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发表于 2009-3-1 22:11:52
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谢谢分享, 很好的综述文章, 内容目录如下
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9 l/ j* V( a1 H% T' v5 t2 @' GIntegration of Wind Energy into the Alberta Electric System – 8 v' ^& k) }7 j J0 |0 Q
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Stage 1:, Q/ b3 c9 C2 f! s; F& b8 d8 e: l
Voltage Regulation Study
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8 E$ H Q- p2 S4 P8 q1 PTERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS.............................................................................................................5
* u; q; h! \6 r% w5 U3 tINTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................7
" V: M/ \1 ?, Q( _# W3 F1 SYSTEM DATA AND MODELING ASSUMPTIONS......................................................................8' c8 L* U: }+ q
1.1 MODELING OF THE ALBERTA INTERCONNECTED ELECTRIC SYSTEM ..............................................8& e# u( H6 G6 `; y( k7 g
1.1.1 Power Flow Model.........................................................................................................................8; c r1 d+ D8 A, V L3 v" W7 P
1.1.2 Dynamic Models............................................................................................................................9
/ l! `3 k/ @( @0 b9 q) {1 e1.1.3 Load Modeling............................................................................................................................. 10& ?; d7 g1 J2 J5 B' |( o
2 SIMULATIONS RESULTS...................................................................................................................... 14; K# ~9 @8 M1 j8 _* |
2.1 2004 ........................................................................................................................................................ 14: S" s5 Y- g# p, N) {* {7 m
2.2 2005 ........................................................................................................................................................ 17% A6 ~* s, R$ a; L1 f
2.3 2007 ........................................................................................................................................................ 20( h) Z" [% Y G3 l
2.4 ADDITIONAL SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...................................................................................... 24& V8 H# H& `1 f) M$ w
2.5 SVC AS A MEANS OF MAINTAINING VOLTAGE STABILITY: SENSITIVITY CASES FOR 2007...... 295 z% L/ L3 a7 `. t( _; O+ M, G- e
2.6 WIND RAMP SENSITIVITY – 2007........................................................................................................ 331 q' l O$ s/ D$ s# I& L: e
3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................... 378 ~/ z1 V" V4 }: B
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................................... 40
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6 T& @6 p2 R, Y( G: I" }- A; B# AStages 2 & 3:# j& `1 V6 J5 ?
Planning and Interconnection Criteria5 `( A. j+ K9 l& _) S. U
TERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS............................................................................................................ 1; C( U4 ?+ N6 q! C' v
1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 29 m9 A) r) |* F. _# q5 _# E
2 WIND ENERGY – BACK GROUND ON THE GLOBAL PENETRATION OF WIND
2 H# s! `6 a4 hENERGY, FUTURE TRENDS AND THE MAJOR TECHNOLOGIES .............................................. 4
0 v, t/ ^) a' n3 M$ W% q2.1 WIND ENERGY CONVERSION .................................................................................................................4
# [7 h1 y, V3 N+ K! ]2.2 WORLDWIDE EXPERIENCE WITH WIND ................................................................................................6
* c4 p; r& G( {9 X! v2.2.1 North America ............................................................................................................................... 64 k( F, h% }5 T3 z) E- a* L% P
2.2.2 Europe............................................................................................................................................ 6! R4 ]- }6 j( u# I6 S9 G
2.2.3 Australasia.................................................................................................................................... 7
( s0 \& ?; u4 w0 W% X; H2.3 WIND TURBINE GENERATOR TECHNOLOGIES .....................................................................................7
, R& x& D4 P4 l9 v- }2.3.1 Conventional Induction Generators.........................................................................................14/ t! k% T' c( z" q
2.3.2 Doubly-Fed Induction Generators ...........................................................................................16' u M3 R: s: B7 D1 ^9 N0 a% m9 v
2.3.3 Other Designs ..............................................................................................................................18$ d, ?, d& s& G+ d' z
3 PLANNING AND INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS .............................................................19
( M1 M& t6 F3 ~9 a: p" N' F3.1 NORTH AMERICA ..................................................................................................................................19
2 M# C* q/ f8 ^3.1.1 California....................................................................................................................................198 y3 t a8 l' v5 U; g, _8 j- f
3.1.2 Texas .............................................................................................................................................20
7 e$ A: B" c0 e: [3.1.3 Midwest........................................................................................................................................20
/ w, n* k, P3 |% W3.1.4 New Mexico .................................................................................................................................20) m; @% W/ K' N" H: m0 a
3.1.5 New York ......................................................................................................................................21& {! [9 v4 s( [% b+ g3 q1 U/ i
3.2 EUROPE...................................................................................................................................................22: G+ \$ {; V; B
3.2.1 Denmark ......................................................................................................................................22
, q+ r$ n* ~9 q7 v3 D' B' d$ ?3.2.2 Germany ......................................................................................................................................24
2 J' {; \+ X: g3.2.3 Spain.............................................................................................................................................26
2 @/ ]& h9 E2 \! }3.3 REST OF THE WORLD............................................................................................................................27. k3 @1 b0 m0 G$ f- E# F
3.4 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIENCE WITH WIND GENERATION STUDIES IN THE US...27# s* ~" |. d0 ?& r+ c+ R. W; g8 H
4 PROPOSED PLANNING AN D INTERCONNECTION STANDARDS FOR AESO............30 P6 V8 q% i8 y! E1 V2 b K& u
4.1 PLANNING..............................................................................................................................................30
+ E0 M/ @1 v1 H! k$ ?4.1.1 Reactive Capability: ...................................................................................................................30
' S' f/ }# h! D' S) K/ V4.1.2 Line Ampacity and Unit Output:..............................................................................................318 Z! I3 g5 P, c2 x3 q* {
4.1.3 Other Planning Issues:...............................................................................................................34: r& n3 P1 F, K9 k# j2 _
4.2 INTERCONNECTION...............................................................................................................................44+ S6 k3 ~0 P9 p6 _
5 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................48
# ~5 O" L6 A3 @8 `! O! pREFERENCES....................................................................................................................................................50
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Stage 4:4 b6 R0 Z' O r: E6 p
Operations Impact7 g: N0 `) X6 V) y
TERMINOLOGY.....................................................................................................................................5' X) c% ~6 N( s$ U ^3 o4 l
1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................6
/ l: H0 e6 p3 @" \6 d5 ~+ |2 AN OVERVIEW OF OPERATION CONCERNS DUE TO WIND GENERATION..............7
$ N: X; {$ i3 O" e1 s C' Y3 @# Q3 WIND GENERATION VARIABILITY AND WIND GENERATION FORECASTING.....12( {9 f. D7 }1 f; B
3.1 VARIABILITY OF WIND AND WIND POWER................................................................................12( z' e; X$ ^# \+ F5 C
3.2 IMPACT OF WIND POWER VARIABILITY ON ENERGY MARKETS................................................16# I. R f3 A( f l# V2 L
3.3 FORECASTING OF WIND POWER GENERATION ..........................................................................193 {/ }1 Q9 f: t4 [( w$ o
4 WIND GENERATION CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS .....................................................229 @6 o* T( Z8 d6 ~7 C) @9 C
4.1 PROTECTION, START-UP AND SHUT-DOWN................................................................................22 U1 n9 C5 y3 F2 I4 d
4.1.1 Extreme Cold Temperature Operation .............................................................................22) V- _9 z# F+ P% f9 U8 h' R
4.2 VOLTAGE REGULATION..............................................................................................................23
3 J7 U1 M) C! s8 V; m) T( s+ f! w4.3 CASE STUDY – HORNS REV OFFSHORE WIND FARM IN DENMARK ..........................................25# O7 U! H* _- A+ ^9 \3 k
5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................277 A5 F* H0 E$ f
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................29
5 C1 n% d1 u1 y) C! z8 H: XAPPENDIX A – SPECIFIC QUESTIONS BY AESO OPERATIONS STAFF WITH ABB’S
" K% k, T; F2 e4 F- {. T: o) pRESPONSE .......................................................................................................................................... A-1 |
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