

A simple case illustrating application ofcurrent injection and the on-line Fast Fourier Transform.  Harmonic currents are injected at specifiedfrequencies and of equal magnitude into an RLC network whose resonant frequencyis 120 Hz.  The voltage drop of theentire RLC network is fed into an online Fast Fourier Transform to determinethe magnitudes and phases of the harmonics present.

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To the right are theharmonic magnitude and phase readings. The harmonic magnitude and phase is displayed in the form of aphasormeter.  Each phasor represents aharmonic including the fundamental. Clicking on the proper button in the display selector will display themagnitude and phase for the appropriate harmonic in the status bar.

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3.
" o, k5 C1 `( y1 v- AINPUT CONTROL COMPONENTS（引入控制模块）

A simple case with set of input controlcomponents needed for interactive simulation.

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They are used to make changes in signal andparameter values at the time of simulation.

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4.
SIMPLE GTO DEVICE USINGINTERPOLATION（对付自激电动势）

nterpolation is an integral part of EMTDCwhich allows switching devices to switch at any instant of time instead of onlyon the regular time step grid. This allows the use of a larger time stepwithout missing current zeroes or other switching instants.

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This circuit shows the simplest form offorced commutation.  A dc current willflow into the inductor, slowing reaching its steady state condition.  When the gto device turns off, the currentfrom the source will go to 0.0.  Thecurrent in the inductor cannot change instantaneously however, so a large -vevoltage (due to L.di/dt ) is generated, resulting in the back diode turning onimmediately.

With fixed time step programs however, thediode will not turn on until the end of the time step.  This means that the current in the inductoris reduced to zero. The result is a large voltage spike (of one time stepduration), and the inductor current is re-set to 0.0.

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The EMTDC program uses interpolation, sothe diode will turn on at exactly 0.0 voltage, not at the end of the timestep.  The result is that the inductorcurrent continues to flow in the diode without interruption.

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5.
LEGEND（图例，图注）

his example case shows how you can generatea legend that will appear at the bottom of any simulation page.

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It also shows how you can use pre-definedmacros in your text. For example, the use of a macro DateTime (with a %: beforeit)  will generate:     

%:DateTime

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The legend component below was designed sothat both the prompt and the corresponding text are entered as Parameters.  Any user can modify the prompt and text foreach of the 5 lines in the component. Only macros from the first set can beused here.

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NOTE:

Both components (legendand legend_hardcoded) are stored in this example case (when you point at acomponent and stop moving the mouse, the fly-by text shows you the casename orlibrary in which this component is located).            

Some users may want tohave a Legend component that is used for all their simulation cases, or maybecommon for all users at a company.  Thebest way to accomplish this is to save the legend component to

a unique name (such ascompanyname_legend_portrait).  Then movethis component into the appropriate library.

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To move the componentdefinition to different library or case please do the following steps:

- first go to the Project Tree, and for thecase or library where the

   original component is located, expand thetree and the  Definitions section;

- next, point at the component, and with theright button, copy the component definition;

- go to the library or case where you want thecomponent to reside (or create a new one), and paste the

   component into the Definitions section;

- finally, create an instance of thiscomponent (by right button Special->Create Instance)

   and paste this into the main page for thelibrary.

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Now the legend componentcan be copied from the library and use it in all their simulation cases.

If the componentdefinition is modified in the library, then it will change for all users.

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6.
A SIMPLE MULTIRUN CASE（混合运行，一次运行，完成多项仿真）

A simple caseillustrating the multiple run feature of PSCAD using the single line diagramview.

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- find the maximumovervoltage on a bus for different fault types applied at different times

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- it is possible to takea snapshot  when a steady state

  is reached and then run multiple simulationfrom the snapshot;

  the steps which have to be done are:

  - disable the mrun block

  - set a snapshot at 0.3 sec (Project Settingsof the case)

  - run the case

  - enable the mrun block

  - set startup of the case form snapshot andchange simulation

    time to 0.1sec  (Project Settings of the case)

-
run the case

-
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7.
PAGE INSIDE A PAGE AND ARRAYS（页中加页，大系统拆分为小系统）

A simple case whichillustrates how to break a circuit into two pages.

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Additionally it is shownhow to use arrays:

    - converting data into an array

    - tapping the elements of an array

- using the whole array in a polymeter

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8.
! T! _+ |' D+ B. iA SIMPLE AC SYSTEM（简单交流系统，单回线，与前面继电保护中的模型类似，略）9.
SINGLE PHASE VOLTAGE DIVIDER（利用表计获得数据，画图，略）

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阿牛jojo

回头搜一下，急需各种学习资料呀

DOUSHENG

居然还是没有图啊啊 ？？？

yetixu

没有图啊  楼主 可否邮箱一份  xuyijun2012app@gmail.com

DOUSHENG

回复 3# yetixu
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  已发送，请查收。

hncqlok

同求：hncql.ok@163.com

yetixu

回复 4# DOUSHENG
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   谢谢楼主   好人一生平安

豆豆的冬天

楼主怎么没有图呢，麻烦楼主给发一份呗1550102134@qq.com

eyeah1992

楼主好人，求发一份！562299868@qq.com.谢谢！

zyhgj

同求，545761256@qq.com，好人啊

科研狂人

没有图啊  楼主 可否邮箱一份 576487527@qq.com，小弟刚学习PSCAD，遇到这么有价值的资料很难得啊，楼主大好人！