Power Generation,Operation and Control (3rd)
本帖最后由 chinayanlove 于 2014-6-10 16:44 编辑第三版封面。 第三版目录。
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Purpose of the Course / 1
1.2 Course Scope / 2
1.3 Economic Importance / 2
1.4 Deregulation: Vertical to Horizontal / 3
1.5 Problems: New and Old / 3
1.6 Characteristics of Steam Units / 6
1.6.1 Variations in Steam Unit Characteristics / 10
1.6.2 Combined Cycle Units / 13
1.6.3 Cogeneration Plants / 14
1.6.4 Light-Water Moderated Nuclear Reactor Units / 17
1.6.5 Hydroelectric Units / 18
1.6.6 Energy Storage / 21
1.7 Renewable Energy / 22
1.7.1 Wind Power / 23
1.7.2 Cut-In Speed / 23
1.7.3 Rated Output Power and Rated Output Wind Speed / 24
1.7.4 Cut-Out Speed / 24
1.7.5 Wind Turbine Efficiency or Power Coefficient / 24
1.7.6 Solar Power / 25
APPENDIX 1A Typical Generation Data / 26
APPENDIX 1B Fossil Fuel Prices / 28
APPENDIX 1C Unit Statistics / 29
CONTENTS
viii contents
References for Generation Systems / 31
Further Reading / 31
2 Industrial Organization, Managerial Economics, and Finance 35
2.1 Introduction / 35
2.2 Business Environments / 36
2.2.1 Regulated Environment / 37
2.2.2 Competitive Market Environment / 38
2.3 Theory of the Firm / 40
2.4 Competitive Market Solutions / 42
2.5 Supplier Solutions / 45
2.5.1 Supplier Costs / 46
2.5.2 Individual Supplier Curves / 46
2.5.3 Competitive Environments / 47
2.5.4 Imperfect Competition / 51
2.5.5 Other Factors / 52
2.6 Cost of Electric Energy Production / 53
2.7 Evolving Markets / 54
2.7.1 Energy Flow Diagram / 57
2.8 Multiple Company Environments / 58
2.8.1 Leontief Model: Input–Output Economics / 58
2.8.2 Scarce Fuel Resources / 60
2.9 Uncertainty and Reliability / 61
PROBLEMS / 61
Reference / 62
3 Economic Dispatch of Thermal Units and Methods of Solution 63
3.1 The Economic Dispatch Problem / 63
3.2 Economic Dispatch with Piecewise Linear Cost Functions / 68
3.3 LP Method / 69
3.3.1 Piecewise Linear Cost Functions / 69
3.3.2 Economic Dispatch with LP / 71
3.4 The Lambda Iteration Method / 73
3.5 Economic Dispatch Via Binary Search / 76
3.6 Economic Dispatch Using Dynamic Programming / 78
3.7 Composite Generation Production Cost Function / 81
3.8 Base Point and Participation Factors / 85
3.9 Thermal System Dispatching with Network Losses
Considered / 88
contents ix
3.10 The Concept of Locational Marginal Price (LMP) / 92
3.11 Auction Mechanisms / 95
3.11.1 PJM Incremental Price Auction as a
Graphical Solution / 95
3.11.2 Auction Theory Introduction / 98
3.11.3 Auction Mechanisms / 100
3.11.4 English (First-Price Open-Cry = Ascending) / 101
3.11.5 Dutch (Descending) / 103
3.11.6 First-Price Sealed Bid / 104
3.11.7 Vickrey (Second-Price Sealed Bid) / 105
3.11.8 All Pay (e.g., Lobbying Activity) / 105
APPENDIX 3A Optimization Within Constraints / 106
APPENDIX 3B Linear Programming (LP) / 117
APPENDIX 3C Non-Linear Programming / 128
APPENDIX 3D Dynamic Programming (DP) / 128
APPENDIX 3E Convex Optimization / 135
PROBLEMS / 138
References / 146
4 Unit Commitment 147
4.1 Introduction / 147
4.1.1 Economic Dispatch versus Unit Commitment / 147
4.1.2 Constraints in Unit Commitment / 152
4.1.3 Spinning Reserve / 152
4.1.4 Thermal Unit Constraints / 153
4.1.5 Other Constraints / 155
4.2 Unit Commitment Solution Methods / 155
4.2.1 Priority-List Methods / 156
4.2.2 Lagrange Relaxation Solution / 157
4.2.3 Mixed Integer Linear Programming / 166
4.3 Security-Constrained Unit Commitment (SCUC) / 167
4.4 Daily Auctions Using a Unit Commitment / 167
APPENDIX 4A Dual Optimization on a Nonconvex
Problem / 167
APPENDIX 4B Dynamic-Programming Solution to
Unit Commitment / 173
4B.1 Introduction / 173
4B.2 Forward DP Approach / 174
PROBLEMS / 182
x contents
5 Generation with Limited Energy Supply 187
5.1 Introduction / 187
5.2 Fuel Scheduling / 188
5.3 Take-or-Pay Fuel Supply Contract / 188
5.4 Complex Take-or-Pay Fuel Supply Models / 194
5.4.1 Hard Limits and Slack Variables / 194
5.5 Fuel Scheduling by Linear Programming / 195
5.6 Introduction to Hydrothermal Coordination / 202
5.6.1 Long-Range Hydro-Scheduling / 203
5.6.2 Short-Range Hydro-Scheduling / 204
5.7 Hydroelectric Plant Models / 204
5.8 Scheduling Problems / 207
5.8.1 Types of Scheduling Problems / 207
5.8.2 Scheduling Energy / 207
5.9 The Hydrothermal Scheduling Problem / 211
5.9.1 Hydro-Scheduling with Storage Limitations / 211
5.9.2 Hydro-Units in Series (Hydraulically Coupled) / 216
5.9.3 Pumped-Storage Hydroplants / 218
5.10 Hydro-Scheduling using Linear Programming / 222
APPENDIX 5A Dynamic-Programming Solution to hydrothermal
Scheduling / 225
5.A.1 Dynamic Programming Example / 227
5.A.1.1 Procedure / 228
5.A.1.2 Extension to Other Cases / 231
5.A.1.3 Dynamic-Programming Solution to Multiple Hydroplant
Problem / 232
PROBLEMS / 234
6 Transmission System Effects 243
6.1 Introduction / 243
6.2 Conversion of Equipment Data to Bus and Branch Data / 247
6.3 Substation Bus Processing / 248
6.4 Equipment Modeling / 248
6.5 Dispatcher Power Flow for Operational Planning / 251
6.6 Conservation of Energy (Tellegen’s Theorem) / 252
6.7 Existing Power Flow Techniques / 253
6.8 The Newton–Raphson Method Using the Augmented
Jacobian Matrix / 254
6.8.1 Power Flow Statement / 254
6.9 Mathematical Overview / 257
contents xi
6.10 AC System Control Modeling / 259
6.11 Local Voltage Control / 259
6.12 Modeling of Transmission Lines and Transformers / 259
6.12.1 Transmission Line Flow Equations / 259
6.12.2 Transformer Flow Equations / 260
6.13 HVDC links / 261
6.13.1 Modeling of HVDC Converters
and FACT Devices / 264
6.13.2 Definition of Angular Relationships in
HVDC Converters / 264
6.13.3 Power Equations for a Six-Pole HVDC
Converter / 264
6.14 Brief Review of Jacobian Matrix Processing / 267
6.15 Example 6A: AC Power Flow Case / 269
6.16 The Decoupled Power Flow / 271
6.17 The Gauss–Seidel Method / 275
6.18 The “DC” or Linear Power Flow / 277
6.18.1 DC Power Flow Calculation / 277
6.18.2 Example 6B: DC Power Flow Example on the
Six-Bus Sample System / 278
6.19 Unified Eliminated Variable Hvdc Method / 278
6.19.1 Changes to Jacobian Matrix Reduced / 279
6.19.2 Control Modes / 280
6.19.3 Analytical Elimination / 280
6.19.4 Control Mode Switching / 283
6.19.5 Bipolar and 12-Pulse Converters / 283
6.20 Transmission Losses / 284
6.20.1 A Two-Generator System Example / 284
6.20.2 Coordination Equations, Incremental Losses,
and Penalty Factors / 286
6.21 Discussion of Reference Bus Penalty Factors / 288
6.22 Bus Penalty Factors Direct from the AC Power Flow / 289
PROBLEMS / 291
7 Power System Security 296
7.1 Introduction / 296
7.2 Factors Affecting Power System Security / 301
7.3 Contingency Analysis: Detection of Network Problems / 301
7.3.1 Generation Outages / 301
7.3.2 Transmission Outages / 302
xii contents
7.4 An Overview of Security Analysis / 306
7.4.1 Linear Sensitivity Factors / 307
7.5 Monitoring Power Transactions Using “Flowgates” / 313
7.6 Voltage Collapse / 315
7.6.1 AC Power Flow Methods / 317
7.6.2 Contingency Selection / 320
7.6.3 Concentric Relaxation / 323
7.6.4 Bounding / 325
7.6.5 Adaptive Localization / 325
APPENDIX 7A AC Power Flow Sample Cases / 327
APPENDIX 7B Calculation of Network Sensitivity Factors / 336
7B.1 Calculation of PTDF Factors / 336
7B.2 Calculation of LODF Factors / 339
7B.2.1 Special Cases / 341
7B.3 Compensated PTDF Factors / 343
Problems / 343
References / 349
8 Optimal Power Flow 350
8.1 Introduction / 350
8.2 The Economic Dispatch Formulation / 351
8.3 The Optimal Power Flow Calculation Combining
Economic Dispatch and the Power Flow / 352
8.4 Optimal Power Flow Using the DC Power Flow / 354
8.5 Example 8A: Solution of the DC Power Flow OPF / 356
8.6 Example 8B: DCOPF with Transmission Line
Limit Imposed / 361
8.7 Formal Solution of the DCOPF / 365
8.8 Adding Line Flow Constraints to the Linear
Programming Solution / 365
8.8.1 Solving the DCOPF Using Quadratic Programming / 367
8.9 Solution of the ACOPF / 368
8.10 Algorithms for Solution of the ACOPF / 369
8.11 Relationship Between LMP, Incremental Losses,
and Line Flow Constraints / 376
8.11.1 Locational Marginal Price at a Bus with No Lines
Being Held at Limit / 377
8.11.2 Locational Marginal Price with a Line Held at its Limit / 378
contents xiii
8.12 Security-Constrained OPF / 382
8.12.1 Security Constrained OPF Using the DC Power Flow
and Quadratic Programming / 384
8.12.2 DC Power Flow / 385
8.12.3 Line Flow Limits / 385
8.12.4 Contingency Limits / 386
APPENDIX 8A Interior Point Method / 391
APPENDIX 8B Data for the 12-Bus System / 393
APPENDIX 8C Line Flow Sensitivity Factors / 395
APPENDIX 8D Linear Sensitivity Analysis of the
AC Power Flow / 397
PROBLEMS / 399
9 Introduction to State Estimation in Power Systems 403
9.1 Introduction / 403
9.2 Power System State Estimation / 404
9.3 Maximum Likelihood Weighted Least-Squares
Estimation / 408
9.3.1 Introduction / 408
9.3.2 Maximum Likelihood Concepts / 410
9.3.3 Matrix Formulation / 414
9.3.4 An Example of Weighted Least-Squares
State Estimation / 417
9.4 State Estimation of an Ac Network / 421
9.4.1 Development of Method / 421
9.4.2 Typical Results of State Estimation on an
AC Network / 424
9.5 State Estimation by Orthogonal Decomposition / 428
9.5.1 The Orthogonal Decomposition Algorithm / 431
9.6 An Introduction to Advanced Topics in State Estimation / 435
9.6.1 Sources of Error in State Estimation / 435
9.6.2 Detection and Identification of Bad Measurements / 436
9.6.3 Estimation of Quantities Not Being Measured / 443
9.6.4 Network Observability and Pseudo-measurements / 444
9.7 The Use of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUS) / 447
9.8 Application of Power Systems State Estimation / 451
9.9 Importance of Data Verification and Validation / 454
9.10 Power System Control Centers / 454
xiv contents
APPENDIX 9A Derivation of Least-Squares Equations / 456
9A.1 The Overdetermined Case (Nm > Ns) / 457
9A.2 The Fully Determined Case (Nm = Ns) / 462
9A.3 The Underdetermined Case (Nm < Ns) / 462
PROBLEMS / 464
10 Control of Generation 468
10.1 Introduction / 468
10.2 Generator Model / 470
10.3 Load Model / 473
10.4 Prime-Mover Model / 475
10.5 Governor Model / 476
10.6 Tie-Line Model / 481
10.7 Generation Control / 485
10.7.1 Supplementary Control Action / 485
10.7.2 Tie-Line Control / 486
10.7.3 Generation Allocation / 489
10.7.4 Automatic Generation Control (AGC)
Implementation / 491
10.7.5 AGC Features / 495
10.7.6 NERC Generation Control Criteria / 496
PROBLEMS / 497
References / 500
11 Interchange, Pooling, Brokers, and Auctions 501
11.1 Introduction / 501
11.2 Interchange Contracts / 504
11.2.1 Energy / 504
11.2.2 Dynamic Energy / 506
11.2.3 Contingent / 506
11.2.4 Market Based / 507
11.2.5 Transmission Use / 508
11.2.6 Reliability / 517
11.3 Energy Interchange between Utilities / 517
11.4 Interutility Economy Energy Evaluation / 521
11.5 Interchange Evaluation with Unit Commitment / 522
11.6 Multiple Utility Interchange Transactions—Wheeling / 523
11.7 Power Pools / 526
contents xv
11.8 The Energy-Broker System / 529
11.9 Transmission Capability General Issues / 533
11.10 Available Transfer Capability and Flowgates / 535
11.10.1 Definitions / 536
11.10.2 Process / 539
11.10.3 Calculation ATC Methodology / 540
11.11 Security Constrained Unit Commitment (SCUC) / 550
11.11.1 Loads and Generation in a Spot Market Auction / 550
11.11.2 Shape of the Two Functions / 552
11.11.3 Meaning of the Lagrange Multipliers / 553
11.11.4 The Day-Ahead Market Dispatch / 554
11.12 Auction Emulation using Network LP / 555
11.13 Sealed Bid Discrete Auctions / 555
PROBLEMS / 560
12 Short-Term Demand Forecasting 566
12.1 Perspective / 566
12.2 Analytic Methods / 569
12.3 Demand Models / 571
12.4 Commodity Price Forecasting / 572
12.5 Forecasting Errors / 573
12.6 System Identification / 573
12.7 Econometric Models / 574
12.7.1 Linear Environmental Model / 574
12.7.2 Weather-Sensitive Models / 576
12.8 Time Series / 578
12.8.1 Time Series Models Seasonal Component / 578
12.8.2 Auto-Regressive (AR) / 580
12.8.3 Moving Average (MA) / 581
12.8.4 Auto-Regressive Moving Average (ARMA):
Box-Jenkins / 582
12.8.5 Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving-Average
(ARIMA): Box-Jenkins / 584
12.8.6 Others (ARMAX, ARIMAX, SARMAX, NARMA) / 585
12.9 Time Series Model Development / 585
12.9.1 Base Demand Models / 586
12.9.2 Trend Models / 586
12.9.3 Linear Regression Method / 586
xvi contents
12.9.4 Seasonal Models / 588
12.9.5 Stationarity / 588
12.9.6 WLS Estimation Process / 590
12.9.7 Order and Variance Estimation / 591
12.9.8 Yule-Walker Equations / 592
12.9.9 Durbin-Levinson Algorithm / 595
12.9.10 Innovations Estimation for MA and ARMA
Processes / 598
12.9.11 ARIMA Overall Process / 600
12.10 Artificial Neural Networks / 603
12.10.1 Introduction to Artificial Neural Networks / 604
12.10.2 Artificial Neurons / 605
12.10.3 Neural network applications / 606
12.10.4 Hopfield Neural Networks / 606
12.10.5 Feed-Forward Networks / 607
12.10.6 Back-Propagation Algorithm / 610
12.10.7 Interior Point Linear Programming Algorithms / 613
12.11 Model Integration / 614
12.12 Demand Prediction / 614
12.12.1 Hourly System Demand Forecasts / 615
12.12.2 One-Step Ahead Forecasts / 615
12.12.3 Hourly Bus Demand Forecasts / 616
12.13 Conclusion / 616
PROBLEMS / 617 楼主好人，是好东西，顶~ 好东西，谢啦～ 楼主真是大好人，我找第三版找了好久，一直用的第二版，感觉第三版从内容到排版又更进步了！
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