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电子图书
| 电子图书名: |
变压器设计与实践(英文)Transformer Engineering |
| 编者: |
未知 |
| 所属专业方向: |
变压器 |
| 内容简介: |
变压器设计 |
| 出版社: |
未知 |
| 来源: |
网络 |
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Contents
{7 P9 e# O" F! q' p4 z. @! m! o, L) xForeword Jin Sim iii& F L2 H, r3 v1 B1 o+ n! J7 L; `6 A
Preface v) q& o6 }' K9 E1 P3 d
Acknowledgements ix
z) ^& m* k. ]! y1 Transformer Fundamentals 1
" e, ], i; F+ m( j8 ?1.1 Perspective 1
( [ V8 ~5 J3 Y: x" W1.2 Applications and Types of Transformers 5
. f1 t* A& T; ^" c" P( ]9 a- i1.3 Principles and Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer 11
, x1 Y. n0 v" f; k! M6 y1.4 Representation of Transformer in Power System 20" M' K# j+ L2 `% d: T/ f$ H
1.5 Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Tests 23( ~3 }9 `$ I. N& W6 Q
1.6 Voltage Regulation and Efficiency 25
1 R5 p4 J) p3 |* f E( g7 a$ Y' B1.7 Parallel Operation of Transformers 33 ?9 L$ `/ A' |' ]8 b7 _# c/ `2 s. X
References 34
: P! \, R# _7 X9 |' H' O" A3 P* y2 Magnetic Characteristics 35
6 {( ^1 {0 E. F i; J2.1 Construction 36
+ u2 m( Q* Y& @# w0 \2.2 Hysteresis and Eddy Losses 42
& f/ p5 F' @+ C" d- V2.3 Excitation Characteristics 44
) M1 E- P! T* h R) o8 ]2 z0 i- a2.4 Over-Excitation Performance 46
9 f1 T2 X2 S" M. E2.5 No-Load Loss Test 46
( O0 x! J. k: l9 S0 }1 ?2.6 Impact of Manufacturing Processes on Core Performance 54/ v3 [- c8 C; ~# X# o% c5 }
2.7 Inrush Current 56# g& V! ?# r. u9 i; j5 `% j+ {
2.8 Influence of Core Construction and Winding ^ d3 q2 M/ ~# O) F! G, g$ t
Connections on No-Load Harmonic Phenomenon 67( O% C$ ], U: h- k" N! a
2.9 Transformer Noise 69+ P( W3 }3 W8 d, z# q
References 72% P. _' k+ X4 q8 Z( B8 {: o1 K0 ?
3 Impedance Characteristics 77
! M- p% N/ m E% p3.1 Reactance Calculation 78& n. @9 }# z$ W1 q5 K$ ~
3.2 Different Approaches for Reactance Calculation 85) I% L E; J" `' P/ a" {
3.3 Two-Dimensional Analytical Methods 88' r, W7 U. @6 w; W6 |8 y$ C
3.4 Numerical Method for Reactance Calculation 90
8 g' Y$ K( m9 \0 ^8 C2 c: H3.5 Impedance Characteristics of Three-Winding Transformer 98- n9 L$ C+ v% P& M8 ^
3.6 Reactance Calculation for Zigzag Transformer 1032 d, \( }, b: y0 a
3.7 Zero-Sequence Reactance Estimation 108
' p" D; E9 H t3.8 Stabilizing Tertiary Winding 121
: I4 d2 _' |- S* y* DReferences 123
" ?0 I( Z, s a$ x4 Eddy Currents and Winding Stray Losses 127
4 O# m5 }/ y% b: `: S4.1 Field Equations 128
2 H# _* q$ X+ R' S+ \3 {4.2 Poynting Vector 133
* F" k, O5 N8 K; C! r# O4.3 Eddy Current and Hysteresis Losses 137
( n6 d$ r1 o6 }) |3 u+ Q4.4 Effect of Saturation 139
( N. e0 W6 Q* k Q4.5 Eddy Loss in a Transformer Winding 141* F+ ?! P8 G$ e: {2 K
4.6 Circulating Current Loss in Transformer Windings 1559 l1 G9 x" C( {) O
References 166
( _5 g' \$ q1 `5 Stray Losses in Structural Components 169
* _3 U% q \# j5 c ]1 ]5.1 Factors Influencing Stray Losses 171' h/ P3 u) s# m8 W% w% b1 L
5.2 Overview of Methods for Stray Loss Estimation 1826 ` S9 `5 x& [1 r- p, b9 k$ |
5.3 Core Edge Loss 184+ }! R( p& M5 k% ?# d
5.4 Stray Loss in Frames 185
# a3 ^( M3 Y7 V' ] b4 ^5.5 Stray Loss in Flitch Plates 187) v! h+ J( c0 @* ^6 A; \. j
5.6 Stray Loss in Tank 192
7 V# a7 V7 n$ x/ ?2 A6 a5.7 Stray Loss in Bushing Mounting Plates 197! u, R1 ?; O; h2 f3 L) Q: C
5.8 Evaluation of Stray Loss Due to High Current Leads 199
) F) I5 n& J( C, k: B1 y( Z5.9 Measures for Stray Loss Control 2060 Z, [2 W! R; r6 ~
5.10 Methods for Experimental Verification 2148 I! o+ m* z5 u# m5 ?1 F4 V
5.11 Estimation of Stray Losses in Overexcitation Condition 216- |3 G! N2 p( I5 k
5.12 Load Loss Measurement 218
! V+ b4 P. k8 H) e8 kReferences 224
: q7 B2 S p& ^/ p6 Short Circuit Stresses and Strength 2313 @" N# n. E6 F4 N# t
6.1 Short Circuit Currents 2322 H- \6 ^: ~- s
6.2 Thermal Capability at Short Circuit 239
4 s( J" G% \/ P7 e4 x& Q; K. Y! W( j6.3 Short Circuit Forces 240
1 K0 ^$ `1 ^9 j3 K8 z& G6.4 Dynamic Behavior Under Short Circuits 2479 Q8 Y. A. m e1 B5 S% r8 A0 S
6.5 Failure Modes Due to Radial Forces 251
6 v1 w/ s; y: d9 H- ~ W) N6.6 Failure Modes Due to Axial Forces 254
9 Q! F- x' h: Y7 p1 _# Z1 B5 J5 Z6.7 Effect of Pre-Stress 260
: q# o5 Q9 l# L* o/ Y9 _9 Z7 Y6.8 Short Circuit Test 260
3 Z" j- C& x& A) Y: m. h6.9 Effect of Inrush Current 261# v$ J8 ?& h9 B4 o+ z& f
6.10 Split-Winding Transformers 262
; J E1 g- r: U3 c1 S2 K6.11 Short Circuit Withstand 2641 P j3 \7 L- y1 r1 Q
6.12 Calculation of Electrodynamic Force Between
' S! i% B% |& {+ {8 mParallel Conductors 268
2 n: j$ ]3 N( Y+ m6.13 Design of Clamping Structures 270
# x) n# N o4 T' B, p& rReferences 272
# p C/ s2 ~' D/ f* {- `5 v$ m2 j/ B7 Surge Phenomena in Transformers 277
5 y% w8 O& g/ n% T7.1 Initial Voltage Distrubution 277' k) K4 w J6 g3 t4 d; ^
7.2 Capacitance Calculations 282
6 m) W' _; ^" N! u7.3 Capacitance of Windings 286
" H' G3 x2 Z7 {5 ?; L9 x7.4 Inductance Calculation 2989 ?' H5 P& X5 C7 q/ e5 p3 x- |
7.5 Standing Waves and Traveling Waves 300
7 k- g8 Q8 ^# H8 e8 ?7.6 Methods for Analysis of Impulse Distribution 303" o# O( x. f5 N* U& v9 N8 L
7.7 Computation of Impulse Voltage Distribution
% N7 r' c$ |' L' x8 y( |5 kUsing State Variable Method 306
7 {' I5 Q9 x- e" d- {6 o0 q7 ^$ r. b8 C7.8 Winding Design for Reducing Internal Overvoltages 314
) g% ?6 c& ]; ]: W% { ^, i# W' MReferences 321, T! r8 B3 M, J5 o2 q" S2 w, B
8 Insulation Design 327- Y$ t* i0 c6 x' ]) e; z
8.1 Calculation of Stresses for Simple Configurations 3284 P t8 a2 r: W
8.2 Field Computations 333
- k5 \' \; q6 I' H. n8.3 Factors Affecting Insulation Strength 3354 s3 U* |& A, I# k& u
8.4 Test Methods and Design Insulation Level (DIL) 348& y4 t$ s/ t1 L9 ?0 m. a
8.5 Insulation Between Two Windings 351
* e- n6 E& ~* U: N' d1 k" |8.6 Internal Insulation 353
0 g1 E; I0 y. J; u- r7 u- d8.7 Design of End Insulation 3562 }! D L$ ]0 w/ `
8.8 High-Voltage Lead Clearances 358
3 d8 T$ \" s9 L Z8.9 Statistical Analysis for Optimization and Quality Enhancement 361
' K% [" ?. c7 t% w0 I6 aReferences 362" y7 R. d/ p# c5 q0 V
9 Cooling Systems 367
9 F, y0 h+ d6 o9.1 Modes of Heat Transfer 368! R O, Q+ W- c
9.2 Cooling Arrangements 370/ @' ^" @7 \2 a* `( q3 o8 L
9.3 Dissipation of Core Heat 3758 Z! A5 q" C! _
9.4 Dissipation of Winding Heat 3768 g4 _) |3 C: T3 g3 i, D9 J* M
9.5 Aging and Life Expectancy 380
) u. P! v& q; E( _/ K2 h6 j9.6 Direct Hot Spot Measurement 384
) g7 N) ~' d( N. N9 E9.7 Static Electrification Phenomenon 385: g4 U, R: p; P( i
References 3870 S* [7 n9 `6 y' C/ k( Y7 n
10 Structural Design 389( v. p/ u' d- s
10.1 Importance of Structural Design 3895 y; q$ q1 Y) i0 d2 p8 P
10.2 Different Types of Loads and Tests 390
$ X+ Z9 X% d0 ~1 g \1 s7 |$ c10.3 Classification of Transformer Tanks 392- t0 G; [/ T {, B. {) K
10.4 Tank Design 3956 R3 K0 e7 N* X5 t% M- f0 \: P
10.5 Methods of Analysis 397! O& d9 } W) H4 U J, w# f( S* q
10.6 Overpressure Phenomenon in Transformers 401
, \ q; `% v0 i c10.7 Seismic Analysis 403
; L/ J$ Q5 k& ]# F* Y10.8 Transformer Noise: Characteristics and Reduction 404
; g3 }1 {& [( q, m8 b. N! gReferences 409! X" i$ {6 C$ X( M! e# G) w
11 Special Transformers 411: B/ ^2 l' [9 g) Y* O
11.1 Rectifier Transformers 411* L& G8 p# ]1 A8 f5 r/ {7 t
11.2 Converter Transformers for HVDC 417
5 {- q* w9 H% N" C3 h11.3 Furnace Transformers 424
# k( h! k, p& G& C( [11.4 Phase Shifting Transformers 4285 s/ J( k6 w0 i2 q- {
References 433( L7 y5 A3 E3 J7 h- J/ Q! P; s
12 Recent Trends in Transformer Technology 437+ y4 g2 K" Y; v3 B
12.1 Magnetic Circuit 4370 B- b$ L( F, y4 h- b
12.2 Windings 438
& N& F! E* g3 {- N- |% E12.3 Insulation 440* B% s3 W' t4 ~1 G* v6 Q% U
12.4 Challenges in Design and Manufacture of Transformers 441- e9 t: z4 y; J" K* \* T
12.5 Computer-Aided Design and Analysis 443. s; r: [% b% d
12.6 Monitoring and Diagnostics 445/ K, t3 X. i3 L) Q# q
12.7 Life Assessment and Refurbishment 449
- x6 a8 q) b2 f; U! Z3 ]References 4490 t+ F( @4 G. \% }* a" ~
Appendix A: Fault Calculations 453* g8 V/ M7 a1 F2 b. w
A1 Asymmetrical Fault with No In-Feed from LV Side 4545 o3 F# G& {0 B9 c8 [0 m
A2 Asymmetrical Fault with In-Feed from LV Side 4572 D3 p) G4 P$ C4 Z: x% @
Appendix B: Stress and Capacitance Formulae 459- A' J! A6 z' E6 W) A6 S
B1 Stress Calculations 4595 H' Y* S ^& H# A
B2 Capacitance Calculations 467 |
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