Power Quality in Electrical Systems
ALEXANDER KUSKO, SC.D., P.E., is Corporate Vice Presidentof Exponent. He was formerly an associate professor of
engineering at MIT. Dr. Kusko is a Life Fellow of the IEEE
and served on the committee for the original IEEE Standard
519-1981 on Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems.
MARC T. THOMPSON, PH.D., is President of Thompson
Consulting, Inc., an engineering consulting firm specializing
in power electronics, magnetic design, and analog circuits
and systems. He is also an adjunct professor of electrical
engineering at Worcester Polytechnic Institute and a
firefighter with the Harvard (Massachusetts) Fire
Department 回复 3# maglev
Preface xiChapter 1. Introduction 1
Background 1
Ideal Voltage Waveform 2
Nonlinear Load: The Rectifier 3
The Definition of Power Quality 6
Examples of poor power quality 7
The need for corrections 9
The Scope of This Text 9
Comment on References 11
References 12
Chapter 2. Power-Quality Standards 15
IEEE Standards 519 and 1159 15
ANSI Standard C84 17
CBEMA and ITIC Curves 18
High-Frequency EMI Standards 20
Summary 23
References 24
Chapter 3. Voltage Distortion 25
Voltage Sag 25
Voltage “Swell” 30
Impulsive “Transient” 30
Oscillatory “Transient” 33
Interruption 35
Notching 35
Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker 37
Voltage Imbalance 40
Summary 41
References 42
Chapter 4. Harmonics and Interharmonics 43
Background 43
Periodic Waveforms and Harmonics 43
Root-mean square 47
DC current 49
Pure sine wave 49
Square wave 49
DC waveform + ripple 50
Triangular ripple 50
Pulsating waveform 51
Pulsating waveform with ripple 52
Triangular waveform 52
Piecewise Calculation 52
Total Harmonic Distortion 53
Crest Factor 53
Summary 61
References 61
Chapter 5. Harmonic Current Sources 63
Background 63
Single-Phase Rectifiers 64
Three-Phase Rectifiers 69
The six-pulse rectifier 69
The twelve-pulse rectifier 70
High-Frequency Fluorescent Ballasts 71
Transformers 72
Other Systems that Draw Harmonic Currents 73
Summary 74
References 74
Chapter 6. Power Harmonic Filters 75
Introduction 75
A Typical Power System 76
IEEE Std. 519-1992 78
Line reactor 79
Shunt passive filter 81
Multisection filters 87
Practical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters 95
Active harmonic filters 95
Hybrid harmonic filters 97
Summary 97
References 98
Chapter 7. Switch Mode Power Supplies 99
Background 99
Offline Power Supplies 100
DC/DC Converter high-frequency switching waveforms
and interharmonic generation 104
Testing for conducted EMI 106
Corrective measures for improving conducted EMI 107
Summary 107
References 108
Chapter 8. Methods for Correction of Power-Quality
Problems 109
Introduction 109
Correction Methods 110
Voltage disturbances versus correction methods 111
Reliability 113
Design of load equipment 115
The design of electric-power supply systems 117
Power harmonic filters 119
Utilization-dynamic voltage compensators 119
Uninterruptible power supplies 119
Transformers 120
Standby power systems 122
Summary 126
References 126
Chapter 9. Uninterruptible Power Supplies 129
Introduction 129
History 131
Types of UPS Equipment 133
Commercial equipment 134
Energy storage 137
Batteries 138
Flywheels 139
Fuel cells 141
Ultracapacitors 144
Summary 145
References 145
Chapter 10. Dynamic Voltage Compensators 147
Introduction 147
Principle of Operation 148
Operation on ITIC curve 151
Detection of disturbance and control 152
Commercial equipment 153
Summary 154
References 154
Chapter 11. Power Quality Events 155
Introduction 155
Method 1 155
Method 2 156
Personal Computers 156
Power-quality characteristics 157
Modes of malfunction 160
Sensitivity to voltage sags and interruptions 160
Correction measures 162
Correction measures 164
AC Contactors and relays 165
Operation 165
The Impact of Voltage Disturbance 168
Correction methods 169
Summary 170
References 170
Chapter 12. Electric Motor Drive Equipment 173
Electric Motors 173
Induction Motors 173
Operation 174
Hazards 174
Phenomena 175
Protection 176
Adjustable Speed Drives 177
Application 178
Voltage disturbances 180
Voltage unbalance 181
Protective measures 183
Summary 188
References 188
Chapter 13. Standby Power Systems 189
Principles: Standby Power System Design 189
Components to Assemble Standby
Power Systems 190
Sample Standby Power Systems 191
Engine-Generator Sets 194
Standards 195
Component parts of an E/G set installation 196
Transfer switches 198
Summary 200
References 200
Chapter 14. Power Quality Measurements 201
Multimeters 201
Oscilloscopes 202
Current Probes 203
Search Coils 204
Power-Quality Meters and Analyzers 205
Current Transformer Analysis in Detail 205
Summary 213
References 213
Index 215 回复 4# maglev
Acknowledgments
PSPICE simulations were done using the Microsim Evaluation
version 8.0.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of the IEEE with
regard to figures reprinted from IEEE standards, and with permission
from the IEEE. The IEEE disclaims any responsibility or liability resulting
from the placement and use in the described manner.
ALEXANDER KUSKO, SC.D., P.E.
MARC T. THOMPSON, PH.D.
This book is intended for use by practicing power engineers and managersinterested in the emerging field of power quality in electrical systems.
We take a real-world point of view throughout with numerous
examples compiled from the literature and the authors’ engineering
experiences.
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