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电子图书
| 电子图书名: |
变压器设计与实践(英文)Transformer Engineering |
| 编者: |
未知 |
| 内容简介: |
变压器设计 |
| 所属专业方向: |
变压器 |
| 出版社: |
未知 |
| 来源: |
网络 |
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Contents, x5 i2 D, m2 `' H- z
Foreword Jin Sim iii
: M: s4 o# b6 T/ W& d7 p1 HPreface v" @% \& u! {3 `' y
Acknowledgements ix! I1 l$ l2 N3 N2 e
1 Transformer Fundamentals 19 V2 a. ]7 ^6 d4 ^, T
1.1 Perspective 1
$ T, T' w/ \& q' y! w; P1.2 Applications and Types of Transformers 5( y. b1 @" ^/ T* I1 }& S- I
1.3 Principles and Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer 119 Q! d* r0 G5 B; G# l" y" i
1.4 Representation of Transformer in Power System 20% U) o- `' r) B$ a& c! h
1.5 Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Tests 23' f" a' J$ m# j! F4 V
1.6 Voltage Regulation and Efficiency 25
2 A8 n W3 \1 y+ {1.7 Parallel Operation of Transformers 33
* u3 e" n! c' z) b- N, h7 LReferences 34% o. X+ p8 `+ B4 g" z
2 Magnetic Characteristics 35
{ r& `: l- x% u5 c2.1 Construction 36
3 X# n# @5 `- E! q2.2 Hysteresis and Eddy Losses 42
$ a X, V+ ?# r7 p, n2.3 Excitation Characteristics 44
! x4 Z) f9 w* N: x& K2.4 Over-Excitation Performance 46- ~! n2 F( L! Y
2.5 No-Load Loss Test 46
# U# P2 B j( q0 N2.6 Impact of Manufacturing Processes on Core Performance 54! a7 n6 A5 e6 \% A: M
2.7 Inrush Current 56/ g+ m# Z8 w3 `1 K& M. U
2.8 Influence of Core Construction and Winding
" k3 r6 q/ i0 Q) ?Connections on No-Load Harmonic Phenomenon 67
5 j- I" B. d5 y9 w2.9 Transformer Noise 69
% d& M/ p/ h6 e$ x+ Y# t% dReferences 72 }: D d: o3 Z1 w- C1 T
3 Impedance Characteristics 77" h: g& H, u3 O5 Z0 a
3.1 Reactance Calculation 78* v. a B3 n9 |' x I
3.2 Different Approaches for Reactance Calculation 85" S d; y! ~) k9 M& h% j4 l
3.3 Two-Dimensional Analytical Methods 88
9 b6 i- H/ r; ?' O3.4 Numerical Method for Reactance Calculation 90" d9 z7 V& _. s o4 k2 B) x
3.5 Impedance Characteristics of Three-Winding Transformer 980 _0 k0 V0 G$ _5 r" w5 q* e, X
3.6 Reactance Calculation for Zigzag Transformer 103
0 L: y$ J7 ~; o- o3.7 Zero-Sequence Reactance Estimation 108* ~ _: u: a( ?4 J( P
3.8 Stabilizing Tertiary Winding 121
; B# r( H; r5 a) W& ~# y2 ZReferences 1239 I! @# L; y, Y. n+ ~! F. y
4 Eddy Currents and Winding Stray Losses 127
6 J! ~" ]+ H3 T, e6 M: S4.1 Field Equations 128" Z! j$ e& t; {' R& {
4.2 Poynting Vector 133- }( j) b; O" ?
4.3 Eddy Current and Hysteresis Losses 1375 t" Z0 m6 q0 A1 c2 w
4.4 Effect of Saturation 139
; k( ~* r- L1 C! @% y/ {4.5 Eddy Loss in a Transformer Winding 141. F- f6 J5 N9 l J9 e k7 l
4.6 Circulating Current Loss in Transformer Windings 155: S- Z, K) C2 U' d* i$ m% Q$ _
References 166
7 j: o3 o' Q* ^ e$ s, ^: a7 [5 Stray Losses in Structural Components 169
' z: j/ Z2 y+ K& m- t% s5.1 Factors Influencing Stray Losses 1716 z4 N; h$ C( x9 X' u; k
5.2 Overview of Methods for Stray Loss Estimation 182& f; A/ g+ J; @' F2 `6 v
5.3 Core Edge Loss 184' I3 e+ p; a' h8 @% }' ~
5.4 Stray Loss in Frames 1859 G% J2 ~- ?% m ^2 W
5.5 Stray Loss in Flitch Plates 187
. ^3 k& _/ {; j$ y0 x/ g6 A. _4 S5.6 Stray Loss in Tank 192+ `- b$ Q, X: ~4 V
5.7 Stray Loss in Bushing Mounting Plates 197& c x" p1 J* q; V3 G. b
5.8 Evaluation of Stray Loss Due to High Current Leads 199
* H5 |6 `+ t0 @) ~; c J& r' D2 }5.9 Measures for Stray Loss Control 206! @" O) n3 G# e7 M
5.10 Methods for Experimental Verification 214, J* T2 H/ D! N7 |( C" b. [0 c% K
5.11 Estimation of Stray Losses in Overexcitation Condition 2160 Q8 {- Z/ i4 f* t+ h3 ^
5.12 Load Loss Measurement 218
{2 D4 r/ H# M2 \9 Z8 E/ _1 sReferences 224) D; w- m% e; h
6 Short Circuit Stresses and Strength 231
2 \8 h2 t" R3 G; r/ a5 S% M; H, B6.1 Short Circuit Currents 2323 _$ a$ k# e- ~+ A" _+ z# d# R& [) r8 S
6.2 Thermal Capability at Short Circuit 239
- F0 s1 q* C1 ^4 ^6.3 Short Circuit Forces 240# w/ I" j; u: i8 ]8 q) I
6.4 Dynamic Behavior Under Short Circuits 247
, B1 [$ [" G* t5 ?# k( }6.5 Failure Modes Due to Radial Forces 2510 D4 t% Z4 W6 |% [
6.6 Failure Modes Due to Axial Forces 254! S- U: s2 V6 d
6.7 Effect of Pre-Stress 260 j7 T( e5 w* L) U2 E
6.8 Short Circuit Test 260$ h0 P4 Y" i. m, s, O1 t
6.9 Effect of Inrush Current 261" m* \! B! B5 V: V F7 {
6.10 Split-Winding Transformers 262
% f& z4 G5 h- }/ H- J2 q: h6.11 Short Circuit Withstand 264+ E5 ]0 o7 v; R: [
6.12 Calculation of Electrodynamic Force Between
$ ?4 X- q7 ~! c! Z" wParallel Conductors 268* ^7 Z* ~+ @8 i1 w
6.13 Design of Clamping Structures 270
8 h! ^( }) Q: K8 I3 XReferences 272
* L$ ~4 N5 h# i2 Q7 Surge Phenomena in Transformers 277
4 F( q1 {# Z- q) j, n ~8 F# r7.1 Initial Voltage Distrubution 277
* c& t2 t- E T1 n7.2 Capacitance Calculations 2820 P* M2 [0 U4 X+ H+ Y9 F
7.3 Capacitance of Windings 2867 o+ Q& K) I. M
7.4 Inductance Calculation 298% K2 j" V2 b& f1 _2 N# } _' R
7.5 Standing Waves and Traveling Waves 300
# s: s; I8 }5 f+ J* ]+ Z7.6 Methods for Analysis of Impulse Distribution 303
) B- Y& P1 \5 m% ~, [# b7.7 Computation of Impulse Voltage Distribution
9 e2 m: q! W3 T3 hUsing State Variable Method 306
4 q; O; d% X4 e/ ` k7.8 Winding Design for Reducing Internal Overvoltages 3146 E* X( t+ P4 K) l0 M1 j. o. C$ J
References 321
: u! ]0 q0 e# T5 R8 Insulation Design 327
7 A" U8 W- v, X6 n8.1 Calculation of Stresses for Simple Configurations 328* U) i7 Y7 }9 w- g6 X
8.2 Field Computations 333# u9 ?1 o6 h% U
8.3 Factors Affecting Insulation Strength 335
' P; j3 k+ c: O& c! E( W+ ~" U8.4 Test Methods and Design Insulation Level (DIL) 348
9 d# E# y' f/ d" S& u" H0 h$ i' u8.5 Insulation Between Two Windings 351
9 @2 N6 l/ m) m* H8.6 Internal Insulation 353
8 k* W4 h6 s8 J% b5 b8.7 Design of End Insulation 356/ _4 e* G; |. @6 `# r; Z
8.8 High-Voltage Lead Clearances 358. T/ l- }+ `) k5 C9 f
8.9 Statistical Analysis for Optimization and Quality Enhancement 361 j* z/ W* N; {* p
References 362
: i1 z: e, C. V# w- F( ]9 Cooling Systems 367# r3 F8 x, t3 h: i
9.1 Modes of Heat Transfer 368
9 Z2 _2 B$ ]: j$ M9.2 Cooling Arrangements 370
* g9 V4 H0 R q, d+ L0 V9 L- v9.3 Dissipation of Core Heat 375, ]0 j4 s L: f( G
9.4 Dissipation of Winding Heat 376 `* t$ [1 ]4 p/ x3 a2 T: S
9.5 Aging and Life Expectancy 380/ m% S# A' ?. o( ?
9.6 Direct Hot Spot Measurement 384: o5 `4 N2 ~1 r- u* I
9.7 Static Electrification Phenomenon 385( f6 n. o4 r# @ f# b, ?# x
References 387
- `' L& \6 Q) F* \/ V4 L10 Structural Design 389% X% t; m+ w& M/ U& }- p
10.1 Importance of Structural Design 389
% Q0 `, S0 ?4 v+ l3 q10.2 Different Types of Loads and Tests 390
6 A+ G8 v7 U3 R& d10.3 Classification of Transformer Tanks 392/ M- } ~- g# w8 J2 t
10.4 Tank Design 3955 l& p# y: w5 u5 g4 d# u, \4 u* D$ G
10.5 Methods of Analysis 397
3 Q6 j: {6 B9 h5 X: g( l10.6 Overpressure Phenomenon in Transformers 401/ W: w9 T+ `- _0 K8 l
10.7 Seismic Analysis 403
/ b, { i: K! H- v+ ~10.8 Transformer Noise: Characteristics and Reduction 404
( Y) {& j z* V0 o1 a: uReferences 409
, W: x0 j4 n4 l0 ?11 Special Transformers 411: S5 R% e# w' K- D' q# V4 c
11.1 Rectifier Transformers 4110 `. ~! Z2 x3 b( f" U
11.2 Converter Transformers for HVDC 4170 d% u' B P \5 e+ F
11.3 Furnace Transformers 424) ]0 y5 b' K9 T: M" ~, M# R v
11.4 Phase Shifting Transformers 428: Y! v) O: C. [3 {- f9 B- |$ l
References 433
$ s' ^6 r; |# S5 a ^# a2 G12 Recent Trends in Transformer Technology 4370 T' P+ ?1 g0 U0 E6 b" \* i, x
12.1 Magnetic Circuit 4372 D+ q; _0 P, D' J2 n# B/ F5 m
12.2 Windings 438
* ~, K3 [: c9 \* V& ?12.3 Insulation 440
5 j1 f+ o6 z& Z0 }2 ~0 O12.4 Challenges in Design and Manufacture of Transformers 441
3 t/ H0 u# M' u12.5 Computer-Aided Design and Analysis 443
2 \7 N. h7 g* S) l12.6 Monitoring and Diagnostics 445/ ?' L" y+ P4 M( P; k
12.7 Life Assessment and Refurbishment 449& D. ]7 `0 }' ?. c% f! g3 d" P, d
References 449
+ H, |- L% Z, I/ h. eAppendix A: Fault Calculations 453
8 ^ n0 D2 t# }( bA1 Asymmetrical Fault with No In-Feed from LV Side 454
1 W& w4 F9 q1 |A2 Asymmetrical Fault with In-Feed from LV Side 457" ^, T6 R3 ^3 i4 `
Appendix B: Stress and Capacitance Formulae 4593 y, r$ Q B" P/ ~* E. [
B1 Stress Calculations 459
& c- _4 F* @& OB2 Capacitance Calculations 467 |
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