WIND ENERGY - THE FACTS
本帖最后由 achipmunk 于 2009-9-7 16:43 编辑GH report
VOLUME 1
TECHNOLOGY
Electricity can be generated in many ways. In each case,
a fuel is used to turn a turbine which drives a generator
which feeds the grid. The turbines are designed to suit the
particular characteristics of the fuel. Wind generated electricity
is no different. The wind is the fuel – unlike fossil
fuels it is both free and clean, but otherwise it is just the
same. It drives the turbine which generates electricity into
a grid.
The politics and economics of wind energy have played an
important role in the development of the industry and contributed
to its present success. Engineering is, however,
pivotal. As the wind industry has become better established,
the central place of engineering has become overshadowed
by other issues. This is a tribute to the success
of the engineers and their turbines. This volume addresses
the key engineering issues:
• The turbines – their past achievements and future challenges
– a remarkable tale of technical endeavour and
entrepreneurship.
• The wind – its characteristics and reliability – how can
it be measured, quantified and harnessed?
• The wind farms – an assembly of individual turbines
into wind power stations or wind farms – their optimisation
and development.
• The grid – transporting the energy from remote locations
with plentiful wind energy to the loads – the key
technical and strategic challenges.
This volume provides an historical overview of turbine
development, describes the present status and considers
future challenges. This is a remarkable story starting in
the nineteenth century and then accelerating through the
last two decades of the twentieth century on a course very
similar to the early days of aeronautics. The story is far
from finished but it has certainly started with a
vengeance.
Wind must be treated with great respect. The speed of the
wind on a site has a very powerful effect on the economics
of a wind farm; it provides both the fuel to generate
electricity and the loads to destroy the turbine. This volume
describes how it can be quantified, harnessed and
put to work in an economic and predictable manner. The
long-term behaviour of the wind is described as well as its
short-term behaviour. The latter can be successfully forecast
to allow wind energy to participate in electricity markets.
In order for wind to live up to its raw potential promise,
individual turbines must be assembled into wind farms or
wind power stations. The design and operation of the different
types of wind farms are discussed and examples
provided.
Finally, the key strategic issue for the future is addressed:
How can the windy parts of Europe, both onshore and offshore,
deliver power for the industrial loads and population
centres. This goal is achieved through the local,
national and international grids. The way in which the grid
is used and constrained is a key political and technical
issue. The technical and regulatory constraints are
described and some challenges for the future are raised.
This volume explores how this new, vibrant and rapidly
expanding industry exploits one of nature’s most copious
sources of energy – the wind.
INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME 1 3
CHAPTER 1 TURBINE TECHNOLOGY 7
1.1 Evolution of Commercial Wind Technology 7
1.1.1 Achievements 7
1.1.2 The Challenge 8
1.1.3 A Unique Technology 8
1.1.4 Run up to Commercial Technology 9
1.1.5 Design Styles 10
1.1.6 Design Drivers for Modern Technology 13
1.1.7 Growth of Wind Turbine Size 14
1.1.8 Architecture of a Modern Wind Turbine 16
1.1.9 Erection of Large Wind Turbines 17
1.2 Technology Trends 19
1.2.1 Larger Diameters 19
1.2.2 Tip Speed - Offshore and Land Based Designs 20
1.2.3 Pitch versus Stall 21
1.2.4 Speed Variation 21
1.2.5 Hub Height 22
1.2.6 Rotor Mass 22
1.3 Recent Developments 23
1.3.1 Direct Drive Generators 23
1.3.2 Hybrid – Single Stage of Gears and Multi-Pole Generator 25
1.3.3 Rotor Blade Developments 26
1.3.4 Single Bearing Arrangement 28
1.3.5 Offshore Technology 28
1.4 Technology Status 32
1.4.1 Overall Design Trends 32
1.4.2 Size Limitations 33
1.4.3 The Success of Wind Technology 36
1.5 Concluding Remarks and Future R&D 37
CHAPTER 2 WIND RESOURCE ESTIMATION 38
2.1 Introduction 38
2.2 Regional Wind Resources 38
2.3 Wind Atlases 39
2.3.1 Onshore 39
2.3.2 Offshore 41
2.4 Energy Estimates 41
2.4.1 Onshore 41
2.4.2 Offshore 44
2.4.3 Updating Resource Potential 44
2.4.4 Concluding Remarks 45
2.5 Local Wind Resource Assessment and Energy Analysis 45
2.5.1 Introduction 45
2.5.2 The Importance of the Wind Resource 47
2.5.3 Best Practice for Accurate Wind Speed Measurements 47
2.5.4 The Annual Variability of Wind Speed 49
2.5.5 Analytical Methods for the Prediction of the Long Term Wind Regime at a Site 53
2.5.6 The Prediction of the Energy Production of a Wind Farm 55
2.5.7 Definition of Uncertainty in Predicted Energy Production 57
2.6 Offshore Wind Farm Design and Resource Estimation 58
2.6.1 Fundamentals 58
2.6.2 Measurement Offshore 59
2.6.3 Wind Analysis Offshore 59
2.6.4 Energy Prediction 59
2.6.5 Other Effects to Consider Offshore 59
2.7 Forecasting 60
2.7.1 Overview of the Method 61
2.7.2 Improvement over Persistence 62
2.7.3 Power Output 62
2.7.4 Portfolio Effects 63
2.7.5 Conclusions 63
2.8 Future Developments 63
CHAPTER 3 WIND FARM DESIGN 65
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 Preliminary Layout Design 65
3.3 Detailed Layout Design 65
3.4 The Infrastructure 66
3.4.1. Civil Works 66
3.4.2. Electrical Works 67
3.4.3. SCADA and Instruments 67
3.5 Construction 67
3.6 Costs 68
3.7 Commissioning and Operation 68
3.8 Concluding Remarks 69
CHAPTER 4 TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS 70
4.1 Introduction 70
4.2 Setting the Scene 70
4.2.1 Large Interconnected Networks 70
4.2.2 Small Isolated Networks 71
4.3 Electricity Networks 72
4.4 Considerations for Wind Energy 74
4.4.1 Connections 74
4.4.2 Operation 75
4.4.3 Strategic Planning Considerations 77
4.5 Issues for High Wind Penetration in Europe 80
4.6 Concluding Remarks 82
CHAPTER 5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 84
5.1 Wind Industry Research and Development Overview 84
5.2 Socio-Economic, Policy and Market Issues 85
5.2.1 Transparency 85
5.2.2 Increasing the Value of Wind Power 86
5.2.3 Education and Human Resources Development 86
5.3 Environmental and Social Impacts 86
5.4 Turbine and Component Design Issues 87
5.5 Testing, Standardisation, Certification and Safety 88
5.6 Grid Integration, Energy Systems, and Resource Prediction 88
5.7 Operation and Maintenance 89
5.8 Location of Wind Farms 90
5.9 Offshore Wind 90
5.10 Multi-Megawatt Turbines 91
5.11 Summary of R&D Objectives 91 好的 ，先下载学习。 目录分的比较细致，看看内容。 最近学风电，先来看看 最近正在学习风电知识,非常感谢
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