考研20年超纲单词
abreast ad．并肩地，并排地Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast (ad.) of jobs in a particular database；when you get e-mail，consider it a reminder to check the database again．
[译文]相反，最佳的策略是把代理当作一种提示服务来及时跟踪某一资料库里的工作岗位信息；当你收到电子邮件时，你就把官当作一种提醒再去查一查资料库。
advisory a．顾问的，咨询的，劝告的
That group?the National Bioethics Advisory(a.) Commission(NBAC)?has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper，and at a meeting on 17 May，members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations．
[译文]这个名为“全国生物伦理道德顾问委员会”(NBAC)的小组一直在非常积极的工作，并将其意见写成报告；在5月17日的一次会议上，委员们就接近定稿的意见书取得了一致意见。
affinity n．密切关系，吸引力
While history once revered its affinity (n.) to literature and philosophy，the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past.
[译文]当历史学曾经重视其与文学和哲学的密切关系时，新兴的社会科学似乎提供了更多探求新问题的机会，并且为了解过去提供了有价值的研究方法。
allegation n．主张，断言，辩解
Hearing allegations (n.) of cruelty to animals in research settings，many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm all animal．
[译文]当人们听到医学实验虐待动物的指控时，许多人都不明白为什么有人会故意伤害动物。
apprehensive a．①有理解力的；②忧虑的，担心的
What is many captive shippers’attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?
Apprehensive (n．②)．
[译文]许多受控制的托运人对铁路部门的合并是什么态度?
担心。
arbiter n．仲裁者，主宰者
“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters (n.) of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bercovici. a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper．
[译文]“我们是否真地想让铁路公司成为在市场上决定谁败谁荣的裁决者呢?”马丁•贝科维奇问道，他是一位常常代表铁路客户的华盛顿律师。
authorize v．批准
We can learn from the first paragraph that______．
NBAC was authorized(v．)to control the misuse of cloning technique
[译文]从第一段我们可以了解到_______。
NBAC被授权控制克隆技术的滥用
backbone n．脊椎，骨干，毅力
In other words，there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone(n．)and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news．
[译文]换言之，在媒介机构的新闻采编室文化中存在着一套约定俗成的写作模式，为纷繁复杂的新闻报道提供了一个主=F框架和一个现成的故事叙述结构。
bellyful n．满腹，满肚子，过量
Ralph Waldo Emerson and other transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children：“We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful (n．) of words and do not know a thing．”
[译文]拉尔夫•瓦尔多•爱默生和其他一些先验主义哲学家认为学校教育和严格的书本学习限制了孩子们的天性，“我们被关在中小学和大学的朗诵室里十年或十五年，最后出来满肚子墨水，却啥都不懂。”
beneficence n．慈善，捐赠物
Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence (n．) of technological advance．
[译文]美国人纷纷涌向这些集市和博览会去欣赏新机械，因而更加坚信技术进步会造福人类。
bidding n．①命令；②出价，投标
Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding (n．①)so fascinating．
[译文]可能正是因为人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的摆布才使得让水听从人的调遣如此令人痴迷.
bombard vt．炮轰，攻击
At the same time，the American Law Institute?a group of judges，lawyers，and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight?issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard (vt.) them with a lengthy list of possible ones．
[译文]与此同时，美国法学会一该学会由一群举足轻重的法官、律师、学者所组成一签署了新的民事侵害法纲要，宣布公司不必警示顾客那些显而易见的危险，或者给顾客列出一份冗长的可能造成的危险的清单。
breakthrough n．突破
Through his research，Pearson is ahle to put dates to most of the breakthroughs(n.) that can be predicted．
[译文]通过研究，皮尔森能够指出大多数可预言的突破的时日。
broker n．经纪人
"Instead of 20 to 30 offers．now maybe you only get two or three，"says John Deadly，a Bay Area real-estate broker(n)．
[译文]海湾地区房地产经纪人约翰•梯尔迪说：“已经卖出二十到三十套，剩下的可能只有两三套了。”
byproduct n．副产品
By the late 1970s，neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just“mental noise”?the random byproducts (n.) of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep．
[译文]到了20世纪70年代，神经学专家又转而把梦视作“精神上的杂音”一睡梦中神经修复工作的随机性副产品。
capuchin n. (猴子的一种)僧帽猴
However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins (n.) and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
［译文］但是，这种愤愤不平之心是人类和猴子独立地进化出来的，还是他们三千五百万年前从老祖先那遗传来的，这一问题尚没有定论。
carefree a．无忧无虑的，轻松愉快的
How do the public feel about tile current economic situation?
Carefree (a．)．
[译文]公众觉得目前经济形势如何?
无忧无虑。
cataract n．①大瀑布；②白内障
Failing hips can be replaced，clinical depression controlled，cataracts (n．②) removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure．
[译文]髋骨不行了可以更换，临床的忧郁症得到了控制，白内障仅用30分钟手术便可以切除。
centerpiece n．中心
The centerpiece (n.) of the argument of a technology-yes，genius-no advocate was an analysis of Gialileo's role at the start of the scientific revolution．
[译文]这场拥护“肯定技术否定天才”的争论的中心是对伽利略在科技革命初期的作用的分析。
charitable a．仁慈的，(为)慈善事业的，宽恕的
Today there are many charitable(a.) organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler．
[译文]如今，有了很多的慈善组织专门帮助疲劳的旅行者。
chunk n．大块
Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry chunks (n.) of memorized poetry in their heads，while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English speakers.
[译文]俄罗斯人深爱着他们自己的语言，并在他们的脑海中存储了大量诗歌，而意大利的政客们却更倾向于精心准备的演讲，这在大多数讲英语的人们眼里已经过时。
citizenry n．公民或市民(集合称)
If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry(n.) will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress．
[译文]如果好人无所作为，一群不明真相的公众真地有可能扑灭医学进步的宝贵火种。
collectivism n．集体主义
It was moreover a step away from individual initiative，towards collectivism (n.) and municipal and state-owned business．
[译文]而且这也是公司摆脱个体创造，走向集体化和向市营、国营迈出的一步。
commitment n．承诺，责任
(38：On the contrary)they can help students acquire a sense of commitment (n.) by (39：planning)for roles that are within their (40：capability) and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules．
[译文]正相反，成年人可以通过计划青少年能所参与的活动以及清晰表述规则来帮助他们树立责任感。
compassionate a．有同情心的
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate (a．)，understandable way-in human terms．not in the language of molecular biology．
[译文]科学家必须把他们的意思传达给公众，并且要使用富有感情和通俗易懂的语言，即用通俗的语言，而不是使用分子生物学的语言。
compulsion n．强迫，强制
That compulsion (n.) has resulted in robotics-the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines．
[译文]这种不得已的行为导致了机器人科学的产生??一门将人类的能力赋予机器的科学。
connotation n．含蓄，内涵
Nevertheless，the word“amateur”does carry a connotation (n.) that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and，in particular，may not fully share its values．
[译文]但是“业余”这个词的确具有特殊的含义，那就是所指的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体，具体地说，他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观。
conclusive a．确实的；最后的，决定性的
The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle，and so is not conclusive(a.) evidence of a revival in the underlying trend．
[译文]问题在于，近年发生的生产力快速增长部分是由于商业周期通常到了这时候就会出现的反弹造成的,因此，还不能作为一次确凿的证据来证实在这一潜在的趋势背后会出现经济复苏的迹象。
conformity n．一致，符合
Nor, if regularity and conformity(n.) to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to refleet，is management to be blamed for discriminating against the“odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who“work well with the team．”
[译文]如果像他们的论文所反映的那样，科学家也想看到规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性，那么如果管理人员歧视研究人员中的“标新立异者”，而赞赏“擅长团队协作”的具有传统思维模式的人，那也是无可指责的。
cosmos n．宇宙
The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang，first put forward in the 1920s，to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos(n.)．
[译文]巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使20年代首创的大爆炸论得以处于其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。
corporate a．共同的，全体的
Everywhere you go in America，you hear tales of corporate(a．)revival．
[译文］在美国，无论你走到哪里都会听到企业复苏的故事。
cortex n．(植物的)皮层，树皮，(脑或肾的)皮层，皮质
But not all parts of the brain are equally involved；the limbic system(the“emotional brain”)is especially active，while the prefrontal cortex (n.) (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet．
[译文]但并不是所有大脑的部位都参与活动；控制情绪的大脑部位异常活跃，然而控制智力和理性的大脑部位却相对平静。
courteous a．有礼貌的，谦恭的
It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteons(a．)convention and individual interest．
[译文]要想正确区分礼貌是出于文化习俗还是个人兴趣，单凭一次公共汽车上的邂逅是不够的。
counterbalance vt．使平均，使平衡，弥补；n．平衡，势均力敌
Razitch’s latest book，Left Back：A Century of Failed School Reforms，traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools，concluding they are anything but a counterbalance (n.) to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits．But they could and should be．
[译文]莱维西最新著作《回顾：一百年来学校改革的失败》探索学校里反学识倾向的根源，书中的结论是：学校根本未能制衡美国人对学识追求的厌恶，但学校是能够并应该做到这一点的。
counteract v．①抵抗；②抵制；③消除，抵消
“If we can understand how cancer works，we can counteract (v．③) its action．”
[译文]“如果我们能弄清癌症的活动规律，我们就能采取相应的措施。”
coverage n．①新闻报导(范围)；②保险项目
They are brought sport，comedy，drama，music，news and current affairs，education，religion，parliamentary coverage(n．①)，children’s programmes and films for an annual licence fee of￡ 83 per household．
[译文]每户每年交83英镑的使用费便可收看体育、喜剧、戏剧、音乐、新闻时事、教育、宗教、议会报道、儿童节目及电影。
credibility n．可信性
Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility(n．)project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers．
[译文]然后它又出资组织研讨会和可信度调查项目，去探究为什么顾客们恼火了，为什么会有那么多人逃避新闻。
criteria n．标准
Narrowing your criteria (n.)，for example，may work against you：“Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility．”says one expert．
[译文]比如缩小你的要求条件就有可能对你不利，一位专家说：“你每回答一次问题你就丧失一次机会。”
cuff n．袖口，没有预料到的事情
Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff (n.) remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner．
[译文](练习幽默)包括一些很随便的、看上去是即兴的话，你可以用轻松的、不做作的方式把它们说出来。
cult n．①宗派；②崇拜；③时尚
But the cult (n．②) of the authentic and the personal，“doing our own thing，”has spelt the death of formal speech，writing，poetry and music．
[译文]然而，“做我们自己的事”??这一对事物真实性和个性的崇拜信条，已经给正式的演讲、写作、诗歌和音乐画上了句号。
customize v．定制
Subscribers can customize (v．) the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site．
[译文]用户可以定制自己想要接受的信息，然后直接进入某个公司的网址。
cute a．可爱的，聪明的，伶俐的
They look cute (a.)．They are good-natured，co-operative creatures，and they share their food readily．
[译文]它们(猴子)看起来很可爱，温顺合作，总是能分享食物。
deception n．欺骗，诡计
He describes their programmes and tactics，and，for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists，the extent of their deception (n.) and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise．
[译文]他揭露了这些人的伎俩和手段，对那些不了解创世纪论者惯用手法的人来说，其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会让他们感到气愤和吃惊。
defendant n．被告; a．辩护的
As personal injury claims continue as before，some courts are beginning to side with defendants (n.)，especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything．
[译文]尽管个人伤害的指控一如既往地继续着，但有些法庭已开始站到被告一方，特别是在处理那些有警示语也无法避免伤害的案件时。
degradation n．降级，退化
In his latest book，Doing Our Own Thing：The Degradation (n.) of Language and Music and Why We Should，Like，Care，John McWhorter，a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views， see the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English．
[译文]语言学家约翰•麦克沃特(John McWhorter)喜好争论，他的观点混杂着保守派与自由派的看法，在他的近作《做我们自己的事：语言和音乐的退化，以及为什么我们应该喜欢或在意》一书中，这位学者认为20世纪60年代反文化运动的胜利要对正式英语的退化负责。
delinquency n．行为不良，犯法，犯罪
Most theories of juvenile delinquency (n.) have focused on children from disadvantaged families，(26：ignoring)the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes．
[译文]大部分将少年犯罪主要归咎于贫困家庭的理论忽略了一个事实，即，那些来自富裕家庭的孩子也会犯罪。
demographer n．人口统计学家
Moreover，demographers (n.) see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon：More and more，Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people，too．
[译文]而且，人口统计学家发现，向南部和向西部的不断迁移还伴随着一种与之相关却又较新的现像：越来越多的美国人显然不再仅仅寻找有更多工作机会的地方，也在寻找人口稀少的地方。
depressant a．有镇静作用的；n．镇静剂
Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system，whereas depressants(n.) slow it down．
[译文]兴奋剂主要起到加速或激活中枢神经系统的作用，而镇静剂则相反：减缓它的活动。
depression n．沮丧，消沉，低气压，低压
Failing hips can be replaced，clinical depression (n.) controlled，cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure．
[译文]髋骨不行了可以更换，临床的忧郁症得到了控制，白内障仅用30分钟手术便可以切除。
depletion n.损耗
The true enemies of science，argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University，a pioneer of environmental studies，are those who question the evidence supporting global warming，the depletion (n.) of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth．
[译文]环境研究的先驱者、斯坦福大学的保罗•埃利希反驳说，科学真正的敌人是那些对工业发展导致全球变暖、臭氧层逐渐损耗以及其他后果的证据提出质疑的人。
determinism n．决定论
Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages，Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism(n.)．
[译文]虽然Sapir和Whorf都强调语言的差异性，但是，Sapir本人从未明确支持语言决定论的观点。
detrimental a．有害的
All these are beneficial，not detrimental (a.)，to consumers．
[译文]所有这些对消费者来说都有益而无害的。
digit n．从0到9的任一数字
Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit (n.) inflation and global economic decline．
[译文]前两次的油价暴涨都导致了两位数的通货膨胀率和全球性的经济衰退。
disparage vt．蔑视
With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging (vt.) remarks about their canteen or their chairman．
[译文]而对于其他听众，你就不能试图贸然地讲这种幽默，因为他们也许不喜欢外人对他们的餐厅或总裁有如此微词。
dispassionate a．冷静的，平心静气的
Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassionate (a.) manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena．
[译文]社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
disproportionate a．不成比例的
By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate (a.) emphasis on examinations．
[译文]学校里最糟糕的竞争形式就是不恰当地强调考试。
downshift v. ①（汽车等）调低速档；②（引申义）降低生活节奏
For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 80s, downshifting (v. ②) in the mid-90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life-growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one-as a personal recognition of your limitations.
［译文］对我们这一代女性来说，整个80年代我们曾被迫忙碌地生活，90年代中期的简化生活与其说是寻求神话般的好生活??自己种有机蔬菜并试图与之合一??倒不如说我们都认识了自身的局限。
dosage n.剂量，配，用量
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’ pain, even though increasing dosages(n.) will eventually kill the patient.
［译文］近年来，医生们一直在借用这项原则，为自己替病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛的做法提供正当的理由，尽管他们知道，不断增加的剂量最终会杀死病人。
domino n．骨牌，多米诺骨牌
In the US and Canada，where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength，observers are waiting for the dominoes (n.) to start failing．
[译文]在美国和加拿大，死亡权利运动正在积蓄力量。观察家们正在等待多米诺骨牌产生效应。
doormat n．(放于门前的)擦鞋垫
Luckily, if the doormat (n.) or stove failed to warn of coming disaster，a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles．
[译文]但是假如门垫或炉灶上没有警示语告诉你可能发生的危害，那么你或许可以就自己所受的伤害通过法律诉讼，成功地获得赔偿。
dormant a．不活跃的，静止的，隐匿的
Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant (a.) oncogene，but how remains unknown．
[译文]从宇宙射线、辐射到日常饮食，任何东西都可能激活一个处于静止状态下的致癌基因，但如何激活尚不为人知。
downsize vt．较小尺寸
While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline?after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing (vt.) in the late’80s?and is still linked to the politics of thrift，in Britain，at least among the middle class downshifters of my acquaintance，we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives．
[译文]在美国，这种趋势一开始是对经济衰落所做出的一种反应一出现于80年代后期缩小经济规模导致大规模裁员??在英国，至少在我所认识的中产阶级的简化生活者中，这种趋势仍被认为与节俭政治有关联，虽然如此，然而我们有着不同的理由使自己的生活简单化。
downscale v．缩减…的规模
So Spero is downscaling (v.)，shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban Cleveland home，instead of Neiman Marcus．
[译文]因此斯派罗相应地缩减规模，在克利夫兰郊区的她家附近的中档迪拉德百货公司买东西，而不再去内曼•玛科斯。
downshifter n．过俭朴生活的人，放慢生活节奏的人
While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline?after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late’80s?and is still linked to the politics of thrift，in Britain，at least among the middle class downshifters (n.) of my acquaintance，we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives．
[译文]在美国，这种趋势一开始是对经济衰落所做出的一种反应一出现于80年代后期缩小经济规模导致大规模裁员??在英国，至少在我所认识的中产阶级的简化生活者中，这种趋势仍被认为与节俭政治有关联, 虽然如此,然而我们有着不同的理由使自己的生活简单化。
drummer n．鼓手
Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer(n.)．
[译文]极富创造性的人的确是伴着不同的鼓手前进的。
dynamics n．①动力学；②动态
A variety of small clubs can provide (30：multiple) opportunities for leadership，as well as for practice in successful (31：individual) dynamics (n．②)．
[译文]丰富多彩的俱乐部活动能提供多种机会来锻炼他们的领导能力也为参与成功组织的动态关系提了练习。
elitism n．杰出人物统治论
From the beginning of our history，says Hofstadter，our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism (n.)．
[译文]霍夫斯塔特说：自我们的历史之初，我们对民主化和大众化的渴望就驱使我们排斥任何带有精英优越论味道的东西。
embryo n．胚胎，胎儿，胚芽；a．胚胎的，初期的
NBAC will leave the issue of embryo(a.) research undiscussed because______．
embryo research is just a current development of cloning
[译文]NBAC将不讨论胚胎研究问题，因为胚胎研究不过是克隆的新发展。
emulation n．竞争，效法
When all these shaping forces?schools，open attitudes，the premium system，a genius for spatial thinking?interacted with one another on the rich US mainland, they produced that American characteristic，emulation(n.)．
[译文]当所有这些成因一学校、开放的态度、奖赏制度及空间思维天赋在美国大陆上相互结合时，便造就了美国人的特点??竞争。
ember n．灰烬，余烬
If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers (n.) of medical progress．
[译文]如果好人无所作为，一群不明真相的公众真的有可能扑灭医学进步的宝贵火种。
encompass v．包围，环绕，包含
By its very name，anthropology encompasses (v.) the study of all humankind．
[译文]根据名称本意，人类学包括对整个人类的研究。
enlist v．①参军，入伍；②获得(赞助，同情等)
The latest was，a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted (v．②) by the White House，to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made．
[译文]最近，国家科学院在白宫赞助下开了一次会，告诉大家地球的大气正在变暖，而且这一麻烦主要是人为的。
enthrone vt．①立…为王，使登基，任为主教，崇拜；vi．①热心
This development?and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead?has enthroned (vt.①) the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting．
[译文]这一发展??以及它对今后几年美国政治和经济的强大影响??使南部在美国人口普查史上第一次成为人口最密集的地区。
entitlement n．权利
Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract．as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements (n.)．
[译文]有些哲学家认为，权利只存在于社会契约中，是责任和权益相交换的一部份。
entrenched a．确立的，不容易改的(风俗习惯)
It will not solve our problems，however，until it replaces traditional prescientific views，and these are strongly entrenched (a．)．
[译文]然而只有当这种技术手段取代传统科学出现前的观点时才能解决这些问题，而这些传统观念相当根深蒂固。
epithet n．绰号，称号
Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet (n.) is in danger of becoming meaningless．
[译文]一些观察者的确担心“反科学”这个词会失去意义。
equate vt．使相等，视为平等；vi．等同
It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources，and to social science historians who equate (vt.) their activity with specific techniques．
[译文]这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史研究是具体方法的研究。
espionage n．间谍;侦探
Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the“great game”of espionage (n.)一spying as a “profession”．
[译文]多诺万相信，在谍报职业这个“大游戏”中可以使用任何手段。
ethical a．伦理的，道德的
The most elementary form of moral reasoning?the ethical (a.) equivalent of learning to crawl-is to weigh others' interests against one's own．
[译文]道德推理的最基本形式一相当于人学习爬行的阶段的道德，就是权衡他人与自己的利益。
euthanasia n．安乐死
In Australia?where an aging population，life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part?other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia(n.)．
[译文]在澳大利亚，人口老龄化、延长寿命技术和公众态度的变化都发挥着各自的作用。其他州也将考虑制定类似的法律来处理安乐死问题。
expectancy n．期待，期望
Americans’ life expectancy(n.) has nearly doubled over the past century．
[译文]在过去的一个世纪里，美国人的寿命几乎翻了一番。
explanatory a．说明的，解释性的
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory (a.) items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find．
[译文]行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
exotic a．异国情调的，外来的，奇异的
Other linguists in the earlier part of this century，however，who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from“exotic (a.)”language，were not always so grateful．
[译文]这一世纪早期，另外一些语言学家对此并无感激之情，因为他们并不对研究“另类”语言的奇异数据太感兴趣。
fallacy n．谬误，谬论
Also common in the natural sciences，the technicist fallacy (n.) mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation．
[译文]在自然科学领域里，这种现象也很普遍，技术谬误错误地将历史研究技术实施过程中的某些过程当成了历史研究的整体。
farfetched a．牵强的
However farfetched (a.) and unreasonable their principles may seem today，it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal．
[译文]不管他们的论断今天看起来是多么牵强，多么没道理，若干年后，人们可能会认为它们是正常的。
feverishly ad．兴奋地
That group-the National Bioethics Advisory Commission(NBAC)?has been working feverishly (ad.) to put its wisdom on paper and at a meeting on 17 May，members agreed on a near?final draft of their recommendations．
[译文]这个名为“全国生物伦理道德顾问委员会”(NBAC)的小组一直在非常积极的工作，并将其意见写成报告；在5月17日的一次会议上，委员们就接近定稿的意见书取得了一致意见。
fissure n．裂缝，裂沟；v．(使)裂开，(使)分裂
As the dome grows，it develops deep fissures (n.) (石皮解s)；in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures，so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean
[译文]随着这个圆顶的增大，板块出现深深的裂缝。至少有几次，大陆可能会沿着其中的一些裂缝完伞裂开,因此这个热点就引发了一个新的海洋的形成。
forsake vt．放弃，抛弃
Computer-education advocates forsake (vt.) this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook．
[译文]倡导计算机教育的人抛弃了这一乐观理念，取而代之的是与他们乐观外表相悖的悲观论调。
frenzy n．狂暴，狂怒；vi．疯狂，狂热
In San Francisco，prices are still rising even as frenzied (vi.) overbidding quiets．
[译文]在旧金山，高价抢购现象虽然销声匿迹了，可价格依旧看涨。
genre n．类型，流派
Equally，in poetry，the highly personal，performative genre (n.) is the only form that could claim real liveliness．
[译文]同样地，在诗歌领域，惟一能够具有真正活力的就是那种高度个人化和富有表现力的文学形式。
gizmo n．小发明
As a resuh，the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos (n.) whose presence we barely no
tice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor．
[译文]因此，现代社会有了越来越多的智能装置，虽然我们几乎都注意不到它们，但它们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳动。
gloom n．①阴暗，阴沉；②忧愁，忧郁；v．(使)变阴暗，忧伤地说
So where are the headlines warning of gloom (n．②) and doom this time?
[译文]那么，这一次警告人们经济衰退在劫难逃的新闻标题在哪里呢?
hallucinogen n．迷幻剂
Hallucinogens(n.) have their primary effect on perception，distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations．
[译文]迷幻剂主要影响人的感知，通过多种方式对感知加以扭曲或改变，其中包括产生幻觉。
haunt v．(鬼魂)出没
As funding for science has declined，scientists have attacked“anti-science”in several books，notably Higher Superstition，by Paul R．Gross，a biologist at the University of Virginia，and Norman Levitt，a mathematician at Rutgers University；and The Demon-Haunted(v．)World，by Carl Sagan of Cornell University．
[译文]由于科研经费减少，科学家已出了几本书来抨击“反科学”势力，比较著名的有弗吉尼亚大学生物学家保罗•R•格罗斯和拉特格斯大学的数学家诺曼•莱维特合著的《高级迷信》及康奈尔大学的卡尔•萨根著的《鬼怪世界》。
hallucination n．幻觉，幻想
Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception，distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations (n.)．
[译文]迷幻剂主要影响人的感知，通过多种方式对感知加以扭曲或改变，其中包括产生幻觉。
healthcare n．卫生保健
The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive (48：while) avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens(49：imposed)by employment rules，healthcare (n.) costs and pension plans．
[译文]这种现象可以使公司保持全球范围的竞争力，同时避免了市场的恶性循环和由于雇佣规定、医疗保险费用和养老金计划所造成的压力。
holodeck n．全息舱面
In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck (n．)will be a reality．
[译文]再过不到30年，“星球旅行”号的全息舱面就会变为现实。
homicide n．杀人，杀人者
“It's like surgery，”he says，“We don’t call those deaths homicides (n.) because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients，although they risked their death．If you’re a physician，you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide．”
[译文]“这就像做手术，”他说，“我们不能称那些死亡为杀人是因为医生并没有故意杀死病人，尽管他们敢冒病人死亡的危险。假定你是一名医生，只要你并没有故意让病人自杀，你就可以去冒令你的病人自杀的风险。”
horrify v．使恐怖
That's a prospect that horrifies (v.) Net purists．
[译文]这种前景让网络纯粹主义者感到不安。
hospice n．旅客住宿处，收容所
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices (n.)，to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies，to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care，and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life．
[译文]医疗行业采取步骤，让年轻医生去晚期病人休养所培训，对各种大胆的镇痛疗法方面的知识进行评估，为医院护理制定一份符合美国医疗保障方案的付款条例，以及为评估和治疗临终痛苦制定新的标准。
humane a．仁慈的，人道的
Research institutions could be opened to tours，to show that laboratory animals receive humane (a.) care．
[译文]科研机构应该对外开放，让人参观，向人们展示实验室里的动物获得了人道的对待。
husbandry n．畜牧业
Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry (n.) technique to clone humans，he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment?although no one had proposed to do so?and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning．
[译文]他(克林顿总统)宣称反对利用这种非同寻常的畜牧学技术去克隆人，并下令禁止使用联邦资金做这样的实验??尽管还没有人提议要那样做??并责令成立一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德•夏皮罗为首的独立专家小组，在90天内拿出有关克隆人的国家政策的建议，向白宫汇报。
hydroelectric a．水力电气的
Hydroelectric (a.) power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams．
[译文]水利发电、治理洪水以及灌溉即使不建大型水坝也是可能的，不一定非要建大坝。
hyperactive a．活动过度的，极度活跃的
The process sweeps from hyperactive (a.) America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might．[2001年阅读)
[译文]这个浪潮从异常活跃的美国席卷到欧洲，并以不可比拟的威力影响到正在崛起的国家。
hypocritical a．伪善的，伪善者的
Instead，we are treated to fine hypocritical (a.) Spectacles，which now more than ever seem in ample supply．
[译文]相反我们目睹了比以前任何时候都多的虚伪景观。
impartial a．公平的，不偏不倚的
The author's attitude toward the issue of“science vs．anti-science”is_______．
impartial (a.)
[译文]作者对“科学与反科学”这场争端的态度_________。
公平的
impoverish vt．使贫穷，使枯竭
To take advantage of this tool，some impoverished (vt.) countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment．
[译文]要想利用互联网，某些贫困国家必须克服对国外投资所持的过时了的反殖民的种种偏见。
intellect n．智力
But not all parts of the brain are equally involved；the limbic system(the“emotional brain”)is especially active，while the prefrontal cortex(the center of intellect(n.)and reasoning)is relatively quiet．
[译文]但并不是所有大脑的部位都参与活动；控制情绪的大脑部位异常活跃，然而控制智力和理性的大脑部位却相对平静。
inconclusive a．非决定性的，不确定的
That the evidence was inconclusive (a.)，the science uncertain?
[译文]证据不充分，没有科学定论?
ingenuity n．机灵，独创性，精巧，灵活性
Since the dawn of human ingenuity (n.)，people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous．boring, burdensome，or just plain nasty．
[译文]从人类最初有了智慧至今，人们一直在设计日益巧妙的工具来处理那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者只是简单肮脏的工作。
interpretation n．解释，阐明，口译，通译
(39：Publication)of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a(40：storm)of media protest when he said the(41：interpretation (n.)) of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges(42：rather than)to Parliament．
[译文]Irvine勋爵说，对欧洲立法中所包涵的关于个人隐私监控权的解释，将留给法官，而不是议会，这招致新闻媒体的一片抗议。此后两天，此信被公之于世。
ineptly ad．不适当地，无能地
First，some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly (ad.) done．[1998年阅读
[译文]大部分将少年犯罪主要归咎于贫困家庭的理论忽略了一个事实，即，那些来自富裕家庭的孩子也会犯罪。
demographer n．人口统计学家
Moreover，demographers (n.) see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon：More and more，Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people，too．
[译文]而且，人口统计学家发现，向南部和向西部的不断迁移还伴随着一种与之相关却又较新的现像：越来越多的美国人显然不再仅仅寻找有更多工作机会的地方，也在寻找人口稀少的地方。
depressant a．有镇静作用的；n．镇静剂
Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system，whereas depressants(n.) slow it down．
[译文]兴奋剂主要起到加速或激活中枢神经系统的作用，而镇静剂则相反：减缓它的活动。
depression n．沮丧，消沉，低气压，低压
Failing hips can be replaced，clinical depression (n.) controlled，cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure．
[译文]髋骨不行了可以更换，临床的忧郁症得到了控制，白内障仅用30分钟手术便可以切除。
depletion n.损耗
The true enemies of science，argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University，a pioneer of environmental studies，are those who question the evidence supporting global warming，the depletion (n.) of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth．
[译文]环境研究的先驱者、斯坦福大学的保罗•埃利希反驳说，科学真正的敌人是那些对工业发展导致全球变暖、臭氧层逐渐损耗以及其他后果的证据提出质疑的人。
determinism n．决定论
Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages，Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism(n.)．
[译文]虽然Sapir和Whorf都强调语言的差异性，但是，Sapir本人从未明确支持语言决定论的观点。
detrimental a．有害的
All these are beneficial，not detrimental (a.)，to consumers．
[译文]所有这些对消费者来说都有益而无害的。
digit n．从0到9的任一数字
Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit (n.) inflation and global economic decline．
[译文]前两次的油价暴涨都导致了两位数的通货膨胀率和全球性的经济衰退。
disparage vt．蔑视
With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging (vt.) remarks about their canteen or their chairman．
[译文]而对于其他听众，你就不能试图贸然地讲这种幽默，因为他们也许不喜欢外人对他们的餐厅或总裁有如此微词。
dispassionate a．冷静的，平心静气的
Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassionate (a.) manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena．
[译文]社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
disproportionate a．不成比例的
By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate (a.) emphasis on examinations．
[译文]学校里最糟糕的竞争形式就是不恰当地强调考试。
downshift v. ①（汽车等）调低速档；②（引申义）降低生活节奏
For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 80s, downshifting (v. ②) in the mid-90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life-growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one-as a personal recognition of your limitations.
［译文］对我们这一代女性来说，整个80年代我们曾被迫忙碌地生活，90年代中期的简化生活与其说是寻求神话般的好生活??自己种有机蔬菜并试图与之合一??倒不如说我们都认识了自身的局限。
dosage n.剂量，配，用量
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’ pain, even though increasing dosages(n.) will eventually kill the patient.
［译文］近年来，医生们一直在借用这项原则，为自己替病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛的做法提供正当的理由，尽管他们知道，不断增加的剂量最终会杀死病人。
domino n．骨牌，多米诺骨牌
In the US and Canada，where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength，observers are waiting for the dominoes (n.) to start failing．
[译文]在美国和加拿大，死亡权利运动正在积蓄力量。观察家们正在等待多米诺骨牌产生效应。
doormat n．(放于门前的)擦鞋垫
Luckily, if the doormat (n.) or stove failed to warn of coming disaster，a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles．
[译文]但是假如门垫或炉灶上没有警示语告诉你可能发生的危害，那么你或许可以就自己所受的伤害通过法律诉讼，成功地获得赔偿。
dormant a．不活跃的，静止的，隐匿的
Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant (a.) oncogene，but how remains unknown．
[译文]从宇宙射线、辐射到日常饮食，任何东西都可能激活一个处于静止状态下的致癌基因，但如何激活尚不为人知。
downsize vt．较小尺寸
While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline?after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing (vt.) in the late’80s?and is still linked to the politics of thrift，in Britain，at least among the middle class downshifters of my acquaintance，we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives．
[译文]在美国，这种趋势一开始是对经济衰落所做出的一种反应一出现于80年代后期缩小经济规模导致大规模裁员??在英国，至少在我所认识的中产阶级的简化生活者中，这种趋势仍被认为与节俭政治有关联，虽然如此，然而我们有着不同的理由使自己的生活简单化。
downscale v．缩减…的规模
So Spero is downscaling (v.)，shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban Cleveland home，instead of Neiman Marcus．
[译文]因此斯派罗相应地缩减规模，在克利夫兰郊区的她家附近的中档迪拉德百货公司买东西，而不再去内曼•玛科斯。
downshifter n．过俭朴生活的人，放慢生活节奏的人
While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline?after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late’80s?and is still linked to the politics of thrift，in Britain，at least among the middle class downshifters (n.) of my acquaintance，we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives．
[译文]在美国，这种趋势一开始是对经济衰落所做出的一种反应一出现于80年代后期缩小经济规模导致大规模裁员??在英国，至少在我所认识的中产阶级的简化生活者中，这种趋势仍被认为与节俭政治有关联, 虽然如此,然而我们有着不同的理由使自己的生活简单化。
drummer n．鼓手
Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer(n.)．
[译文]极富创造性的人的确是伴着不同的鼓手前进的。
dynamics n．①动力学；②动态
A variety of small clubs can provide (30：multiple) opportunities for leadership，as well as for practice in successful (31：individual) dynamics (n．②)．
[译文]丰富多彩的俱乐部活动能提供多种机会来锻炼他们的领导能力也为参与成功组织的动态关系提了练习。
elitism n．杰出人物统治论
From the beginning of our history，says Hofstadter，our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism (n.)．
[译文]霍夫斯塔特说：自我们的历史之初，我们对民主化和大众化的渴望就驱使我们排斥任何带有精英优越论味道的东西。
embryo n．胚胎，胎儿，胚芽；a．胚胎的，初期的
NBAC will leave the issue of embryo(a.) research undiscussed because______．
embryo research is just a current development of cloning
[译文]NBAC将不讨论胚胎研究问题，因为胚胎研究不过是克隆的新发展。
emulation n．竞争，效法
When all these shaping forces?schools，open attitudes，the premium system，a genius for spatial thinking?interacted with one another on the rich US mainland, they produced that American characteristic，emulation(n.)．
[译文]当所有这些成因一学校、开放的态度、奖赏制度及空间思维天赋在美国大陆上相互结合时，便造就了美国人的特点??竞争。
ember n．灰烬，余烬
If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers (n.) of medical progress．
[译文]如果好人无所作为，一群不明真相的公众真的有可能扑灭医学进步的宝贵火种。
encompass v．包围，环绕，包含
By its very name，anthropology encompasses (v.) the study of all humankind．
[译文]根据名称本意，人类学包括对整个人类的研究。
enlist v．①参军，入伍；②获得(赞助，同情等)
The latest was，a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted (v．②) by the White House，to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made．
[译文]最近，国家科学院在白宫赞助下开了一次会，告诉大家地球的大气正在变暖，而且这一麻烦主要是人为的。
enthrone vt．①立…为王，使登基，任为主教，崇拜；vi．①热心
This development?and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead?has enthroned (vt.①) the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting．
[译文]这一发展??以及它对今后几年美国政治和经济的强大影响??使南部在美国人口普查史上第一次成为人口最密集的地区。
entitlement n．权利
Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract．as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements (n.)．
[译文]有些哲学家认为，权利只存在于社会契约中，是责任和权益相交换的一部份。
entrenched a．确立的，不容易改的(风俗习惯)
It will not solve our problems，however，until it replaces traditional prescientific views，and these are strongly entrenched (a．)．
[译文]然而只有当这种技术手段取代传统科学出现前的观点时才能解决这些问题，而这些传统观念相当根深蒂固。
epithet n．绰号，称号
Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet (n.) is in danger of becoming meaningless．
[译文]一些观察者的确担心“反科学”这个词会失去意义。
equate vt．使相等，视为平等；vi．等同
It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources，and to social science historians who equate (vt.) their activity with specific techniques．
[译文]这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史研究是具体方法的研究。
espionage n．间谍;侦探
Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the“great game”of espionage (n.)一spying as a “profession”．
[译文]多诺万相信，在谍报职业这个“大游戏”中可以使用任何手段。
ethical a．伦理的，道德的
The most elementary form of moral reasoning?the ethical (a.) equivalent of learning to crawl-is to weigh others' interests against one's own．
[译文]道德推理的最基本形式一相当于人学习爬行的阶段的道德，就是权衡他人与自己的利益。
euthanasia n．安乐死
In Australia?where an aging population，life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part?other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia(n.)．
[译文]在澳大利亚，人口老龄化、延长寿命技术和公众态度的变化都发挥着各自的作用。其他州也将考虑制定类似的法律来处理安乐死问题。
expectancy n．期待，期望
Americans’ life expectancy(n.) has nearly doubled over the past century．
[译文]在过去的一个世纪里，美国人的寿命几乎翻了一番。
explanatory a．说明的，解释性的
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory (a.) items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find．
[译文]行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
exotic a．异国情调的，外来的，奇异的
Other linguists in the earlier part of this century，however，who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from“exotic (a.)”language，were not always so grateful．
[译文]这一世纪早期，另外一些语言学家对此并无感激之情，因为他们并不对研究“另类”语言的奇异数据太感兴趣。
fallacy n．谬误，谬论
Also common in the natural sciences，the technicist fallacy (n.) mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation．
[译文]在自然科学领域里，这种现象也很普遍，技术谬误错误地将历史研究技术实施过程中的某些过程当成了历史研究的整体。
farfetched a．牵强的
However farfetched (a.) and unreasonable their principles may seem today，it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal．
[译文]不管他们的论断今天看起来是多么牵强，多么没道理，若干年后，人们可能会认为它们是正常的。
feverishly ad．兴奋地
That group-the National Bioethics Advisory Commission(NBAC)?has been working feverishly (ad.) to put its wisdom on paper and at a meeting on 17 May，members agreed on a near?final draft of their recommendations．
[译文]这个名为“全国生物伦理道德顾问委员会”(NBAC)的小组一直在非常积极的工作，并将其意见写成报告；在5月17日的一次会议上，委员们就接近定稿的意见书取得了一致意见。
fissure n．裂缝，裂沟；v．(使)裂开，(使)分裂
As the dome grows，it develops deep fissures (n.) (石皮解s)；in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures，so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean
[译文]随着这个圆顶的增大，板块出现深深的裂缝。至少有几次，大陆可能会沿着其中的一些裂缝完伞裂开,因此这个热点就引发了一个新的海洋的形成。
forsake vt．放弃，抛弃
Computer-education advocates forsake (vt.) this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook．
[译文]倡导计算机教育的人抛弃了这一乐观理念，取而代之的是与他们乐观外表相悖的悲观论调。
frenzy n．狂暴，狂怒；vi．疯狂，狂热
In San Francisco，prices are still rising even as frenzied (vi.) overbidding quiets．
[译文]在旧金山，高价抢购现象虽然销声匿迹了，可价格依旧看涨。
genre n．类型，流派
Equally，in poetry，the highly personal，performative genre (n.) is the only form that could claim real liveliness．
[译文]同样地，在诗歌领域，惟一能够具有真正活力的就是那种高度个人化和富有表现力的文学形式。
gizmo n．小发明
As a resuh，the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos (n.) whose presence we barely no
tice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor．
[译文]因此，现代社会有了越来越多的智能装置，虽然我们几乎都注意不到它们，但它们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳动。
gloom n．①阴暗，阴沉；②忧愁，忧郁；v．(使)变阴暗，忧伤地说
So where are the headlines warning of gloom (n．②) and doom this time?
[译文]那么，这一次警告人们经济衰退在劫难逃的新闻标题在哪里呢?
hallucinogen n．迷幻剂
Hallucinogens(n.) have their primary effect on perception，distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations．
[译文]迷幻剂主要影响人的感知，通过多种方式对感知加以扭曲或改变，其中包括产生幻觉。
haunt v．(鬼魂)出没
As funding for science has declined，scientists have attacked“anti-science”in several books，notably Higher Superstition，by Paul R．Gross，a biologist at the University of Virginia，and Norman Levitt，a mathematician at Rutgers University；and The Demon-Haunted(v．)World，by Carl Sagan of Cornell University．
[译文]由于科研经费减少，科学家已出了几本书来抨击“反科学”势力，比较著名的有弗吉尼亚大学生物学家保罗•R•格罗斯和拉特格斯大学的数学家诺曼•莱维特合著的《高级迷信》及康奈尔大学的卡尔•萨根著的《鬼怪世界》。
hallucination n．幻觉，幻想
Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception，distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations (n.)．
[译文]迷幻剂主要影响人的感知，通过多种方式对感知加以扭曲或改变，其中包括产生幻觉。
healthcare n．卫生保健
The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive (48：while) avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens(49：imposed)by employment rules，healthcare (n.) costs and pension plans．
[译文]这种现象可以使公司保持全球范围的竞争力，同时避免了市场的恶性循环和由于雇佣规定、医疗保险费用和养老金计划所造成的压力。
holodeck n．全息舱面
In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck (n．)will be a reality．
[译文]再过不到30年，“星球旅行”号的全息舱面就会变为现实。
homicide n．杀人，杀人者
“It's like surgery，”he says，“We don’t call those deaths homicides (n.) because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients，although they risked their death．If you’re a physician，you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide．”
[译文]“这就像做手术，”他说，“我们不能称那些死亡为杀人是因为医生并没有故意杀死病人，尽管他们敢冒病人死亡的危险。假定你是一名医生，只要你并没有故意让病人自杀，你就可以去冒令你的病人自杀的风险。”
horrify v．使恐怖
That's a prospect that horrifies (v.) Net purists．
[译文]这种前景让网络纯粹主义者感到不安。
hospice n．旅客住宿处，收容所
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices (n.)，to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies，to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care，and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life．
[译文]医疗行业采取步骤，让年轻医生去晚期病人休养所培训，对各种大胆的镇痛疗法方面的知识进行评估，为医院护理制定一份符合美国医疗保障方案的付款条例，以及为评估和治疗临终痛苦制定新的标准。
humane a．仁慈的，人道的
Research institutions could be opened to tours，to show that laboratory animals receive humane (a.) care．
[译文]科研机构应该对外开放，让人参观，向人们展示实验室里的动物获得了人道的对待。
husbandry n．畜牧业
Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry (n.) technique to clone humans，he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment?although no one had proposed to do so?and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning．
[译文]他(克林顿总统)宣称反对利用这种非同寻常的畜牧学技术去克隆人，并下令禁止使用联邦资金做这样的实验??尽管还没有人提议要那样做??并责令成立一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德•夏皮罗为首的独立专家小组，在90天内拿出有关克隆人的国家政策的建议，向白宫汇报。
hydroelectric a．水力电气的
Hydroelectric (a.) power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams．
[译文]水利发电、治理洪水以及灌溉即使不建大型水坝也是可能的，不一定非要建大坝。
hyperactive a．活动过度的，极度活跃的
The process sweeps from hyperactive (a.) America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might．[2001年阅读)
[译文]这个浪潮从异常活跃的美国席卷到欧洲，并以不可比拟的威力影响到正在崛起的国家。
hypocritical a．伪善的，伪善者的
Instead，we are treated to fine hypocritical (a.) Spectacles，which now more than ever seem in ample supply．
[译文]相反我们目睹了比以前任何时候都多的虚伪景观。
impartial a．公平的，不偏不倚的
The author's attitude toward the issue of“science vs．anti-science”is_______．
impartial (a.)
[译文]作者对“科学与反科学”这场争端的态度_________。
公平的
impoverish vt．使贫穷，使枯竭
To take advantage of this tool，some impoverished (vt.) countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment．
[译文]要想利用互联网，某些贫困国家必须克服对国外投资所持的过时了的反殖民的种种偏见。
intellect n．智力
But not all parts of the brain are equally involved；the limbic system(the“emotional brain”)is especially active，while the prefrontal cortex(the center of intellect(n.)and reasoning)is relatively quiet．
[译文]但并不是所有大脑的部位都参与活动；控制情绪的大脑部位异常活跃，然而控制智力和理性的大脑部位却相对平静。
inconclusive a．非决定性的，不确定的
That the evidence was inconclusive (a.)，the science uncertain?
[译文]证据不充分，没有科学定论?
ingenuity n．机灵，独创性，精巧，灵活性
Since the dawn of human ingenuity (n.)，people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous．boring, burdensome，or just plain nasty．
[译文]从人类最初有了智慧至今，人们一直在设计日益巧妙的工具来处理那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者只是简单肮脏的工作。
interpretation n．解释，阐明，口译，通译
(39：Publication)of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a(40：storm)of media protest when he said the(41：interpretation (n.)) of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges(42：rather than)to Parliament．
[译文]Irvine勋爵说，对欧洲立法中所包涵的关于个人隐私监控权的解释，将留给法官，而不是议会，这招致新闻媒体的一片抗议。此后两天，此信被公之于世。
ineptly ad．不适当地，无能地
First，some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly (ad.) done．
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世界各国家（地区）的电源电压，频率，及插头规格
编号 国家 国家（中文） 电压 频率 插头代号1 Argentina 阿根廷 220 50 Ar
2 Australia 澳大利亚 240 50 Au
3 Austria 奥地利 230 50 E
4 Bahamas 巴哈马 120 60 A
5 Belgium 比利时 230 50 E
6 Bolivia 玻利维亚 110/220 50 AE
7 Brazil 巴西 110/220 60 AE
8 Canada 加拿大 120 60 A
9 Chile 智利 220 50 E3
10 China 中国 220 50 C
11 Colombia 哥伦比亚 110/220 60 A
12 Costa Rica 哥斯达黎加 120 60 A
13 Cyprus 塞浦路斯 240 50 B
14 Denmark 丹麦 230 50 E
15 Dominica 多米尼加 230 50 B
16 Ecuador 厄瓜多尔 110 60 A
17 Egypt 埃及 220 50 E3
18 Finland 芬兰 230 50 E
19 France 法国 230 50 E
20 Germany 德国 230 50 E
21 Greece 希腊 230 50 E
22 Guatemala 危地马拉 120 60 A
23 Haiti 海地 110 60 A
24 Honduras 洪都拉斯 110 60 A
25 Hong Kong 香港 220 50 B
26 Hungary 匈牙利 220 50 C1
27 Iceland 冰岛 230 50 E
28 India 印度 230 50 C1
29 Indonesia 印度尼西亚 220 50 C1
30 Iran 伊朗 220 50 E3
31 Iraq 伊拉克 220 50 B
32 Ireland 爱尔兰 230 50 B
33 Israel 以色列 230 50 E
34 Italy 意大利 230 50 E
35 Jamaica 牙买加 110 50 A 36 Japan 日本 100 50/60 A
37 Korea 韩国 220 60 E3
38 Kuwait 科威特 240 50 B
39 Lebanon 黎巴嫩 110 50 B/E3
40 Libya 利比亚 127/230 50 A/C1
41 Luxembourg 卢森堡 230 50 E
42 Malaysia 马来西亚 240 50 B
43 Mauritius 毛里求斯 230 50 B
44 Mexico 墨西哥 127 60 A
45 Monaco 摩纳哥 220 50 E3
46 Morocco 摩洛哥 220 50 E3
47 Netherlands 荷兰 230 50 E
48 New Zealand 新西兰 230 50 Au
49 Nicaragua 尼加拉瓜 120 60 A
50 Norway 挪威 230 50 E
51 Panama 巴拿马 110/120 60 A
52 Peru 秘鲁 220 60 AE
53 Philippines 菲律宾 110/115 60 A
54 Poland 波兰 220 50 C1/E
55 Romania 罗马尼亚 220 50 C1/E
56 Russia 俄罗斯 220 50 E2
57 Saudi Arabia 阿拉伯 127 60 A/C1
58 Singapore 新加坡 230 50 B
59 Spain 西班牙 230 50 E
60 South Africa 南非 220-250 50 C1
61 Surinam 苏里南 110/115 60 E3
62 Sweden 瑞典 230 50 E
63 Switzerland 瑞士 230 50 E
64 Taiwan 台湾（地区） 110/220 60 A
65 Thailand 泰国 220 50 A
66 Turkey 土耳其 220 50 E3
67 United Kingdom 英国 240 50 B
68 USA 美国 120 0 A
69 Venezuela 委內瑞拉 120 60 A
70 Vietnam 越南 120/220 50 A/E 首先要对作者的辛苦表示感谢，但是作为一个已经参加过研究生入学考试的人，我想发表一些个人的观点。我个人认为大家大可不必将出现过的超纲词汇去背过（当然如果真有能力另当别论），因为研究生入学考试中所出现的超纲词汇是很正常的也是必须的，因为大纲中要求学生要有对于文章整体的把握能力，特别是在阅读中，即使有不知道的单词也不影响我们去做后面的题。
在准备英语的时候，我从来没有刻意的去背单词，特别是考研英语，主要考得是阅读，因为阅读是40分，而新题型是10分，完型10分，翻译10分，共计70分，这些都和阅读有关，所以有“得阅读和作文者得天下”这一说法，因此我建议准备考研的战友，要注意把学英语的大部分时间放在阅读上而不是背单词。 首先要对作者的辛苦表示感谢，但是作为一个已经参加过研究生入学考试的人，我想发表一些个人的观点。我个人认为大家大可不必将出现过的超纲词汇去背过（当然如果真有能力另当别论），因为研究生入学考试中所出现的超纲词汇是很正常的也是必须的，因为大纲中要求学生要有对于文章整体的把握能力，特别是在阅读中，即使有不知道的单词也不影响我们去做后面的题。
在准备英语的时候，我从来没有刻意的去背单词，特别是考研英语，主要考得是阅读，因为阅读是40分，而新题型是10分，完型10分，翻译10分，共计70分，这些都和阅读有关，所以有“得阅读和作文者得天下”这一说法，因此我建议准备考研的战友，要注意把学英语的大部分时间放在阅读上而不是背单词。 楼上说的有道理。
我的意思是单词多看一看还是有用的，
考研的却不必刻意的去背这些 谢谢楼主和各位的建议！ 恩，记单词也得放到阅读中去记，这样才记得牢固一些，效率高一些！！！！
看看
谢谢 有道理
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