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电子图书
| 电子图书名: |
变压器设计与实践（英文）Transformer Engineering |
| 编者: |
未知 |
| 内容简介: |
变压器设计 |
| 所属专业方向: |
变压器 |
| 出版社: |
未知 |
| 来源: |
网络 |
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Contents8 {+ F4 P# k- Q; {
Foreword Jin Sim iii- H# I7 i2 w- e8 S! i) a$ M% K
Preface v K: X5 g0 M) [8 Y+ h6 E
Acknowledgements ix
% u7 K+ ]1 M% `8 w* b' ^1 Transformer Fundamentals 1
8 k% W3 C# C3 M1.1 Perspective 1% h* Q7 \# {( a! U4 i) M: i
1.2 Applications and Types of Transformers 5
5 a( c7 ?3 _8 W7 s1.3 Principles and Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer 11& C& {0 F* B( \" |4 `$ ^
1.4 Representation of Transformer in Power System 20# B9 }: b# u) v* G T6 @) O
1.5 Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Tests 232 b& \, T& q; ~
1.6 Voltage Regulation and Efficiency 25
6 y# @8 p' P( C# L: p; P' a1.7 Parallel Operation of Transformers 33 ^+ }" W4 F4 I7 V! A5 z' @8 ~
References 34
& k8 y4 Q. c; B2 Magnetic Characteristics 35
- z. Y( u: ^: A4 K+ D% S' Q& b2.1 Construction 36
) s1 w6 d; q T* X& e2.2 Hysteresis and Eddy Losses 42
2 b( k" B P: L" c: a* T2.3 Excitation Characteristics 44+ Y4 U: m" c- \8 u0 Y
2.4 Over-Excitation Performance 46 m9 n8 \- P- Z9 r0 q: t
2.5 No-Load Loss Test 46! {3 w3 x; F$ \4 H; g1 J/ N
2.6 Impact of Manufacturing Processes on Core Performance 54; J5 U6 U+ d! D, {& u+ [% V H3 J
2.7 Inrush Current 56
! W! N" @/ a1 v1 V& F {" B5 i; S, W2.8 Influence of Core Construction and Winding
' I5 F/ ^' ~4 S qConnections on No-Load Harmonic Phenomenon 67
5 U+ z7 w( q; T8 x: I% r- o2.9 Transformer Noise 693 W1 J" \" Y9 Y7 q/ L* [
References 72
) V, x# S3 X+ O p3 Impedance Characteristics 77
+ h, z6 i+ Y# a3.1 Reactance Calculation 780 u8 _2 K, I8 H9 q7 X4 g+ r) H
3.2 Different Approaches for Reactance Calculation 856 [" N: q7 E% w) v5 p2 H0 B6 F
3.3 Two-Dimensional Analytical Methods 882 B. K) Y, K% k3 O; l5 a
3.4 Numerical Method for Reactance Calculation 90
# i4 @; N: ]6 K4 V- R, _3.5 Impedance Characteristics of Three-Winding Transformer 98
, m) p$ T+ s6 _! m* {+ K3.6 Reactance Calculation for Zigzag Transformer 103
! e: b3 z9 Z; v+ D/ R8 r3.7 Zero-Sequence Reactance Estimation 108
9 e) `- Q ]3 O' a! p" O" K3.8 Stabilizing Tertiary Winding 121" H& D1 Z% H2 G5 Q8 N3 s! F
References 123
, u/ O/ y$ A! l4 Eddy Currents and Winding Stray Losses 127
$ r9 M3 g+ M) k' m; [+ B4.1 Field Equations 128
' o; Q. l& U& q" r6 y7 s4.2 Poynting Vector 1338 y: g, l$ I) U F+ E6 p( J
4.3 Eddy Current and Hysteresis Losses 1377 A) u! E2 _9 ?4 g% T
4.4 Effect of Saturation 139) c4 V1 U. n9 W, ^7 v; g/ C
4.5 Eddy Loss in a Transformer Winding 141
8 P4 i2 X5 u7 D3 s8 Q5 U4.6 Circulating Current Loss in Transformer Windings 155
9 \- A, l# R U k# MReferences 166! O' N+ {( Z: _7 e+ j6 E4 v$ Q
5 Stray Losses in Structural Components 169, `& u% c6 D# @, {$ m% P& C- i/ t
5.1 Factors Influencing Stray Losses 1711 d, V0 B# `) i! H# y
5.2 Overview of Methods for Stray Loss Estimation 1826 c9 H/ c& y' h/ B
5.3 Core Edge Loss 184
5 v) E# J# j3 a9 T0 A3 I5.4 Stray Loss in Frames 185
m$ G5 ` x* }' V4 e5.5 Stray Loss in Flitch Plates 187
- n1 a' D6 c) _" k5.6 Stray Loss in Tank 192
1 e. a' @9 k+ F) j" |: ^# V5.7 Stray Loss in Bushing Mounting Plates 197* H8 U0 g7 v0 _" W3 h7 ]& I
5.8 Evaluation of Stray Loss Due to High Current Leads 199
8 w$ i+ I0 V- O/ M5.9 Measures for Stray Loss Control 206/ t7 E, v. c2 @8 f! K+ k7 g
5.10 Methods for Experimental Verification 214! [& i- r1 D8 T" S% _
5.11 Estimation of Stray Losses in Overexcitation Condition 2160 a8 h1 d: V5 s& u; ]% V
5.12 Load Loss Measurement 218
. ^3 {6 x Z5 d, ?" d; g. \References 224
" g4 A8 e& r8 S6 t( Q" v. J b6 Short Circuit Stresses and Strength 231
+ }, u7 c Y7 x$ W; V% j6.1 Short Circuit Currents 232( N, B6 z+ e4 z" [$ o# |* U
6.2 Thermal Capability at Short Circuit 239/ _$ m6 q" T6 D z5 |4 [
6.3 Short Circuit Forces 240
; `- B a D$ [3 r2 t' y/ f: Y6.4 Dynamic Behavior Under Short Circuits 247' N) o& |1 s2 B4 l& Z( G! d I6 j
6.5 Failure Modes Due to Radial Forces 251( D. g3 X v$ Y+ A {* W* S" H
6.6 Failure Modes Due to Axial Forces 254
. i- P! T# p' J1 ]$ S3 ~6.7 Effect of Pre-Stress 260! Q& H: x. C0 T: Q P
6.8 Short Circuit Test 260
: S2 ~, z; r& S+ k6.9 Effect of Inrush Current 261+ T! F' s% l+ C7 M
6.10 Split-Winding Transformers 262
$ z. W+ W8 D& T8 D8 e6.11 Short Circuit Withstand 264
# H R! _* ^/ [) S* T$ o& k6.12 Calculation of Electrodynamic Force Between6 ~1 ]) Q* H2 |
Parallel Conductors 268- d% F9 P) z* n; J
6.13 Design of Clamping Structures 270
. z9 Y9 s% t8 w0 M8 A" t$ v- JReferences 2720 h% k2 F+ _2 Z
7 Surge Phenomena in Transformers 277
% {* q. _; x9 `2 r y7.1 Initial Voltage Distrubution 277
, M! U6 {9 T( C. u9 t7 [2 D; r7.2 Capacitance Calculations 282
' m& W( l) b0 D7.3 Capacitance of Windings 286
- L* H5 K# l% D; T7.4 Inductance Calculation 298: g" F3 E. V, b: H
7.5 Standing Waves and Traveling Waves 300' S1 Z6 [- T! w# E! t" X
7.6 Methods for Analysis of Impulse Distribution 303
) z" p- x8 |# o: F7.7 Computation of Impulse Voltage Distribution4 [. f4 D) m, L8 H
Using State Variable Method 306" t+ g7 ^' r3 b1 f% \
7.8 Winding Design for Reducing Internal Overvoltages 314% T6 l+ d! v# D9 ]
References 3211 C4 N$ v6 a6 z) ^4 B1 k. ~
8 Insulation Design 327+ k2 |" ?, `$ {6 v2 `& Q9 _: D
8.1 Calculation of Stresses for Simple Configurations 328
4 C U& x" j% |0 z Z# R8.2 Field Computations 333
& E2 D! r, j% c4 \$ {. v" V9 h8.3 Factors Affecting Insulation Strength 335
( T# L2 `: l' [( G* p. A: w' b1 R, x8.4 Test Methods and Design Insulation Level (DIL) 348
+ }& K ?3 p2 U8.5 Insulation Between Two Windings 351
! Q1 G, l1 _7 M8.6 Internal Insulation 353
" o1 o6 M$ U3 Q/ R/ m8.7 Design of End Insulation 356
8 D2 p s1 w7 _: y6 y8.8 High-Voltage Lead Clearances 3583 }0 \" s2 ]% r
8.9 Statistical Analysis for Optimization and Quality Enhancement 361
+ @" U8 ?# v0 P& I5 C. FReferences 362
6 P1 h% Y9 L2 O9 L9 R) i9 Cooling Systems 367
2 U! d Z5 i/ M& |5 f9.1 Modes of Heat Transfer 3687 X& f% k# D; B0 T. }
9.2 Cooling Arrangements 3705 ]; M( U8 Q" e E
9.3 Dissipation of Core Heat 3750 i5 O9 s& w/ n
9.4 Dissipation of Winding Heat 376
" c7 b; o9 M9 N; w8 L4 S9.5 Aging and Life Expectancy 380- U4 W, _2 _1 U2 y8 U7 i- ]
9.6 Direct Hot Spot Measurement 3846 r8 K% `1 m. b' \0 x A0 ~2 A
9.7 Static Electrification Phenomenon 385
0 T, W [6 x) { b- EReferences 3872 v1 l4 e6 s8 A4 l% A& X! B8 w' S
10 Structural Design 389
) |2 S5 S' b) F, q3 F* K& q10.1 Importance of Structural Design 389# S" O, N2 l' E/ H
10.2 Different Types of Loads and Tests 3900 d6 y2 R1 H3 a8 n
10.3 Classification of Transformer Tanks 392/ D$ L7 x3 e: f1 C
10.4 Tank Design 395
& _0 b& f3 q, `6 ]- W* N' }! T10.5 Methods of Analysis 397
7 q1 U( v. J1 ?7 Q. O+ ~7 e( H) w8 |10.6 Overpressure Phenomenon in Transformers 401
; y! ?- p1 t! p; z; v10.7 Seismic Analysis 403& a- o5 r9 e0 ?1 O# Y) w
10.8 Transformer Noise: Characteristics and Reduction 404
6 z/ k6 y7 @1 y& q2 }& U. nReferences 409$ x5 ]* }. c3 ?! m, g
11 Special Transformers 4115 w; S# W. C6 U7 @+ Y/ n% m
11.1 Rectifier Transformers 411
X& _6 T# @ R$ I# C11.2 Converter Transformers for HVDC 417( p0 M D1 N x2 n( M$ J. M3 O
11.3 Furnace Transformers 424
7 k3 L0 P# T& u) k11.4 Phase Shifting Transformers 428
4 ~$ { }! ^: d' VReferences 433
a/ o U2 l5 j. y! d$ Q1 O12 Recent Trends in Transformer Technology 437
9 R$ E8 l9 C) _* v5 J12.1 Magnetic Circuit 437: I' G+ j, M: D! a+ d- S; b
12.2 Windings 438
) G' S' G4 {4 u! a12.3 Insulation 440
, j$ J1 i) b2 z12.4 Challenges in Design and Manufacture of Transformers 4415 G8 g$ m6 a- f2 J% I
12.5 Computer-Aided Design and Analysis 443, @- g8 q6 _6 {: n: y. L& ~9 F; |+ t, V
12.6 Monitoring and Diagnostics 445" S* P. Y$ @+ ?! z0 L' M( \
12.7 Life Assessment and Refurbishment 449
/ z, _6 Z1 l( ^) f+ M+ W& rReferences 4495 o% \$ j2 M* y1 c' |) r) v
Appendix A: Fault Calculations 453
`# Y5 G8 X9 I' R0 T9 \A1 Asymmetrical Fault with No In-Feed from LV Side 454
$ `# ]# r2 a. z4 S/ w* s6 R( J) {A2 Asymmetrical Fault with In-Feed from LV Side 4579 S2 o6 |3 A- Y$ I0 i
Appendix B: Stress and Capacitance Formulae 459
0 I: K [- I, jB1 Stress Calculations 459
1 B% x- n k y/ J/ q3 c% N& k, i; ]B2 Capacitance Calculations 467 |
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