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发表于 2009-3-1 22:11:52
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谢谢分享, 很好的综述文章, 内容目录如下! O, @( l4 Y y1 N! r
2 I/ T: V5 P/ A6 ~2 @Integration of Wind Energy into the Alberta Electric System – ; n P9 h- e4 y. h
- p5 Z: J' c6 i, Z6 f- IStage 1:, J( v' T) G+ Y! y9 C
Voltage Regulation Study
* d+ _! W" H3 D/ t. W2 |* h
4 ~2 a8 w' N H) j2 Z+ VTERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS.............................................................................................................5
- W3 ?+ r1 R/ e* o" V2 K- `. jINTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................7
" @: x+ w- H5 ]! S7 {; x8 W1 SYSTEM DATA AND MODELING ASSUMPTIONS......................................................................8
) ]) o9 q; x/ `" e8 J- {1.1 MODELING OF THE ALBERTA INTERCONNECTED ELECTRIC SYSTEM ..............................................8
5 Z, n0 e; y$ C5 T# s1.1.1 Power Flow Model.........................................................................................................................8
2 _9 h' r1 q7 I' _' |0 F1.1.2 Dynamic Models............................................................................................................................9
0 i8 z: ~. B |7 y& Z1.1.3 Load Modeling............................................................................................................................. 102 x4 v5 H% M- `8 @
2 SIMULATIONS RESULTS...................................................................................................................... 14
6 K! o' \: L' x* u4 ?8 m2.1 2004 ........................................................................................................................................................ 14
5 _% m- x* o+ l' H- G4 g2.2 2005 ........................................................................................................................................................ 17, b6 `- t8 d$ f6 y+ D
2.3 2007 ........................................................................................................................................................ 20+ j u& u9 y9 I1 L# d
2.4 ADDITIONAL SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...................................................................................... 246 F L" F6 m8 w5 c( G) G8 |( J
2.5 SVC AS A MEANS OF MAINTAINING VOLTAGE STABILITY: SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...... 29
2 h' X" t9 E& H* _8 Q1 ~% Q2.6 WIND RAMP SENSITIVITY – 2007........................................................................................................ 33
# C) F" r, \/ p& f' `$ \ f3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................... 37
8 o, l' h v) o# Y XREFERENCES..................................................................................................................................................... 40
5 |; u' t* W% Y- j" \5 B% {1 {! q- n$ a x3 H: E `3 i% M- M# R
Stages 2 & 3:
( o# f5 u" { P* E+ C* oPlanning and Interconnection Criteria
- f' d4 ~0 o2 _% J+ _& xTERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS............................................................................................................ 1
, _) Y$ l7 v6 s( B1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 2
- N. W& }( Y5 D& h2 WIND ENERGY – BACK GROUND ON THE GLOBAL PENETRATION OF WIND
2 L- f* O7 |; MENERGY, FUTURE TRENDS AND THE MAJOR TECHNOLOGIES .............................................. 4' K# e* P: f$ R. U& M9 _% W
2.1 WIND ENERGY CONVERSION .................................................................................................................43 b C& T5 _( s" \7 U( s" L
2.2 WORLDWIDE EXPERIENCE WITH WIND ................................................................................................6" k0 ^" t1 z+ C' b g
2.2.1 North America ............................................................................................................................... 6
9 V8 {4 n6 r, |: R5 Z/ y2.2.2 Europe............................................................................................................................................ 68 Q* V" \% r, G" V9 N
2.2.3 Australasia.................................................................................................................................... 7
2 B' j# V. @4 _; ~! g6 a% q* g2.3 WIND TURBINE GENERATOR TECHNOLOGIES .....................................................................................78 [. f+ \6 [+ k' Q$ u
2.3.1 Conventional Induction Generators.........................................................................................14- ?) B0 U3 N/ T0 r k
2.3.2 Doubly-Fed Induction Generators ...........................................................................................16
" s* F1 i; `$ J ^7 N4 M% Z2.3.3 Other Designs ..............................................................................................................................186 w( w [$ B" r6 i, A8 `
3 PLANNING AND INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS .............................................................19+ `8 B3 C$ Y6 a+ o1 b
3.1 NORTH AMERICA ..................................................................................................................................19
" b& e& Y3 f( {& H2 G0 z3.1.1 California....................................................................................................................................19
: M4 B: Q' T+ k \) C0 I/ X' j3.1.2 Texas .............................................................................................................................................20
y* Y3 i7 C/ ?: h7 J, r3.1.3 Midwest........................................................................................................................................20
# O! g6 I0 o0 F. x- v4 W! b) q3.1.4 New Mexico .................................................................................................................................20" c' R$ R; f7 O j! }
3.1.5 New York ......................................................................................................................................21
3 P9 l+ u B; C7 {7 f2 }7 {3.2 EUROPE...................................................................................................................................................22
, J: I2 m7 D4 ]: l# X! ~3.2.1 Denmark ......................................................................................................................................227 ^; O+ k& @5 @6 ], G' P) p
3.2.2 Germany ......................................................................................................................................245 [2 V; T/ _, l. Z
3.2.3 Spain.............................................................................................................................................26* R5 E: x0 E' H( k
3.3 REST OF THE WORLD............................................................................................................................27
- h# Q& [+ j% r1 r, `! m3.4 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIENCE WITH WIND GENERATION STUDIES IN THE US...27
% H. w) j+ B: M; I, M$ u4 PROPOSED PLANNING AN D INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS FOR AESO............30
* f! j. {9 y1 ~& p$ L. S$ s2 Q( f/ o4.1 PLANNING..............................................................................................................................................30
$ Z8 k+ J% v) w6 ^$ p2 ?" i4.1.1 Reactive Capability: ...................................................................................................................30- r. }9 A) g5 i- O" D1 l4 r7 m
4.1.2 Line Ampacity and Unit Output:..............................................................................................317 Y. U( V1 p l* |
4.1.3 Other Planning Issues:...............................................................................................................343 v; S/ \: O+ {. C7 R
4.2 INTERCONNECTION...............................................................................................................................44
" i* K1 }+ V6 s2 M- c* C5 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................48: u- U: m! [- c! X* V
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................................50& h0 A A. `1 Q. e6 Y: ~# O! Y
% J. T/ H( O/ Q0 }4 Z1 ^" BStage 4:
1 V* d& e( ]- ^% zOperations Impact
5 C/ d1 m0 U' f" S6 rTERMINOLOGY.....................................................................................................................................5, `: s2 H4 H; Z( y
1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................60 r9 S& S6 Z7 y( N
2 AN OVERVIEW OF OPERATION CONCERNS DUE TO WIND GENERATION..............7
% i+ r. x% |. H: K2 ~- Z: b3 WIND GENERATION VARIABILITY AND WIND GENERATION FORECASTING.....12
) c+ l9 Q2 _) q% s; m3.1 VARIABILITY OF WIND AND WIND POWER................................................................................12( ]8 [/ A8 b8 Y- B& Q8 F B& C0 s1 Z/ F
3.2 IMPACT OF WIND POWER VARIABILITY ON ENERGY MARKETS................................................16
& Z* }9 G+ T( C# m3 s3 N5 t0 w3.3 FORECASTING OF WIND POWER GENERATION ..........................................................................19
4 `6 ~2 N' _! F( j0 w4 WIND GENERATION CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS .....................................................225 ^0 l" N" h- B9 D1 A
4.1 PROTECTION, START-UP AND SHUT-DOWN................................................................................22
: e/ `$ f9 l, B, N. X9 N5 f5 P# }4.1.1 Extreme Cold Temperature Operation .............................................................................22
) _3 ?- O% t- N. d* ~. u" T4.2 VOLTAGE REGULATION..............................................................................................................239 E2 |3 j. G9 A+ b$ J1 V/ B6 d: _+ W
4.3 CASE STUDY – HORNS REV OFFSHORE WIND FARM IN DENMARK ..........................................25! y8 a8 i+ x3 S) u
5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................270 _9 `* o2 L# Z4 r
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................29
4 ^ u2 {( P, i& U: oAPPENDIX A – SPECIFIC QUESTIONS BY AESO OPERATIONS STAFF WITH ABB’S
; B/ p; M7 F) r8 N& URESPONSE .......................................................................................................................................... A-1 |
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