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电子图书
| 电子图书名: |
变压器设计与实践（英文）Transformer Engineering |
| 编者: |
未知 |
| 内容简介: |
变压器设计 |
| 所属专业方向: |
变压器 |
| 出版社: |
未知 |
| 来源: |
网络 |
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Contents
m0 y4 U; u. U6 Y9 [5 ZForeword Jin Sim iii
C/ S/ X+ @( ?5 _) N& I2 jPreface v5 p; z2 h4 n$ M9 ?9 y
Acknowledgements ix
( j5 Z; C& P& D }4 R/ A4 B1 Transformer Fundamentals 1
- a* ?; f+ I2 J1 J: R4 v3 E1.1 Perspective 13 n! ?# G; ~( _! {" E. L
1.2 Applications and Types of Transformers 5
8 h: u& N1 s& L- A+ f3 K1.3 Principles and Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer 11# \% s$ G& m0 B2 E: z
1.4 Representation of Transformer in Power System 20; U: r+ y9 Q7 L5 K) k2 y( N6 g
1.5 Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Tests 239 l4 q/ k/ j3 d$ O$ d
1.6 Voltage Regulation and Efficiency 25# ~! x# K* q6 b% f. ^6 @
1.7 Parallel Operation of Transformers 33
8 o2 X" i$ o. j! QReferences 341 `) G: p( P7 S! ~0 s# Q
2 Magnetic Characteristics 35
6 k$ E# _+ g; z; W8 e2.1 Construction 364 P( I) g: j% x; p3 P* ?; B2 Y
2.2 Hysteresis and Eddy Losses 42
/ W' a, }* t! ]4 A Q/ G2.3 Excitation Characteristics 44
, q1 G% |" V0 I8 c9 [* K2.4 Over-Excitation Performance 46
5 ?+ w; ?# U: b" i+ B# q2.5 No-Load Loss Test 464 w T) ~+ p& X5 w' _
2.6 Impact of Manufacturing Processes on Core Performance 54
( a! U8 F; Y' f$ ?5 G" m9 v, M* O2.7 Inrush Current 561 z7 w. [3 {, ^- s* J
2.8 Influence of Core Construction and Winding
2 D7 j' q2 L v) }4 Y1 ~2 P5 eConnections on No-Load Harmonic Phenomenon 67) r) E( W3 F9 b7 ]2 ]* m
2.9 Transformer Noise 69( l0 a8 \$ S8 ]8 t# Y/ M0 n# v1 G* }. Z
References 72
# E6 x n9 O- E6 n) U; |3 Impedance Characteristics 77
/ _ G3 |+ R8 s3.1 Reactance Calculation 78
B4 Y6 b& i) a1 @' O+ _! Z9 w8 a3.2 Different Approaches for Reactance Calculation 85' V, f0 ~1 F* j9 j2 [1 F
3.3 Two-Dimensional Analytical Methods 88
: ~8 t. `4 |: P3.4 Numerical Method for Reactance Calculation 90; y. o& h, W$ t5 X# j# ~
3.5 Impedance Characteristics of Three-Winding Transformer 98* R8 O4 L" K. k! Z
3.6 Reactance Calculation for Zigzag Transformer 1039 q2 m; ^1 |! W) N! [# B- R
3.7 Zero-Sequence Reactance Estimation 108
! _3 M$ i$ s/ T ?$ e3.8 Stabilizing Tertiary Winding 121
. g3 M2 f% x/ H4 EReferences 123
, X' ^2 B' a W8 X( b4 Eddy Currents and Winding Stray Losses 127: c; [+ S p5 O: E" l% F* j
4.1 Field Equations 128
/ v' ?% r! y9 }. u7 x# u* L7 u* k6 ^4.2 Poynting Vector 133
. I! U) J g) h% d9 b4.3 Eddy Current and Hysteresis Losses 1377 t- }/ s% ?8 n& K
4.4 Effect of Saturation 139
. I3 G( f- r4 h* e; y, k, c4.5 Eddy Loss in a Transformer Winding 141# Q0 o& ^, r; V$ ]
4.6 Circulating Current Loss in Transformer Windings 1553 V5 B4 [: N! U; I/ I6 u7 c
References 1666 s- W- V y* P2 `
5 Stray Losses in Structural Components 169" X2 N2 \/ u, `$ M
5.1 Factors Influencing Stray Losses 1717 W5 Z6 c- }( S4 ~" k
5.2 Overview of Methods for Stray Loss Estimation 182( F8 }: _5 y2 A. Z* ?1 \9 Q
5.3 Core Edge Loss 184
3 W8 h& t0 }1 r3 p5.4 Stray Loss in Frames 185
- `8 w2 {; }7 g5.5 Stray Loss in Flitch Plates 187
* [8 f/ F% _7 ?5.6 Stray Loss in Tank 192
1 m' z) O c ~& {( b5.7 Stray Loss in Bushing Mounting Plates 1979 ~. S- P/ U2 Z# }! A
5.8 Evaluation of Stray Loss Due to High Current Leads 199
# s, e' E9 k$ S' f1 q5.9 Measures for Stray Loss Control 206) J. e$ V8 X! _
5.10 Methods for Experimental Verification 214, i: Y; }1 d+ {
5.11 Estimation of Stray Losses in Overexcitation Condition 216
! ]& y1 y3 p# _- L6 n, A9 M5.12 Load Loss Measurement 218& h4 Q$ m& }1 t4 ^* M1 F3 l
References 224
B' s) Z, S' k/ m% V: b! @6 Short Circuit Stresses and Strength 2314 ` @. j [# G7 q2 Q
6.1 Short Circuit Currents 2324 m. E1 U8 Y; F4 S" g1 R% }
6.2 Thermal Capability at Short Circuit 239
5 _! N7 V" N- \# {( Z6.3 Short Circuit Forces 240; L: A2 C ^0 \$ A. W
6.4 Dynamic Behavior Under Short Circuits 247& _9 q6 u3 D( h4 }2 ~! R7 N
6.5 Failure Modes Due to Radial Forces 2512 U& ^, [3 _1 Y& B2 i, [5 |
6.6 Failure Modes Due to Axial Forces 2545 E2 _6 z; Z; @- R3 q0 D$ G
6.7 Effect of Pre-Stress 2602 i/ p' D; R/ S9 `" ~) k1 U- m, n
6.8 Short Circuit Test 2608 W4 X) W2 p, E5 c. M. n; M ?
6.9 Effect of Inrush Current 261
; k5 M% Z. [( M1 @0 I- W0 a: b. V6.10 Split-Winding Transformers 2622 W; K% c& g4 D3 V2 ^
6.11 Short Circuit Withstand 264' m8 B1 f+ Q( e l
6.12 Calculation of Electrodynamic Force Between
2 S0 j9 C6 U* j8 {+ ~# eParallel Conductors 268
7 U9 x, k% C) X6 K5 C6.13 Design of Clamping Structures 270! [5 w; t k4 Z7 w3 V% {) }
References 272
. }. m8 F5 a5 X! k" P* ]0 R( S" l7 Surge Phenomena in Transformers 277/ D5 s& }) n4 Y% ~- i
7.1 Initial Voltage Distrubution 2771 j& m2 K( |2 e, `! b; c: ?
7.2 Capacitance Calculations 282
( ~) Z( W; h% |3 Q* l8 L7.3 Capacitance of Windings 286 P5 @) U" O+ I) `/ z
7.4 Inductance Calculation 298, s9 B; r+ A" D% x6 }1 }
7.5 Standing Waves and Traveling Waves 300
7 ]( \. E/ E* L& Z7.6 Methods for Analysis of Impulse Distribution 3034 c8 D x( F* N6 `' f
7.7 Computation of Impulse Voltage Distribution
! x! w! D& J @' W5 S9 w1 cUsing State Variable Method 3060 F& z8 w# }/ f+ N' R
7.8 Winding Design for Reducing Internal Overvoltages 314
( W: x. d& D8 q( ?References 321
. l+ _5 P8 D7 } s+ X4 N# L# Y8 Insulation Design 3278 w. I4 D# y) v; `" a* a# X2 T
8.1 Calculation of Stresses for Simple Configurations 328
: Z) v" h8 f: H {8.2 Field Computations 333. L0 y0 p1 {5 K* V- A: K- g" m) a
8.3 Factors Affecting Insulation Strength 335
/ I+ r$ s1 c# z! A/ L b. e: z* i U8.4 Test Methods and Design Insulation Level (DIL) 348
' J0 V5 r2 [4 g5 m f Z. D/ p4 _8.5 Insulation Between Two Windings 351
6 G) @9 ]2 K5 t8.6 Internal Insulation 353
$ [( T' G J9 V3 y" W4 S8.7 Design of End Insulation 356* G' {2 z# t. X3 ^: W
8.8 High-Voltage Lead Clearances 3580 \2 a; w' n2 u1 n- ?% z
8.9 Statistical Analysis for Optimization and Quality Enhancement 361
! ^ m- k$ ]+ ?/ HReferences 3622 [( |, x" t" G! Q( R, l
9 Cooling Systems 367
, ^5 C. C* j5 O$ z9.1 Modes of Heat Transfer 368
0 I u, t1 u! h& I9.2 Cooling Arrangements 370) z# p6 j( g! h
9.3 Dissipation of Core Heat 375
0 \; f3 W7 V) _9 s6 f9.4 Dissipation of Winding Heat 376
! u: J8 O( g! }+ i+ ~% c9.5 Aging and Life Expectancy 380! [$ ^6 ^5 C% X; \" V$ t
9.6 Direct Hot Spot Measurement 3846 z( ?6 G1 T& Q x7 c
9.7 Static Electrification Phenomenon 385
6 _' [& ?" V% m+ V" [+ t2 z3 `References 387
6 j& I3 x A* Q c2 {10 Structural Design 389- [7 H+ z, e- o; w
10.1 Importance of Structural Design 3897 i3 n+ c5 \ ^$ e k
10.2 Different Types of Loads and Tests 390$ h. Q) b8 D: t$ P
10.3 Classification of Transformer Tanks 3925 A, }- O3 e" [$ j
10.4 Tank Design 395
9 N; {! A# h7 U6 P# C* T0 [9 u10.5 Methods of Analysis 397
, K5 [/ p* Q6 ]& L) `; e/ C10.6 Overpressure Phenomenon in Transformers 401
' u4 C9 O8 f5 r10.7 Seismic Analysis 403" O6 w$ ~/ V/ {& _6 T0 X
10.8 Transformer Noise: Characteristics and Reduction 4048 y: [ ^& h3 x) v
References 409
/ ]( g8 u2 F7 X% X. X$ \11 Special Transformers 4114 {: v) @- O# x8 k
11.1 Rectifier Transformers 4117 U6 o0 u7 [6 ?! e4 u7 B
11.2 Converter Transformers for HVDC 417
5 P" u- a& I v: m" y* ^. o2 a3 `11.3 Furnace Transformers 424
S- `2 l# G. x9 z11.4 Phase Shifting Transformers 428
2 {! H K) k9 B* s6 E# |4 }References 433. [9 z, _- |; A6 Z
12 Recent Trends in Transformer Technology 437
' s6 S7 d' b: p& ^# b7 \; o12.1 Magnetic Circuit 437+ v! k7 U- ~0 w$ j0 o: c8 s. C
12.2 Windings 438
* P. x: i% i8 n" x& U5 m3 G$ k) c12.3 Insulation 440! U, n7 o0 `. n; E* Q- n C
12.4 Challenges in Design and Manufacture of Transformers 441
; W- h9 R) G* g6 E- s7 j7 I: r12.5 Computer-Aided Design and Analysis 443 g& j4 A$ |6 \! f" T+ S8 z1 {
12.6 Monitoring and Diagnostics 445
! s9 Y$ ~' d% t7 A12.7 Life Assessment and Refurbishment 449
: X4 j* K9 z- \+ R3 ~' {6 y) B2 ]References 4492 f# ]/ {5 [' t t" \$ S
Appendix A: Fault Calculations 453
0 c7 F$ Z/ `! o9 T# e/ I8 M6 K1 FA1 Asymmetrical Fault with No In-Feed from LV Side 454 Q3 e5 ~1 w1 w9 H$ |0 }
A2 Asymmetrical Fault with In-Feed from LV Side 457
% k/ E' w7 J! k i6 RAppendix B: Stress and Capacitance Formulae 459
, { H: ^( |6 hB1 Stress Calculations 459) J& C0 ~/ l4 R8 ^4 @
B2 Capacitance Calculations 467 |
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