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发表于 2009-3-1 22:11:52
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谢谢分享, 很好的综述文章, 内容目录如下% u/ X6 V1 |! A: X6 X; ^
& a( R8 x: s1 H0 q* y8 }3 MIntegration of Wind Energy into the Alberta Electric System – * N: \& G0 ^5 B/ s* f
1 L0 Y9 q7 h1 B
Stage 1:
5 `& j9 ^* k" m/ FVoltage Regulation Study1 C- a- d& O( @% X6 Q
g- Z$ @" ] t, a* ^$ F3 G6 f
TERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS.............................................................................................................5
, v0 V, C5 @. d! XINTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................7
" f8 `( Y/ @5 b9 d7 N1 U- M1 SYSTEM DATA AND MODELING ASSUMPTIONS......................................................................8% |* q& K6 B. j) v; F0 Y
1.1 MODELING OF THE ALBERTA INTERCONNECTED ELECTRIC SYSTEM ..............................................8, X+ s# s( u9 C1 X* o+ p4 k
1.1.1 Power Flow Model.........................................................................................................................8
) B) E3 y2 d: \6 ~7 U7 f* B1.1.2 Dynamic Models............................................................................................................................9
9 p2 n* q: L* l$ |- p/ g1.1.3 Load Modeling............................................................................................................................. 10
7 {' ]8 [- |3 M1 x3 t% S+ i2 SIMULATIONS RESULTS...................................................................................................................... 14
% ?$ Z/ H3 B1 C7 o) W2.1 2004 ........................................................................................................................................................ 14
+ J( v, w O8 S6 K* m2.2 2005 ........................................................................................................................................................ 17
2 \/ [; u$ w% M/ I2.3 2007 ........................................................................................................................................................ 20
5 @/ L G. q/ _/ P) F2.4 ADDITIONAL SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...................................................................................... 24" F0 k, W- p' n4 o
2.5 SVC AS A MEANS OF MAINTAINING VOLTAGE STABILITY: SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...... 29
3 a( \+ h& I; C% b2.6 WIND RAMP SENSITIVITY – 2007........................................................................................................ 33
5 ^8 |* H0 Q! _$ s. S6 s% G3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................... 37: c5 ~7 Q* ?9 U
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................................... 40
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) Q( E8 b6 _9 B) S2 N! s3 ~Stages 2 & 3:
) C3 S. u2 v* u* HPlanning and Interconnection Criteria, X* a8 Y% Q) [8 P/ W5 L7 d
TERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS............................................................................................................ 1) @/ H9 m8 R; q: Z5 `% j$ t5 q+ C0 ?
1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 29 u: ]. Z9 H9 N' D" M
2 WIND ENERGY – BACK GROUND ON THE GLOBAL PENETRATION OF WIND1 G6 c1 a7 q, S3 |+ `
ENERGY, FUTURE TRENDS AND THE MAJOR TECHNOLOGIES .............................................. 4; T% r* j4 E1 j7 n: Q) u1 N3 `
2.1 WIND ENERGY CONVERSION .................................................................................................................4
& `4 j% e" S9 c7 o2.2 WORLDWIDE EXPERIENCE WITH WIND ................................................................................................6
7 ?0 k2 d7 h2 w# \2.2.1 North America ............................................................................................................................... 6
9 k* b4 q* v0 v1 `% ?- ]6 s7 T! k2.2.2 Europe............................................................................................................................................ 6 [. R" }8 K% K4 b
2.2.3 Australasia.................................................................................................................................... 72 _% J& N0 t: `: C
2.3 WIND TURBINE GENERATOR TECHNOLOGIES .....................................................................................7 P) i2 ^; J9 k( J
2.3.1 Conventional Induction Generators.........................................................................................14
) ~. G4 F: s/ x( Q( ~! n* ]7 R2.3.2 Doubly-Fed Induction Generators ...........................................................................................16$ w2 u2 j @4 @1 ~ {! r
2.3.3 Other Designs ..............................................................................................................................18
4 c2 M1 K9 P+ Y. h3 PLANNING AND INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS .............................................................19
, g- Y. q6 M, u( [ R4 @6 D3.1 NORTH AMERICA ..................................................................................................................................190 @, B* J; t$ d$ _$ h) T
3.1.1 California....................................................................................................................................19
2 S/ x8 O5 J- q# L3.1.2 Texas .............................................................................................................................................205 E$ X9 g9 H( G3 L% P6 H& a
3.1.3 Midwest........................................................................................................................................20& A1 a$ J$ a- E: }4 G8 U
3.1.4 New Mexico .................................................................................................................................20
9 m- r5 i4 J; d3 W3.1.5 New York ......................................................................................................................................21 H# ~: \2 U4 S- D5 C
3.2 EUROPE...................................................................................................................................................22% R- E6 d( B7 J7 k- W9 f" G# W
3.2.1 Denmark ......................................................................................................................................22
3 s3 l) a* J; c9 x3.2.2 Germany ......................................................................................................................................24
' T$ w- C9 }! P* q3.2.3 Spain.............................................................................................................................................26
# B4 B6 ?, i; u( q, E _- s3.3 REST OF THE WORLD............................................................................................................................27* b* r w0 e5 E; G$ f- R
3.4 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIENCE WITH WIND GENERATION STUDIES IN THE US...279 D/ ]8 N* E R& m
4 PROPOSED PLANNING AN D INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS FOR AESO............30
6 i" n4 N6 D% D* C- @3 U3 [/ Z6 Y: O4.1 PLANNING..............................................................................................................................................30
6 s- T! I$ \4 o7 S4.1.1 Reactive Capability: ...................................................................................................................30
' W8 C" q3 P7 P4.1.2 Line Ampacity and Unit Output:..............................................................................................31
( z- y M, D* l y) \% K6 \! b4.1.3 Other Planning Issues:...............................................................................................................34
0 U9 y* l( @( d, p, B4.2 INTERCONNECTION...............................................................................................................................44
, z- |, v) Q, `8 L9 k: l9 x5 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................48
! x" ~- X7 G( k, [' TREFERENCES....................................................................................................................................................50
0 U# P: S% [$ t- B; I3 f: v% q7 @! u, z
Stage 4:
% v# V8 E- \1 j7 I% bOperations Impact$ ~" k3 a& O3 U0 t( x8 r3 X: G
TERMINOLOGY.....................................................................................................................................5" e2 T7 n2 O2 M
1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................65 v9 w" Q( h( J. M6 ~( J) T
2 AN OVERVIEW OF OPERATION CONCERNS DUE TO WIND GENERATION..............7" C; ], Z4 u, L) D
3 WIND GENERATION VARIABILITY AND WIND GENERATION FORECASTING.....12, s9 {4 `& u- ^6 K: T4 v* h1 I
3.1 VARIABILITY OF WIND AND WIND POWER................................................................................120 a1 J& g* A: Z1 O: I% s
3.2 IMPACT OF WIND POWER VARIABILITY ON ENERGY MARKETS................................................16
) F0 w/ s: h- T% i4 D2 T; |! m3.3 FORECASTING OF WIND POWER GENERATION ..........................................................................19
2 i6 q [0 i n* P5 D: {4 WIND GENERATION CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS .....................................................22* ?+ k& h7 H d$ ^, q0 O
4.1 PROTECTION, START-UP AND SHUT-DOWN................................................................................22
* L" O6 I$ \# E9 b2 C. i4.1.1 Extreme Cold Temperature Operation .............................................................................22( d% r* G+ v4 T5 q
4.2 VOLTAGE REGULATION..............................................................................................................23/ q; ~$ W6 y6 R% b% O3 \/ Z
4.3 CASE STUDY – HORNS REV OFFSHORE WIND FARM IN DENMARK ..........................................25: c0 R- h" z+ c8 _7 V
5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................27
; R" ?. G1 L) S$ p1 GREFERENCES........................................................................................................................................29
4 u+ l1 r. w0 Z% [; }) {+ p# M0 tAPPENDIX A – SPECIFIC QUESTIONS BY AESO OPERATIONS STAFF WITH ABB’S
5 V2 y3 p( |8 d8 q* G9 a1 l8 N; v" s9 wRESPONSE .......................................................................................................................................... A-1 |
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